EXAM PACKAGE-2023

CLASS-10

SUBJECT: SCIENCE

(83E)

PREPARED BY: SHASHIKUMAR B.S.

PH: 9900276979
MAIL: bsskumar78@gmail.com

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 2023 CLASS 10TH EXAM PACKAGE
Target -50
Prepared by: SHASHIKUMAR B.S.

Ch.
Chapter name
no

01 Chemical reactions and equations

02 Acids, Bases and Salts

03 Metals and non- metals

06 Life processes

07 Control and coordination

12 Electricity

13 Magnetic effect of electric current

15 Our environment

04 Carbon and its compounds

05 Periodic classification of elements

08 How do organisms reproduce

09 Heredity and Evolution

10 Light: Reflection and Refraction

11 The Human eye and the colourful world

14 Sources of Energy

16 Sustainable management of natural resources

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Smart work formula: how to prepare for target 50
1. Drawings - 12 marks
2. Electron dot structure/Hydrocarbon mol. Formula, str. formula and
naming the compounds by using functional groups: 4 marks
3. Formulas for problem solving and important physical terms and SI units
4 marks
4. Balancing the equation- 2 marks
5. Differences of concepts- 4 marks
6. Remembering reactivity series of metals for various type of questions: 2
marks
7. Listing out the uses of chemical compounds: 2 marks
8. Important selected VSAs: 4 marks (out of 8 marks can score 4 marks)
9. Answering easy questions in 2 /3/4 /5 - mark questions: can score
minimum 12 marks
10. Answering higher order thinking or diagram based question: Can get
minimum 4 marks.
Total: 50
TYPES OF QUESTIONS

SL.N NO. OF QUESTIONS VS

QUESTION TYPE TOTAL MARKS
O MARKS
Multiple Choice
1 8x1 8
questions

2 One-mark questions 8x1 8

8x2
3 2-mark questions 16
(2 INTERNAL CHOICES)
9x3
4 3-marks questions 27
(4 INTERNAL CHOICES)
4x4
5 4-mark questions 16
(1 INTERNAL CHOICE)

6 5-mark question 5x1 5

Total 38 Questions 80 marks

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 MARKS WEIGHTAGE TO THEMES

SL.NO CHAPTER NO. WEIGHTAG

CHAPTER NAME E IN
MARKS
1. Light Reflection and Refraction
NATURAL
PHENOMENA 12
2. The Human Eye and the Colourful World

3. Electricity
PHYSICS HOW DO
13
THINGS WORK? 4. Magnetic effects of Electric current
OUR
ENVIRONMENT 5. Sources of Energy 3

28

6. Chemical Reaction and Equations

7. Acids, Bases and Salts

8. Metals and Non-metals

CHEMIST MATERIALS IN
DAILY LIFE 25
RY 9. Carbon and its Compounds

10. Periodic Classification of Elements

25

11. Life Processes Electricity

12. Control and coordination

WORLD OF
LIVING 13. How do organisms Reproduce 22

14. Heredity and evolution

BIOLOGY
15. Our Environment
OUR
ENVIRONMENT 5
16. Sustainable Management of Natural
Resources

27

Total 80

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 1. Diagrams for practice: TOTAL 12 MARKS

1. Electrolysis of water 2. Reaction of zinc granules with

dilute sulphuric acid and testing
hydrogen gas by burning

3. Acid solution in water conducts 4. Action of steam on a metal:

electricity:

5. Testing the conductivity 6. Electrolytic refining of copper

of a salt solution:

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 7. Open and closing of stomata 8. Human alimentary canal

9. Schematic sectional view of the label the parts:

human
heart

10. Excretory system in human beings

11. Structure of a nephron: labell the

parts

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 12. Structure of a
Nephron:

13. L.S. of human Brain labell the parts.

14. Schematic diagram of an electric 15. Symbols of some commonly

circuit: used components in circuit
diagrams

16. Electric circuit for studying

Ohm’s law

17. Resistors in series 18. Resistors in parallel

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 19. A pattern 20. A simple electric motor:
of concentric
circles
indicating the
field lines of a
magnetic
field around a
straight
conducting wire.

21. Illustration of the principle of

electric generator

22. Longitudinal section of flower 23. Germination of pollen on stigma

Label the parts.

24. Ray diagrams for the image formation by a concave mirror

A At infinity

B Beyond C

C At C

D Between C and F

E At F

f Between P and F

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 25. Ray diagrams for the image formation by a convex lens
A At infinity
B Beyond 2F1Position of the object
C At 2F1
D Between F1 and 2F1
E At focus F1
f Between focus F1 and optical centre O

26. Nature, position and relative size of the image formed by a

concave lens

27. Schematic diagram of a bio-gas plant

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 2. Electron dot structures (2 marks)
Practice the electron dot structures of the following:

• Electron dot structure of Ethane: C2H6, Ethene: C2H4 and Ethyne: C2H2

• Electron dot structure of propane: C3H8

Electron dot structure of S8 molecule • Electron dot structure of

(Sulphur-8 molecule): oxygen atoms and oxygen
molecule (O2):

• Electron dot structure of

ammonia molecule: (NH3)

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 3. Hydrocarbons molecular formula and structures: min. 4 marks

No. of Carbon Name Mol. Formula Structure

atoms

1 CH4
Methane

2 C2H6
Ethane

3 C3H8
Propane

4 C4H10
Butane

5 C5H12
Pentane

6 Hexane C6H14

C3H6 C4H8 C5H10

C6 H 6

C3H6 C4H8 C5H10 C6H12

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FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

Naming carbon compounds- 2 marks

Class of compounds Prefix/suffix Example

1. Halo alkane Chloro or Bromo

Chloropropane
Bromopropane

2. Alcohol
OH- ol Propanol

3. Aldehyde
CHO – al Propanal

4. Ketone
C=O, one Propanone

5. Carboxylic acid
COOH, acid Propanoic acid

6. Alkenes
C=C, enes Propene

7. Alkynes
C≡C, ynes Propyne

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 4. Formulas for problem solving questions: (4 - 6 marks)

Chapter 12. Electricity: Chapter10. Light: Reflection and

1. To find electric charge: Q = I t, Refraction
I-electric current, t-time taken
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐢
𝐐
• Snell’s Law: 𝐧 = = constant
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐫
2. To find our Electric current: I=
𝐭

3.To find out Potential difference

𝐖
between two points: V= • Mirror formula:
𝟏
=
𝟏
+
𝟏
𝐐
𝐟 𝐯 𝐮

W= work done, Q=charge

3. potential difference across its ends:
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
V=IR • lens formula: = −
𝐟 𝐯 𝐮
𝐕
4. To find out resistance: R =
𝐈

