Mathematical Modelling of Engineering Problems

Vol. 7, No. 4, December, 2020, pp. 556-562

Journal homepage: http://iieta.org/journals/mmep

A Metamaterial Loaded Microstrip Patch Antenna for Lower 5G U-NII Spectrum

Afia Mubassira Islam*, Emraul Islam Emon, Anis Ahmed

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh

Corresponding Author Email: afia.mubassira.islam@gmail.com

https://doi.org/10.18280/mmep.070407 ABSTRACT

Received: 27 September 2020 In this study, we have proposed a metamaterial loaded microstrip patch antenna for the
Accepted: 2 December 2020 sub-6 GHz range to operate in the Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure (U-
NII) band. The Proposed Microstrip Patch Antenna (PMPA) has a U-shaped patch and
Keywords: an array of Complementary Split Ring Resonators (CSRR) in the ground plane. By
5G wireless technology, CSRR array, microstrip adding a slot in the middle, the rectangular patch becomes a U-shaped one which is
patch antennas, U-NII band responsible for the enhancement of antenna bandwidth and gain. Our antenna provides
a bandwidth of 392 MHz which is about 2.7 times larger compared to that of a
Conventional Microstrip Patch Antenna (CMPA) of the same dimension. The
maximum gain of our antenna is found 6.56 dB which is around 2 dB higher than that
of the conventional one (4.72 dB). Due to the addition of the CSRR array in the ground
plane, an improved impedance matching of 50 ohms has been achieved. The operating
frequency range of the PMPA is from 5.525 to 5.917 GHz which can be used for 5G
applications such as Wi-fi, Wi-Max, and IoT devices in the U-NII band.

1. INTRODUCTION utilized by general people to provide inexpensive internet

service [5]. For successful implementation of 5G technology
Over the last few decades, there has been tremendous in both types of bands, wideband, high gain, and lightweight
growth in the wireless communication sector. The 5G is the antennas are needed [6].
emerging next generation of wireless technology in this field. Microstrip Patch Antennas (MPAs) have been found to be
This generation offers a peak data rate of 20 Gbps which is suitable for the 5 GHz band as they ensure low fabrication cost,
twenty times faster than 4G [1, 2]. 5G technology is a must smaller size, and weight reduction. However, these antennas
needed tool in the implementation of high-speed Wi-Fi, smart have narrow bandwidth and low gain/directivity [6]. To
city, smart homes, GPS technology, real-time weather updates, overcome these problems antennas with new types of patches
various healthcare, and security service as shown in Figure 1. such as Sierpinski-fractal geometry and Compact folded patch
There are a large number of licensed 5G bands in sub-6 GHz have been developed [7, 8]. Numerous types of slots such as
and in the millimeter-wave range which are currently being M-slot, T-slot, E-slot, and L-slot are being investigated to
used extensively. Apart from these bands, there are a number increase the gain and bandwidth [9]. For these modifications
of bands in the Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure in the MPA, the bandwidth has been increased but the gain
(U-NII) spectrum such as 5.15-5.35 GHz (U-NII-1, U-NII-2A), does not improve remarkably. The characteristics of these slot-
5.47-5.725 GHz (U-NII-2C) that can also be used to solve the loaded antennas deteriorate greatly when the size is minimized.
problems of high network traffic in heavily congested areas as As a possible solution to these problems, researchers have
illustrated in Figure 2 [3, 4]. The Unlicensed spectrum does been working with metamaterial loaded MPA.
not require an expensive license and this band needs to be

