TEST 7b
TEST 7b
TEST 7b
It >’as imz•&iatel}‘ ob 'ious lÎtat thc skeleton was a signiùcant find, because the scdir füN at
the site zero kno»æ ‹a be 3.S million ycars old. ’I realíxd this -as p«rt sFa skeleton that v'8s
older than three million years, sn3 s Johanson. It Was the most ancient cørl3‘ htimBD C*er
found. Later it became apparent that it is'as also the most complete - d0% $$ ke °J had
At thø group’s campsite that night. Johanson played ø ltcatles song caßed 'Lucy in the Sky
with Diamonds', and. a.s the feeling ›ns that the śkcluion was female due to its 5İvÆ, someone
suggested calling it I.ucy. The name stncL and Johanson says ’All of a sudden, she became ø
g‹nsan.’ Bul the mornirig aßcr lhc discox'cr}°, the discussion x'as dominated hÿ qUcstions.
How' nid was Lucy when she éied? Did she ha ’e children? And might she be our direct
ancestor? No •adays, wc‘rc starting to get ihe antlers ‹o some of thcsc questions.
Accordìng to Johanson, 1.ucy hnd an incredible combination of primitive and derived features.
o'hich had net been seen before. Her skull and jaws were inGre ape-like thai those of other
groups oł‘early humans. Her braincasc wns also vet small, no bigJer than that of a chimp.
She had a hefty jaw. a lots’ forehead and long dangl)- arms.
For Johanson, it was imwdiately apparent ihøt Lucy walked upń ght. That’s because the
skajx› and positioning other pelvis reflected a fully upright gaii. Luc¿*s knee and ankle x'crc
also prcscrvcd and seemed to r2flect bipzdzl *lking. Laicr studies offcct ofTer ez•en more
evidence. As an upright walker, Lucy slrcngthcncü thc idea that ••'aIking was one of the
selective pressures driving human cvol ulion f'onsards. Early humBnș did not nccü bigger
brains Lo take d+fining steps a x'«y from apes. Extra brainpoø’cr only’ came over a million
years later v•'ith Iżic arrival or the species Jfo/tf4 *recf‹u, meaning upright man. Though big
brains ø'ould cleazlș’ be important later. walking remains onc of the traits dtat makes us
uniquely’ human.
She may have walked like a human, bui Lucy' spent at least some other tin›e up in the tmcv,
as chimpanzees and orangutans still do loday. It nló ș’ t›e thai upright txa)king cx’olvc& in the
trees, as a way to v.’alk along bmochm that t'ould othrovisc be ‹oo flcxiblc. It’s not clear why'
Lucy left fhe safety of the tzccs. It is thought that sax'ßnnahs Metre gradually' openin up. so
trees were spaced I\B1tfA@no/JXskaA‹igg @ /§¿ }›g :rcsI reason for
heading to the ground, says Chris Stringer ofthc Natural flislo ' fvfuscum in kondon. In fitt¢
with this idea rcccnf cx’idencc suggests sha iJie diet uF cazl}' humans was changing at that
Studies of the rcmains of food irappcd on prcserved human ieelh indicaic that scs•eral species,
including Lucy's. n’eic cxpanding their dier amiaid 3.5 million years ago. lnslrad of mostly
cating fruit from lrces. they bègan to include grasses and possibly meai. This change in dief
ma) have allowed them to '••s• more idcly. and to travcl around more cfficiently in a
changing cni’ironnienl. Fossiliscd croci›dilc and iunle eggs nerc found ncar her skeleton,
snggesting that Lucy dicd «hilc foiaging for ihem in a ncarby lake.
How'’ did early humans process all these new foods? Latcr spcvics, like Home ereous. are
known to have used simple stone tools, but no tools hax'e ever tween found from this far back.
Ht›is‘c*vör. in 2010 archaeologisls uncosered animal bones o’ith wraichts iliai secs to have
been made by stone loués. This suggcsts that Lucy and her relativcs used stone tools io eat
ment. There ha›'c sincc been hcaled debates over whethcr or not the inæàs l’ère really made
by tools. Bar if thc•y were. it is not surprising. says fred Spoor of ihe Max Planck Institute for
E 'oli tionary Anihropology in Leipzip. Germany.
Ilalso seems that Lucy’s childhood was much briefer than ours and iliat sire had to fend for
herse lf horn a youn 's°- **'- *' C ' > at I.icy was a fum-grown adult because she had n3sdom
teeth and her bones had fused. But unlike modv•rn humans, she seems to have grown to frill
size very quickly, and time of deaih was when she we around 1.2 years old. In line oath that.
a recent study of a 3-year-old early' htiman suggeued ihat their brains matured much earlier
ours do.