5. To calculate Equivalent Resistance in 𝐑

• focal length: f=
series connection: Rs=R1+R2+R3. . . . 𝟐

6. To calculate Equivalent Resistance in • magnification: 𝐦 = 𝐡′ = − 𝐯

𝐡 𝐮
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
parallel connection: = + +
𝐑𝐩 𝐑𝟏 𝐑𝟐 𝐑𝟑
(for Mirror)
Joule’s Law of Heating: H = I2 Rt

𝐡′ 𝐯
Chapter 5: Periodic classification of • magnification: 𝐦 = 𝐡 = 𝐮 (for lens)
elements:
Dobereiners’triad: • power: 𝐩 =
𝟏
𝐨𝐫 −
𝟏𝟎𝟎
A+C 𝐟(𝐦) 𝐟(𝐜𝐦)
B= , A= 2B − C, C=2B – A,
2

5. Important Physical terms and SI units: ( 2 MARKS)

1. Electricity : Kilo Watt Hour KWh

2. Electric current : Ampere A

3. Electric potential Difference : Volt V
4. Electric Resistance : Ohm Ω

5. Electric Charge : Coulomb C

6. Electric Power : Watt W

7. Power of a lens : Diopter D

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 6. Reactivity series (2 marks)
Keep on practicing reactivity series according to their increasing
reactivity and decreasing reactivity, you may get min. 2 marks.

7. Equations balancing: 2 marks

Collect all the reactions given in first 3 chemistry chapters (select simple
reactions) and keep on practice to balance the equations.
Ex:
➢ 2Mg + O2 → 2MgO
➢ Mg + H2 SO4 → H2 + Mg SO4
➢ Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2
➢ 4Fe + 3H2O → Fe3O4 + 4H2
➢ CaO(s)+H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(aq) + Heat
➢ 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(l)
➢ CH4(g) + 2O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + 2H2O (g)
➢ 6CO2 + 6H2O →C6H12O6
➢ Na2 CO3 (s) + 2 HCl (aq) → 2NaCl (aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
➢ NaHCO3 (s) + HCl (aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)
➢ NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O
➢ CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3COONa + H2O
➢ 2Cu + O2 → 2CuO
➢ 4Al + 3O2 → 2Al2O3
➢ Mg + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2
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 8. Some important concepts for differences type question min. 2 marks
Model differences type questions:
Exothermic reaction Endothermic reaction`
• The reaction in which heat is liberated • The reaction in which heat is utilized or
during chemical reaction absorbed during chemical reaction
• Ex: Digestion of food • Ex: Melting of ice
Oxidation Reduction
• Addition of oxygen is oxidation • Removal of oxygen is reduction
• Loosing of electrons • Gaining of electrons
• Increase in oxidation no. • Decrease in oxidation no.
Corrosion Rancidity
• The process in which metal with • condition in which food has become un
atmospheric moisture and chemicals desirable
result in the formation of rust • ex: oxidation of oils and fats
• Ex: Rusting of iron
Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration
• Glucose breaks down into complete • Glucose breaks down into ethyl alcohol,
oxidation into carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide, and energy
water • Take place in the absence of oxygen
• Takes place in the presence of oxygen
Arteries Veins
• Carry blood away from the heart • Carry blood towards the heart
• Outer coat is thin and middle coat is • Outer coat is thick and middle coat is
thick thin
• Blood flow is rapid through arteries • Blood flow is slow through veins
Veins Capillaries
• Carry blood towards the heart • They carry blood from tissues to veins
• Outer coat is thick and middle coat is • Outer and middle coats are absent
thin
Geotropism Phototropism
• The growth of plants towards gravity • The growth of plants towards light
Ex: Roots grow towards soil • Ex: The growth of stem
Motor Dynamo
• Converts electrical energy into • Converts mechanical energy into
mechanical energy electrical energy
• It uses electricity • It generates electricity
Saturated hydrocarbons Unsaturated hydrocarbons
• These having only single bond • These having double and triple bonds
between the carbon atoms between carbon atoms along with single
• Ex: Alkanes and cyclic alkanes bonds
• Ex: alkenes, alkynes and Aromatic
hydrocarbons.
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 Self – pollination Cross pollination
• occurs when the pollen from the anther • the transfer of pollen from the
is deposited on the stigma of the same anther of one flower to the stigma of
flower, or another flower on the same another flower on a different
plant. individual of the same species.
Homology/Homologous organs Analogy/ analogous organs
• structurally similar and functionally • functionally similar and
different structurally different
• ex: An arm of a human, the leg of a dog • ex: wings in birds, bats and insects
or a flipper of a whale are all homologous to fins in penguins and fishes are all
structures analogous structures
Bio degradable substances Non - biodegradable substances
• substances that degrade or break down • substances that do not degrade
naturally easily
• ex: plants and animal wastes, paper, • ex: Plastics, glass, DDT, Detergents
cotton, leaves, etc. wastes

9. listing out the uses of the following chemical compounds: (2 marks)

1. Sodium carbonate (washing soda):
• It is largely used in production of detergents and soaps.
• It is used in the manufacturing of glass.
• It is used in the production of rayon polymers.
• It is used in water softening
2. Sodium hydrogen carbonate (baking soda):
• Leavening- In cooking, people use baking soda in baking as a leavening agent.
• Pest Control- Sodium bicarbonate is an effective way to control fungal growth.
• Fire extinguisher- People use Sodium bicarbonate to extinguish small grease
or electrical fires by throwing it over the fire.
3. Calcium oxychloride (Bleaching powder):
• Used as an oxidising agent in chemical industries.
• Used for disinfection of drinking water.
• Used for bleaching of washed clothes in the laundry.
• Used for bleaching wood pulp in the paper manufacturing industry.
• Used as a bleaching agent in the textile industry for bleaching cotton and linen.
4. Plaster of Paris:
• Used in making casts and patterns for moulds and statues.
• Used as the cement in ornamental casting and for making decorative
materials.
• Used as a fireproofing material and for making chalks.
• Used in hospitals for immobilizing the affected part in case of bone fracture or
sprain.

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Ethanol:
• It is used to manufacture syrups as medicine
• Used as a fuel
• Used to maintain body temperature in cold regions

Ethanoic acid: (acetic acid/ vinegar)

• It can be used for cooking, baking, cleaning and weed control and may aid
weight loss and lower blood sugar and cholesterol.

Esters:
• Esters that have fragrant odours are used as a constituent of perfumes,
essential oils, food flavourings, cosmetics, etc.
• It is used as an organic solvent.
• Natural esters are found in pheromones.
• Naturally occurring fats and oils are fatty acid esters of glycerol

11. IMPORTANT QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS:

Part- A Physics: 28 marks

1. Define: Ampere (A)
Ans: Ampere is the SI unit of electric current. It can be defined as the flow of 1
coulomb of charge through a wire in 1 second, it is one ampere.

2. What is meant by saying that the potential difference between two

points is 1 V?
Ans: 1volt potential difference is 1 joule of work is done in moving a charge of 1
coulomb from one point to the other.

3. State Ohm’s law.

Ans: The potential difference (V) across the ends of a given metallic wire in an
electric circuit is directly proportional to the current flowing through it, provided
its temperature remains the same. (Vα I)
4. What does a electric circuit mean?
Ans: continuous and closed path of an electric current is called an electric circuit.

5. Name a device used to measure the potential difference.

Ans: voltmeter is used to measure the potential difference and the SI unit of
potential difference is Volt.

6. Name the device used to measure electric current.

Ans: Ammeter is used to measure the electric current, and the SI unit of electric
current is Ampere.

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 7. What is the resistance of a conductor?
Ans: The property of a conductor to restrain or to retard the motion of electric
charges flowing through it is called resistance of a conductor.

8. What is electric power? Mention its SI unit.

Ans: The rate at which electric energy is dissipated or consumed in an electric circuit
is called electric power. The SI unit of electric power is Watt.

9. Define a motor?
Ans: The device which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy is called
motor.

10. State the principle of electric motor.

Ans: current carrying a conductor placed in magnetic field experiences mechanical
force.

11. What is electromagnetic induction?

Ans: The process, by which a changing magnetic field in a conductor induces a
current in another conductor.

12. Define electric generator (Dynamo)?

Ans: The device which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy is called
generator.

13. Define fuse?

Ans: fuse is an alloy wire; it protects electrical circuit from high voltage.

14. What is reflection of light?

Ans: when a ray of light approaches a smooth polished surface and the light ray
bounces back is called reflection of light.

15. What is magnification of a mirror?

Ans: Magnification is the increase in the image size, produced by spherical mirrors.

16. What is refraction?

Ans: When a ray of light travels obliquely from one transparent medium into
another it will change its direction in the second medium. This phenomenon is
known as refraction of light.

17. What is refractive index?

Ans: The relative speed of propagation of light in different media is called refractive
index.

18. What is absolute refractive index?

Ans: The ratio of the velocity of light in a vacuum to its velocity in a specified
medium.

19. What is aperture?

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Ans: The effective diameter of the circular outline of a spherical lens is called its
aperture.

20. Define power of a lens?

1
Ans: Reciprocal of the focal length of the lens. P =
f
The power of a convex lens is positive and that of concave is negative

21. What is dispersion of light?

Ans: The splitting of light into its component colours is called dispersion of light.

22. What is spectrum?

Ans: The band of the coloured components of a light beam is called its spectrum.

23. Define Tyndall effect?

Ans: The phenomenon of scattering of light by the colloidal particles.

24. What is meant by power of accommodation of the eye?

Ans: The ability of the human eye lens to adjust its focal length to view both distant
and nearby objects clearly is called the power of accommodation of the eye.

25. What is a good fuel?

Ans: A good fuel should
i) be fairly cheap.
ii) be easily available.
iii) the ignition temperature should reasonably above normal temperature.
iv) Be conveniently handled and transported.
v) Produce less smoke on burning.

26. write any two hazards of nuclear power generation.

Ans: Improper nuclear waste storage and disposal result in environmental
contamination. There is a risk of accidental leakage of nuclear radiation.

27. Why are the conductors of electric heating devices, such as bread-
toasters and electric irons, made of an alloy rather than a pure metal?
Ans: The resistivity of an alloy is more than that of metals.
These alloys produce large amount of heat and do not burn easily.

28. How does the resistance of a wire vary with its area of cross-section?
Ans: Resistance (R) of a wire is inversely proportional to its area of cross-section
(A): 𝑅∝1/𝐴

29. Why are copper and aluminium wires usually employed for electricity
transmission?
Ans: Copper and aluminium wires have low resistivity. They are good conductors
of electricity. Hence, they are usually employed for electricity transmission.

30. State Ohm’s law. How ammeter and voltmeter should be connected in
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 electric circuit? What is the use of these instruments, in the circuit?
Ans: Ohm’s law: The potential difference V across the ends of a given metallic wire
in an electric circuit is directly proportional to the current flowing through it at
constant temperature.
* Ammeter should be connected in series.
* Voltmeter should be connected in parallel in the circuit.
* Ammeter is used to measure current.
* Voltmeter is used to measure potential difference.

31. Mention the disadvantages of connecting electrical appliances in series

in domestic wiring.
Ans: i) The total resistance of the circuit increases.
ii) When one component fails in the circuit other components does not work.

32. What is electric power? Write three formulae used to find it.
Ans: The rate at which electric energy is dissipated or consumed in an electric
circuit is called electric power.
𝐕𝟐
* Formulae used to calculate the power are P = VI & P = I2R & P =
𝐑

33. State Joule’s law of heating. (June 2020)

Ans: Joule’s law of heating: Heat produced in a resistor is
(i) directly proportional to the square of current for a given resistance,
(ii) directly proportional to resistance for a given current, and
(iii) Directly proportional to the time for which the current flows through the
resistor.
Mathematical formula - H = I2 Rt

34. Explain the working of electric filament bulb. (June 2020)

Ans: * A strong metal with high melting point such as tungsten is used for making
bulb filaments.
* The bulbs are usually filled with chemically inactive nitrogen and Argon gases to
prolong the life of the filament.
* Most of the power consumed by the filament appears as heat, but a small part of
it is in the form of light radiated.

35. Explain the application of heating effect of electric current in an electric

bulb and the fuse used in an electric circuit. (June 2019)
Ans: * A strong metal with high melting point like tungsten which gets very hot
and emits light is used in an electric bulb.
* If a current larger than the specified value flows through the circuit then the fuse
melts and breaks the circuit.

36. Suggest any two measures to avoid overloading in domestic circuits.

(Sept 2020)
Ans: * Live and neutral wires should not come into direct contact.
OR there should not be any short-circuit in the circuit.
* Too many appliances should not be connected to a single socket.
* Should always use quality wires and good quality electrical appliances.

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 37. What is electromagnetic induction? Name the device that works on this
principle. Mention the frequency of the electric current produced in India.
Ans: The process, by which a changing magnetic field in a conductor induces a
current in another conductor.
* Electric generator.
* The frequency of AC produced in India is 50 Hz and potential difference is 220 V.