DU E '* - * GROUP. ORIGINAL EXAMS- REAL IELTS EXAMS
Do the following statements agree with tñe information given in Reading Pa8Sage 1'7
2 Several bones were found by Donald Johanson at the same site in Afar.
4 it WB9 tIT8 U per part of the skeleton that had suffered the least damage.
Lucy
Physical features
• jaws and skull like those of an ape
• braincasa similar in size to that of a ct›imp
» long arms
Movemant
• the posiuoning and shapa of fler pelvis made it clear thai she walked like a human
• upright movement poswbty started an›ong the 6.................of trees
• probably moved to the 7 .... ... ..... in search of food
choos« »o uoee TuAu TWo WORDS from Ihe passope /or each answer.
Questions 17 - 20
I/Vr//e //›e ooræcf /sfter. A-H, in boxer 17-20 on your answer sheet.
Write he correct lefter, A•H, in d xes 21-26 ar› your answer s/ieef.
31 Celia Lashlie
22 Steve Benson
23 Roger Moses
24 Rob Burroughs
25 Stuart Martin
Zs Paul Baker
List of Statements
Crucially, perception ef the present doperida on rich, though of tx›urse not alv•ays
correct or appropriate. l‹nowled¢e from the past. iVc interpret sense data (n hut we hear.
touch. tnstn, eee a nd smell) frons the present eccordina to whet w’e already know. this
the question: if we » tbe present memop, oren't past ond present
confused? The pioneering nus»ien neiirologiot Alexander Curia described the cnac of
6'1r 8, » he had a remarkable memos'. However, lice » a• prone to just such confusions.
for example miatn kind aeeing his cloch for remembering it. end so failing to get up in the
morning. Thin iuggeats thnt perhaps on ictportant function of perception ia to underline
the prene» t. lndividual perceptions have a viiñ dnees that is rare for memories, x'hich
miphi be how eve are able to eeparnte them. Try• this: Pooh at something for a £cw
beoonda, and then shut your eyes and s'i sualise it in memory-. You will almoat eertainl3-
find that the memory ia pale by comparison with the perception. Perhaps this is whs
pa8t and QfiC8oflt RR Rot normally confused. Luria’8 6Jr S had exceptionally s0vid
memories, rind rich syueesihesia (experiencing perceptions from another 9enee as s• elf
es the one being stimulated. auch a8 musical ftotBa experienced as colours), o hich max'
be why he confused eeeing with hnving neon.
But acceptance of thia intimate connection between memos and perception. even
though it was first noticed in the 1?th century, ha» been aloo in brain science. De8pite
the fact that state-of-the-art brain imaging sliowa that perception animated parta of the
brain aaaocinted with both present information and memory, moat research on memory
and perception is still undertaken us if these were separate pre:eaaea. Seeing uaed to be
thought of as taking plnce only in the eyea, and in quite specialized brain regions; but
now' it 8eema that half the brain ia ‹x:cupicd »•ith eeeing, requiring a lot of energy.
Perhaps this i6 v•’hy o e ahut our eyca for a reat.
It ia not juat extreme casea like Mike hlay, but also ranch more common errora of
aeeing — illu9lorta - that can reveal the crucial role of niemory in governing what we
(think we) eee. Perception depends on specific knoo-ledge and probabilitiea. Our brafna
ealculate the likelihood of what ia out there, and o hen too far-fetched, perteption8 are
rejected.
Qt/ssfi ons 2-
*&ROUP : ORIGINAL EXAMS- REAL IELTS EXAMS
7
Choose fha co Beef lefter, A. 8, C ar O.
27 Why does the writer refer to Locke and Nawton in the first paragraph†
A to indicate that his article will cover several scisntifiC fields
B to stress how much physic9 has changed in 400 years
c to persuade the reader to taka him seriously
D to point out that his notions are not new
28 According to the writer, why was Fraud's theory of the unconscious mocked?
A Perception involves muCh more than tho data collected by the eyes.
Learning to sae as an adult can be a tlme-consuming process.
c Science is failing to denote enough attention to sight.
D I-luman perception is remarkably reliable.
13
31 Sydney Bradford relied on recollections of objects f›e had been told about to help him
see aRer his operation.
32 People who only start to soe as adults can learn to see as other people do in time.
s3 People who nave gained their sight as adults find certain activities harder to do than
before.
34 It is evident now iriat sight involves tt›e eyes and one particular area of the brain.
35 The mask experiment is porticularly useful in training people who are regaining their
sight.
36 People with perfect vision can fa I to interpret sects correctly under certain
circumstances.
Queofiono 37 - 40
W’ri/e the collect latter. AT, in boxes 37-40 on your ans 'er sheet.