38. What is the centre of curvature of a spherical mirror?

Ans: The reflecting surface of a spherical mirror forms a part of sphere. The centre
of this sphere is called the centre of curvature.

39. Define the principal focus of a convex lens. (Sept 2020)

Ans: The rays of light falling on a convex lens parallel to the principal axis, after
refraction from the lens converge to a point on the principal axis.
This point on principal axis is called the ‘principal focus’ of the convex lens.

40. State the laws of refraction of light. (Sept 2020)

Ans: 1st Law: The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal to the interface
of two transparent media at the point of incidence, all lie in the same plane.
2nd law: The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of angle of refraction is a
constant for the light of a given colour and for the given pair of media.
OR If i is the angle of incidence and r is the angle of refraction, sini/sinr = constant.

41. What is Presbyopia? How can it be corrected? (Sept 20)

Ans: The power of accommodation of the eye usually decreases with ageing and
hence the near point gradually recedes away and the eye will not see nearby
objects and distant objects comfortably. Such an eye defect is called Presbyopia.
* The defect can be corrected by using a suitable bifocal lens (convex and concave
lens).

42. Mention any four phenomena that can be observed due to atmospheric
refraction of light on the earth.
Ans: * The sun is visible to us two minutes before the actual sunrise.
* The sun is visible to us two minutes after the actual sunset also.
* The apparent position of the star is slightly different from its actual position.
* Twinkling of star
* Formation of rainbow
* The apparent random wavering or flickering of objects seen through a turbulent
stream of hot air rising above a fire or a radiator.

43. Name the major constituent of biogas. Write the properties of biogas
which make it a good fuel. (June-2019)
Ans: Methane / CH4 is the major constituent of biogas.
• Leaves no residue like ash.
• It burns without smoke / eco-friendly.
• Its heating capacity is high.

44. Explain how is nuclear energy generated in power reactors. How is

electricity produced from nuclear energy? (September-2020)
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• Nuclear fission reaction is carried out in nuclear power reactors. The nucleus of
heavy atom (such as uranium,
• plutonium or thorium) when bombarded with low-energy
• neutrons, can be split apart into lighter nuclei.
• When this is done, a tremendous amount of energy is released at a controlled
rate.
• The released energy is used to produce steam and further generate electricity.

44. Mention the advantages and disadvantages associated with solar cells.
(Sept.-2020)
Ans: Advantages associated with solar cells:
• They have no moving parts
• They require little maintenance
• They work quite satisfactorily without the use of any focusing device
• They can be set up in remote and inaccessible hamlets or very sparsely inhabited
areas in which laying of a power transmission line may be expensive
Disadvantages associated with solar cells:
• Availability of special grade silicon for making solar cells is limited.
• The process of manufacture of solar cells is very expensive.
• Silver used for interconnection of the cells in the panel is very costly.
• Their efficiency is low.

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 Part- B (chemistry – 25 marks)
1. What is exothermic reaction? Give an example.
Ans: The reaction in which heat is liberated along with the products is called
exothermic reaction.
Ex: CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2 + Heat

2. What is endothermic reaction? Give an example.

Ans: The reaction in which heat energy is absorbed is called endothermic reaction.
CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
3. Define: Rancidity, oxidation, reduction, and corrosion with an example.
Ans:
Rancidity: It is a condition in which aerial oxidation of unsaturated fat present in
food gives it an unpleasant flavor and odor.
Ex: Rancid coconut oil, Rancid of Edible oils, sweet foods become rancid when
exposed air
Oxidation: Reactions in which an element combines with oxygen.
Ex: magnesium ribbon burnt with air; copper become copper oxide when exposed
to air
Reduction: loss of oxygen of gain of hydrogen is called reduction.
Ex: 2CuO + C → 2Cu + CO2 (copper oxide reduced to copper with the release of
carbon dioxide)
Corrosion: metal substances react with moisture to form metallic oxides and
become corroded this is called corrosion.
Ex: iron become aqueous iron oxide called rust. (Fe2O3.2H2O)

4. An iron ring is to be coated with copper. How can we do this without using
electricity?
Ans: Iron ring should be dipped in copper sulphate solution.
Iron displaces copper from copper sulphate solution, and copper is coated on the
iron ring. This is because, iron is more reactive than copper.

5. Manufacturers of chips, flush the packets of chips with nitrogen gas. Why?
Ans: To prevent rancidity of chips or to prevent the chips from getting oxidized.

6. Why should a magnesium ribbon to be cleaned before burning in air?

Ans: magnesium reacts with oxygen to form a layer of stable magnesium oxide. To
remove this layer magnesium ribbon is cleaned before burning in air.

7. State two ways to prevent the rusting of iron.

Ans: Oiling, greasing, painting, galvanization, alloying-are the methods to prevent
the rusting of iron

8. Name the acid present in the stinging hair of nettle leaves, ant sting,
tomato, sour milk (curd) lemon, tamarind and vinegar.
Ans: Nettle leaves: Methanoic acid (formic acid)
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 Ant sting: Methanoic acid (formic acid)
Tomato: oxalic acid Sour milk (curd): lactic acid
Tamarind: tartaric acid Vinegar: acetic acid (Ethanoic acid)

9. What is pH value of a substance?

Ans: pH of a substance is the measurement of whether the substance is acidic in
nature or basic in nature.

10. What is neutralization reaction? Give an example.

Ans: a reaction in which an acid and base react with each other to give salt and
water.
(Acid + Base → Salt + Water)
Ex: 2NaOH + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H2O

11. What are amphoteric oxides? Give example

Ans: Metal oxides which react with both acids and bases are called amphoteric
oxides.
Ex: Aluminium oxide, Zinc oxide.

12. Aluminium oxide is called amphoteric oxide. Why?

Ans: aluminium oxide reacts with both acid as well as base and form salt and
water. Hence it is called amphoteric oxide.

13. Show the formation of NaCl and MgCl2 with the help of electron dot
structure.
Ans: (June 2019)

14. What are ionic compounds?

Ans: The compounds formed by the transfer of electrons from metal to a non metal

15. Write the properties of ionic compounds.

Ans: Ionic Compounds:
i. are solids and are somewhat hard
ii. have high melting and boiling points
iii. are generally soluble in water and insoluble in solvents such as kerosene, petrol
iv. conduct electricity in the solution and in molten state.
SHASHIKUMAR B S, 9900276979 bsskumar78@gmail.com 25
16. Why do ionic compounds have high melting points?
Ans: Ionic compounds have high melting point, because a considerable amount of
energy is required to break the strong inter-ionic attraction.

17. Ionic compounds in solid state do not conduct electricity, whereas in

molten state are good conductors of electricity.
Ans: In solid state movement of ions is not possible due to their rigid structure,
because of the strong force of attraction between the positive and negative ions.

18. Sodium and potassium metals are stored in kerosene. Why?

Ans: sodium and potassium elements are highly reactive. They can easily react with
air and the moisture. Hence, they stored in kerosene.

19. Chemical reaction does not take place when copper is added to iron
sulphate solution.
Ans: Reactivity of copper is less than that of iron.
20. Hydrogen gas is not liberated when a metal reacts with concentrated
nitric acid. Give reason.
Ans: Nitric acid is a strong oxidising agent. It oxidises hydrogen produced to water
and itself gets reduced to any of the nitrogen oxides.

21. . What is a covalent bond? (june -2019)

Ans: Chemical bond which is formed by the sharing of electrons between two
atoms is known as covalent bond.
22. List the properties of covalent compounds.
Ans: (i) Ionic compounds have low melting points and boiling points.
(ii) generally gaseous or liquids or soft solids.
(iii) are generally insoluble in water, but soluble in organic solvents like alcohol,
acetone.
(iv) They are bad conductors of electricity. (Because, they do not produce ions)

23. Carbon atom does not form C4− anion and C4+ cation. Why? (April-2019)
Carbon can gain four electrons. But it would be difficult for the nucleus with six
protons to hold on to ten electrons, that is four extra electrons.
It can lose four electrons but it would require a large amount of energy to remove
four electrons leaving behind a carbon cation with six protons in its nucleus
holding on to just two electrons.

24. What are structural isomers? Name the first member of alkanes that
shows structural isomerism.
Ans: Compounds with identical molecular formula but different structures are
called structural isomers. Butane or C4H10

25. Name the first member of alkynes and write its molecular formula.
Ans: Ethyne ( or Acetylene ) C2H2 (june -2019)
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26. What are structural isomers? Write two structures of butane molecule.
Ans.: Carbon compounds with identical molecular formula but different structures
are called structural isomers. (Septembr-2020)

27. The general formula of two specific groups of saturated and unsaturated
hydrocarbons is Cn H2n . Write the structures of the member of each group
when n = 3. (June-2020)
Ans:

Cyclopropane propene:

28. Write the differences between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.

(April-2019)
Ans:
Saturated hydrocarbons Unsaturated hydrocarbons
i. carbon atoms are satisfied by a single i. carbon atoms have double or triple
bond between them bonds between them
ii. not very reactive ii. more reactive

29. How can ethanol be converted into ethanoic acid? (april-2019)

Alkaline potassium permanganate or acidified potassium dichromate is added to
ethyl alcohol. When it is heated it oxidised to form ethanoic acid.

30. Explain the addition and substitution reaction with the help of examples.
C2H6 undergoes substitution reaction but not addition reaction. Why? (June-
2020)
Ans: Unsaturated hydrocarbons combine with hydrogen atoms in the presence of
catalysts to give saturated hydrocarbons. Ex: Hydrogenation of vegetable oil.
OR
addition reactions of alkenes / alkynes.

C2H6 undergoes substitution reaction but not addition reaction because it is

saturated hydrocarbon.

31. Explain substitution reaction in hydrocarbons with an example.

Ans: Saturated hydrocarbons are fairly unreactive but undergo substitution
reactions in the presence of sunlight. Chlorine can replace the hydrogen atoms one
by one. (June-2019)
CH4 + Cl2 → CH3 Cl + HCl.
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32. Write the uses of Ethanol and Ethanoic acid.
Uses of Ethanol:1. used in medicines such as tincture iodine, cough syrups and
many tonics(as it’s a good solvent). 2.used as a fuel along-with petrol. 3. used as
an antiseptic to sterilize wounds and syringes in hospitals.
Uses of Ethanoic acid:
* Dilute solution of ethanoic acid (vinegar) is used as a preservative in pickles and
ketchup.
* Ethanoic acid is used to making esters, which are used in perfumes and as
flavouring agents.

33. What is esterification? Write the uses of esters.

Ans: A chemical reaction between ethanoic acid and ethanol gives sweet smelling
ester. Uses- Flavouring and tasting agent

34. What is hydrogenation? What is its industrial application?

Ans: The process of converting unsaturated hydrocarbons in to saturated
hydrocarbons by passing hydrogen in the presence of palladium or nickel catalyst
is called hydrogenation.
This reaction is used in the manufacture of vegetables oils.

35. Explain the mechanism of the cleaning action of soaps.

Ans: Cleansing Action of Soaps:
(i) The ionic end of soap interacts with water while the carbon chain interacts with
oil.
(ii) The soap molecules thus form structures called micelles, where one end of the
molecules is towards the oil droplet while the ionic end faces outside.
(iii) Thus, an emulsion forms in water.
(iv) The soap micelles help in pulling out the dirt in water and thus cleans clothes.

36. Explain the formation of scum when hard water is treated with soap.
Ans: A soap is a sodium or potassium salt of long chain fatty acids.
Hard water contains salts of calcium and magnesium.
When soap is added to hard water, calcium and magnesium ions present in water
displace sodium or potassium ions from the soap molecules forming an insoluble
substance called scum.

37. Why does micelle formation take place when soap is added to water? Will
a micelle be formed in other solvents such as ethanol also?
Ans: A molecule of soap is made up of two parts:
(i) The ionic end of soap interacts with water while the carbon chain interacts with
oil.
(ii) The soap molecules thus form structures called micelles, where one end of the
molecules is towards the oil droplet while the ionic end faces outside.
(iii) Thus, an emulsion forms in water.
(iv) The soap micelles help in pulling out the dirt in water and thus cleans clothes.
SHASHIKUMAR B S, 9900276979 bsskumar78@gmail.com 28
No. micelle formation does not take place in organic solvent ethanol, as soaps are
insoluble in organic solvents.

38. State modern periodic law.

Ans: “Properties of elements are a periodic function of their atomic number”.
39. State Mendeleev’s Periodic law.
Ans: “the properties of elements are the periodic function of their atomic masses”.
40. State Newlands’ law of octaves.
Ans: ‘When elements are arranged in increasing order of atomic mass every eighth
element has similar properties.
41. State Dobereiner’s law of triads.
consider three elements, in which atomic mass of central element is the arithmetic
mean to two other elements.
42. The position of elements A, B, C, D in the modern periodic table is given
in the following table. Answer the following questions by observing the table:
(i) Which element has the highest atomic size? Why?
(ii) Which element has the least metallic property? Why? (June-2019)

Ans: (i) C: New shells are added down the group

(OR down the group, electrons enter the new shell)
(ii) B: Across the period, the tendency to lose electrons decreases
(OR Electrons remain in the same shell)

43. Sodium and potassium are placed in the same group of modern periodic
table. If the molecular formula of sodium sulphate is Na2SO4, then decide the
molecular formula of potassium sulphate. Give reason for your answer.
Ans.: Molecular formula of potassium sulphate is K 2SO4. (June-2020)
Because both sodium and potassium have same number of valence electrons.

44. The atomic numbers of two elements are 8 and 16 respectively. Write the
electronic configuration of these two elements. Do you keep these two
elements in the same group of the modern periodic table? Justify your
answer. Find out which of these two elements is more electronegative. Give
reason for your answer. (June-2020)
Ans. : Atomic number 8 — 2, 6. . . . . .. Atomic number 16 — 2, 8, 6
• Yes, these two elements belong to the same group.
• Because in the outer most shell they have same number of electrons or both have
same number of valance electrons.
• Element with atomic number 8 is more electronegative than the element with
atomic number 16.
• Electronegativity decreases down the group.

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 45. Observe the given table and answer the following question: (April-2019)
Elements A B C D E
Atomic number 11 4 2 7 19
Identify the two elements that belong to the same period and the two
elements that belong to the same group. Give reason for your conclusion.
Elements Atomic number Electronic configuration
A 11 2,8,1
B 4 2,2
C 2 2
D 7 2,5
E 19 2,8,8,1
Element B and element D are in same period because their atoms have two shells.
Element A and element E are in the same group because their outermost shell has
one electron.

46. How are the limitations of Mendeleev’s periodic table rectified in the
modern periodic table? (September-2020)
Ans.: In Mendeleev’s periodic table, since the elements were arranged based on
increasing order of atomic mass, the sequence was inverted so that the elements
with the similar properties could be grouped together
(For example, Cobalt appeared before Nickel)
• Isotopes did not have any places.
• Limitations of Mendeleev periodic table were rectified in the modern
• periodic table by arranging the elements in the increasing order of
• atomic number and also electronic configuration.
• The problem of isotopes was solved.
47. How does the atomic size vary in groups and periods of the modern
periodic table? Why? (September-2020)
• Atomic size increases down the group.
• Because new shells are being added as we go down the group, this increases the
distance between the outermost electrons and the nucleus.
• The atomic size decreases on moving from left to right along a period.
• Because an increase in nuclear charge tends to pull the electrons closer to the
nucleus.
th
48. In the modern periodic table, the elements of 17 group are Fluorine,
Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine respectively. Which element has the highest ability
to receive electrons? Why?
Ans: Fluorine has the highest ability to receive electrons.
Because, ability to receive electrons decreases down the group.
10. The atomic numbers of two elements are 12 and 16 respectively. Do you
keep these two elements in the same period of the modern periodic table?
Justify your answer. Which one of these two elements is more
electropositive? Why?
Ans: atomic number 12 – EC – 2,8,2
atomic number 16 – EC – 2,8,6
* Yes, they will be kept in same period(3rd) as they have same number of shells.
* Element with atomic number 12 is more electropositive.
* Because electro positivity decreases along the period.
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 Part-C (Biology-27 marks)
1. Write the functions of digestive enzymes.
Ans: Salivary amylase that breaks down complex starch molecule to simple sugar.
• Pepsin: digests protein.
• Renin: curdling of milk in infants
• Trypsin digests proteins
• lipase breaks down emulsified fats.

2. Briefly explain the pathway of glucose break down in various cells.

Ans:

3. What are the differences between autotrophic nutrition and heterotrophic

nutrition?
Autotrophic nutrition Heterotrophic nutrition
Organisms synthesizes its own food. Organism cannot synthesize its own food
Organisms use simple inorganic
Organisms cannot make their own food
materials like carbon dioxide and water
from simple inorganic matter and depend
and synthesise their food in presence
on other organisms for their food.
of sunlight.
All green plants and some algae use All the animals, most bacteria and fungi
this mode of nutrition. use this mode of nutrition.

4. what are the raw materials for photosynthesis?

Ans: CO2 from the atmosphere. Water from the soil, sunlight from the sun and
chlorophyll present in chloroplast found in green leaves and green parts of plants.

5. Why is it necessary to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in

mammals and birds?
Ans: (i) it ensures efficient supply of oxygen to the body.
(ii) helpful to supply more energy.
(iii) to maintain body temperature.

6. Describe the structure and functioning of nephrons.

Ans: The main components of the nephron are glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule,
and a long renal tubule.
Functioning of a nephron:
➢ The blood enters the kidney through the renal artery,
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➢ Waste materials in the blood are filtered and collected by Bowman’s capsule.
➢ Some substances in the initial filtrate, such as glucose, amino acids, salts and a
major amount of water, are selectively re-absorbed as the urine flows along the
tube.
➢ The urine forming in each kidney eventually enters a long tube, the ureter, which
connects the kidneys with the urinary bladder

7. What are the methods used by plants to get rid of excretory products?
Ans: (i) Plants get rid of excess of water by transpiration.
(ii)Waste products are stored in cellular vacuoles.
(iii)Waste products may be stored in leaves that fall off.
(iv)Resins and gums are stored in old xylem.
(v) some waste substances excreted into the soil from roots.

8. Write the events occurring during photosynthesis.

Ans:
(i) Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll.
(ii) Conversion of light energy to chemical energy and splitting of water molecules
into hydrogen and oxygen.
(iii) Reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates.

9. Mention the importance of transpiration in plants

Ans: Transpiration helps in the absorption and upward movement of water
and minerals. And helps in temperature regulation.

10. what is double circulation?

Ans: In vertebrates blood goes through the heart twice during each cycle. This is
called double circulation.

11. Diagrams given below represent hearts of three different animals.

Observe it and answer the question. (June 2019)

1 2. 3.

Among these, which heart is helpful to the animals that require more
energy? Why?
Ans: (i) Heart - 2
(ii) Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood will not mix together Efficient
supply of oxygen to the body. Helpful to maintain body temperature.

12. “The rate of breathing in aquatic organisms is much faster than that
seen in terrestrial organisms.” Why?
Ans: Because, the amount of dissolved oxygen is fairly low compared to the
13. “The body temperature of frogs and lizards depend on temperature in the
environment.” Justify.
SHASHIKUMAR B S, 9900276979 bsskumar78@gmail.com 32
Ans: * Both frogs and lizards have three chambered heart.
* Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mix in the heart.
* Production of energy became slightly less. This energy cannot be used for
maintaining constant temperature.

14. Remember Plant hormones and their functions:

plant hormones Functions
Auxin helps the cells to grow longer
Gibberellin help in the growth of the stem
Cytokinins promote cell division
Abscisic acid inhibits growth. (Ex-wilting of leaves)

15. Remember List of Endocrine glands, hormone they secrete & their
function:
Gland Hormone Function
Pituitary Growth Controls growth.
Gland hormone (Deficiency in the childhood leads to dwarfism &
over secretion leads to gigantism.)
Thyroid Thyroxin regulates carbohydrate, protein and fat
Gland metabolism(Deficiency leads to goitre.)
Adrenal Adrenaline Increase heart beat,blood pressure, breathing rate,
Gland to face the situation.
Pancreas Insulin regulates the blood sugar level.
(Deficiency leads Diabetes)
Testis Testosterone changes associated with puberty in males
Ovary Estrogen changes associated with puberty in females

16. How does chemical coordination occur in plants?

Ans: The growth, development, and responses to the environment in plants is
controlled and coordinated by a special class of chemical substances known as
plant hormones.

17.What is geotropism?
Ans: Upward growth of shoots and downward growth of roots, respectively,
in response to the pull of earth or gravity.
18. A person’s face has become pale and his breathing rate has increased due
to fear. Analise the process which enables the person to deal with this
situation. (Sept 2020)
Ans: * Adrenaline is directly secreted into the blood. The blood to the skin
is reduced due to contraction of muscles around small arteries.
* The breathing rate increases because of the contractions of the diaphragm and
the rib muscles. The heart beats faster, resulting in supply of more oxygen to the
muscles.
19.How is the function of thyroid gland helpful for balanced body growth in
humans?
Ans: Thyroxin regulates carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism in the body and
provides the best balance for growth.
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20.Explain the function of pancreas as an endocrine grand.
Ans: Pancreas secretes an important hormone insulin which helps in regulating
blood sugar levels.

21.Imagine the following situations:

(i) Clapping at the end of a programme
(ii) Fluctuating blood pressure in the body.
How these situations are functionally different? Give reason. (June 2019)
Ans: (i) Voluntary action
* Based on deciding what to do next (Action performed based on thinking )
* Controlled by forebrain.
(ii) Involuntary action
* Action without thinking control
* Controlled by hind brain.

22.“We withdraw our leg when stepped on thorn unknowingly.”

(a) Trace the sequences of events which occur in this action.
(b) Which part of human nervous system controls this action?
Ans: (a) (i) Receptors receive the stimulus of pain
(ii) Messages reach spinal cord through sensory neuron.
(iii) Responses reach motor neuron through association neuron.
(iv) Responses reach effector through motor neuron.
(v) Muscles withdraw the leg.

(b) Spinal cord / reflex arc.

23. Write the function of Forebrain, Medulla and Cerebellum in human brain.
Ans: Forebrain: 1. Control the voluntary actions.
2. Stores information collected from sense organs (Memory)
3.Receives sensory impulses from various body parts and integrates it.
4.Sensation of hunger.
Cerebellum:1. Controls posture and balance.
2.Control precision of voluntary actions.
Medulla: Controls involuntary actions e.g. blood pressure, salivation, vomiting

24. Micro-organisms like bacteria are called decomposers. Why?

Ans: * Break down the complex organic substances into simple inorganic
substances.
* Break down dead remains and wastes of organisms.

25. A student places a piece of cucumber, a glass piece, a banana peel and a
plastic pen in a pit and closes it. What changes can be observed in these
materials after a month? Give scientific reason for these changes.(April
2019)
Ans: -Cucumber piece and banana peel are organic substances. - They are
biodegradable substances, and are ecofriendly.
* Glass piece and plastic pen are inorganic / synthetic substances. -They are non-
biodegradable substances and cause soil pollution.

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26. “As energy moves progressively through various trophic levels of food
chain it is no longer available to the previous level.” Give reasons. The flow
of energy in the food chain is unidirectional. Why? Justify.
Ans: The flow of energy in the food chain is unidirectional.
* The energy that is captured by autotrophs does not revert back to the solar input.
* The energy which passes to the herbivores does not come back to autotrophs.
* The energy available at each trophic level gets diminished progressively due to
loss of energy at each level.

27. How is ozone formed?

Ans:

OR

At higher level, molecular oxygen is divided by UV radiation and form oxygen atoms.
These oxygen atoms further combine with molecular oxygen and form ozone.

28. How is ozone layer getting depleted?

Ans: The synthetic chemicals like chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which are used as
refrigerants and in fire extinguishers divide ozone in the presence of UV radiations.

29. How is ozone important us?

Ans: It shields the surface of the earth from the ultra violet radiation. This radiation
is highly damaging to organisms. It is caused skin cancer in human beings.

30. Give reason: Protecting of ozone layer is necessary. (Sept 2020)

Ans: Ozone layer shields the surface of the earth from ultraviolet radiation
from the sun. This radiation is highly damaging to organisms.

31. Remember the types asexual reproduction and examples.

Asexual reproduction: It Reproduction involving single parent.
There are different modes of asexual reproduction-
• Fission: For unicellular organisms, cell division, or fission,
leads to the creation of new individuals.
Ex: Amoeba, bacteria.

• Binary fission: It is a division of the organism such as

bacteria into two or more parts. In binary fission division can
take place in any plane.
• In some unicellular organism’s binary fission occur in a
definite orientation. Ex: Leishmania.

• Some single celled organisms divide into many daughter cells

simultaneously by multiple fission. Ex: Plasmodium.

SHASHIKUMAR B S, 9900276979 bsskumar78@gmail.com 35

• Fragmentation is another mode of asexual reproduction in which organism
breaks into pieces and each piece give rise to a new organism. For
example, Spirogyra, Planaria.

• Regeneration is the ability to form new organism from the

body parts. Cut or broken part generates a new organism.
For example, Hydra, Planarians

• Budding is defined as an outgrowth from the body of

the organism. This outgrowth then detaches from the
body and form a new independent organism. For
example, Hydra and Yeast.

Vegetative reproduction is another method of asexual reproduction. In this form

of reproduction, stem, root and leaves are used to form plants when provided with
suitable conditions. Layering and cutting are the two common methods used for
vegetative propagation. For example, banana, rose, jasmine etc.

Spore formation is another method of asexual reproduction that

involves specific reproductive parts such as blob-on-a stick
structure. Ex Rhizopus.

32. what are the advantages of vegetative propagation?

Ans: i. Plants raised by vegetative propagation can bear flowers and fruits earlier
than those produced from seeds.
ii. The plant produced through vegetative propagation is genetically identical to
parent plant.
33. Define variation?
Ans: Variation is the change in characters or traits of an individual, which has not
existed in their parents.

34. What is pollination?

Ans: The transfer of pollen from anther to stigma is called pollination.

35. What is fertilization?

Ans: The fusion of male and female gametes is called fertilization.
36. Name the male and female sexual part of the flower.
Ans: stamen is a male part and pistil is the female part.
37. Name the male and female reproductive structures and secreting
hormones of Humans.
Ans: Pair of testicles are the Male reproductive structures and these secrete
testosterone hormone
Ovaries are female reproductive structures and these secrete Estrogen hormone.
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38. What is menstruation cycle?
Ans: If egg is not fertilised, it lives for about one day and this time inner lining of
the uterus slowly breaks and comes out through the vagina as blood and mucous.
This is called menstruation. This cycle takes place roughly every month and it is
known as menstruation cycle.
39. In sustaining reproductive fertility of a person (June-2019)
(a) position of the testis in the body
(b) secretion of the testosterone
(c) secretion of the prostate gland
are supplementary to each other. Explain scientifically.
Ans: (a) Sperm formation requires a lower temperature than body temperature.
(b) Testosterone regulates / stimulates the formation of sperm.
(c) Secretion of Prostate gland makes the transportation of sperm easier.
Thus,reproductive fertility is sustained by the formation, stimulation to the
formation and proper transportation of sperms.

40. “The consistency in DNA replication during reproduction is very

important.” Justify. (June-2020)
Ans: The consistency of DNA copying during reproduction is important for
maintenance of body design features that allow the organism to use that
particular niche [area where organisms live].
• Reproduction is linked to the stability of population of species

41. Explain the significant function of each structure in human male

reproductive system. (June-2020)
Ans: i) Testis: They produce sperms and testosterone hormone which is
responsible for male characters.
ii) Scrotum: They regulate temperature necessary for production of sperms.
iii) Urethra and vas deferens: Transport sperm from testis.
iv) Prostate gland and seminal vesicle:
They add their secretion to make the sperm transport easier and provide nutrition.
v) Penis: Delivers the sperms to the site of fertilization.
42. In the human female reproductive system where does fertilization occur?
Ans. Oviduct or Fallopian tube.
43. Explain the development of fertilized egg into a foetus in a woman.
Ans: (september-2020)
• The fertilized egg starts dividing and forms a ball of cells or embryo.
• The embryo is implanted in the lining of the uterus where they continue to grow
and develop organs to become foetus.
44. Explain the structure and important role of placenta during gestation
period of woman. (June-2020)
Ans: During pregnancy period the embryo gets nutrition from the mother’s blood
with help of disc shaped special tissue embedded in the uterine wall is called
placenta.
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• It contains villi on the developing side of the tissue.
• Villi provide glucose and oxygen to pass from mother to embryo.
• Removes the wastes generated from the embryo.
45. In humans, how the surgical contraceptive methods can be used to
prevent pregnancy? (September-2020)
Ans: If the vas deferens in the man is blocked, sperm transfer will be prevented.
Fertilisation will not take place.
• If the fallopian tube in the woman is blocked, the egg will not be able to reach the
uterus. Fertilisation will not take place.

46.Differentiate between male and female gametes.

Male gametes Female gametes
Smaller in size larger in size
Does not contain stored food contains stored food
Motile Non motile

47.Explain the significant function of each structure in human female

reproductive system.
Ans: (i) Ovaries: Produce eggs (female gametes)
(ii) Fallopian tube/Oviducts: Carries the egg from ovary to the womb and is the
site of fertilization.
(iii) Uterus: An elastic bag like structure where the embryo is implanted and
continues to grow and develop organs to become foetus.
(iv) Vegina: The sperms enter through the vaginal passage during sexual
intercourse.
48. What are the different methods of contraception?
Ans:(i) Creation of mechanical Barrier: Condoms on the penis or similar
coverings worn in the Vagina. Using loop or the copper-T inside vegina.
(ii) Changing the hormonal balance -by using drugs or pills.
(iii) Surgical methods: Blocking the vas deferens in male or the fallopian tube in
female.

49. Write the differences between the sex chromosomes of man and sex
chromosomes of woman. (April -2019)
• Woman has a perfect pair of sex chromosomes, both called X.
• Man has a normal sized chromosome X and another short size chromosome Y.
50. Sex of a child is determined by the father. How? / “Chromosomes
inherited from the father determines the sex of a child.” Explain. (June-April
-2019)
Ans: A child who inherits X chromosome from her father will be a girl and a child
who inherits Y chromosome from his father will be a boy.
51. What is evolution?
Ans: Phenomenon of gradual change of organisms from simple form into complex
form in a long period is called evolution.
52. what are the evidences for evolution?
Ans: * study of Homologous organs and analogous
* Study of fossils.
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53. what are fossils?
Ans: The preserved traces of the living organisms are called fossils.
54. Mention the two methods to estimate the age of fossils.
Ans: Relative method and carbon dating.
55. Name the factors responsible for speciation.
Ans: Varations, Geographical isolation, Mutation
56. How is the sex of the child determined in human beings?
Ans:

57. what is genetic drift?

Ans: It is the random change in the frequency of alleles (gene pair) in a population
over successive generations.
58. Define speciation?
Ans: Formation of new species in the course of evolution from the existing species.
The factors which lead to speciation are:
▪ Geographical isolation
▪ Genetic drift and
▪ Variations (Natural selection)

59. What is the phenotypic and genotypic ration of monohybrid cross of

Mendel’s experiment?
Ans: Phenotypic ratio: 3 : 1, Genotypic ratio: 1 : 2 : 1
60. Reuse of plastic products is better than recycle method. Why? (june-2019)
Ans: Recycling method uses energy. (Energy is not used in reuse method).
61. How does combustion of fossil fuels cause greenhouse effect?
Ans: Combustion of fossil fuels Releases carbon dioxide. Increases global warming
62. Suggest some approaches towards the conservation of forests.
Ans. (i) Afforestation and reforestation.
(ii) Commercial forestry should be separated.
(iii) Laws can be made for conservation of forests.
(iv) Controlled grazing.
(v) Checking the forest fire and cutting of trees.
(vi) Building of national parks, sanctuaries and biosphere reserves.
63. Why do we need to manage the resources?
Ans: We need to manage the resources because they are present in limited
quantity. With the increase in population, the demand for resources is increasing.
So, there is a need to manage the resources to minimize their use and preventing
the exploitation of resources.
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