Figure 1. Applications of 5G Wireless Network

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 In the late 2000s, the metamaterial structures have begun to of the metamaterial loaded ground plane of the PMPA is
appear in antenna design to improve the characteristics in shown in Figure 3(b) where the arrangement of the CSRR unit
terms of gain, return loss, efficiency, etc. [10]. During the cells is seen. The co-axial technique has been used in the
design of MPA, the Split Ring Resonators (SRR) have been antenna for feeding the patch as can be found in Figure 4. The
introduced in the patch, in the substrate, and in the ground detailed design process of the PMPA is outlined in the
plane [11-13]. Some researchers have also studied the Research Methodology section.
characteristics of MPA by incorporating metamaterials in the
antenna feedline [11]. Complimentary Split Ring Resonators
(CSRR) array has also been used in the ground plane of 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
antennas [14]. These antennas show enhanced characteristics
and better efficiency than that of a conventional antenna of the The PMPA has been designed to have a U-NII-2C band to
same size. utilize the advantages of the unlicensed spectrum. The final
In this paper, a microstrip patch antenna with a slot in the structure of our proposed antenna has been found after three
patch and an array of Complementary Split Ring Resonators stages of design:
(CSRR) in the ground has been investigated. The Coaxial i) Design Stage 1: A CMPA has been designed with a
feeding technique has been used in the antenna to provide 50 rectangular patch and full ground plane.
ohms impedance matching. The Proposed Microstrip Patch ii) Design Stage 2: The rectangular patch of CMPA has been
Antenna (PMPA) is 5cm × 5cm in size. The slot is positioned modified by introducing a slot to get a U-shaped patch
in the middle of the patch to make it a U-shaped structure. The structure.
introduction of the slot and the CSRR array together ensure iii) Design Stage 3: A CSRR unit cell has been designed.
enhancement of the gain and the impedance bandwidth of our The ground plane has been modified with an array of 19×19
proposed antenna. The return loss of our proposed antenna has CSRR unit cells.
increased from -13 dB to -56 dB as impedance matching can
be achieved easily due to the effect of the CSRR array. The
focus has been given to designing the patch size for the
resonant frequency of 5.6 GHz so that our antenna can be used
in the U-NII-2C band. From the simulation with CST
microwave studio, it is found that our PMPA has an operating
frequency range from 5.525 to 5.917 GHz and is suitable for
applications such as Amateur-satellite service, Radiolocation,
Wireless modems for computers and cellphones, and so forth.

(a)

Figure 2. Spectrum and applications of 5 GHz Unlicensed

National Information Infrastructure (U-NII) band

2. DEVICE STRUCTURE

The geometry of our Proposed Microstrip Patch Antenna

(PMPA) is shown in Figure 3. The PMPA has a U-shaped (b)
copper patch on a square FR-4 substrate and a ground plane
covered with Complementary Split Ring Resonator (CSRR) Figure 3. (a) Front view of the proposed Metamaterial
array. The shaded region in Figure 3 represents the copper loaded MPA, (b) Truncated view of the ground plane with
layer and the white area represents the substrate. The front side CSRR array
of the antenna is shown in Figure 3(a) where 𝐿𝑠 is the length
and 𝑊𝑠 is the width of the FR-4 substrate. The patch having
length L and width W is placed in the middle of the substrate.
The length 𝐿𝑠 and the width 𝑊𝑠 of the substrate are 2.6 times
and 2 times the length and width of the patch, respectively.
That means 𝐿𝑠 = 2.6 𝐿 and 𝑊𝑠 = 2𝑊. A slot of 𝑆1 × 𝑆2 is
positioned from the upper side towards the lower side of the
patch along the middle line. Thus, the shape of the patch Figure 4. Side view of the PMPA showing coaxial feed
becomes a U-shaped one (see Figure 3 (a)). A truncated view connection

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 In the first stage of the design process, a conventional of the Conventional MPA (CMPA) making it a U-shaped one
microstrip patch antenna has been designed for the resonant as can be seen in Figure 3(a) to achieve better bandwidth
frequency of 𝑓𝑟 = 5.6 GHz using the Transmission-line model characteristics. The antenna bandwidth varies with the change
equations given below. These equations are used to determine of the slot dimensions [16]. The increment of bandwidth has
the initial dimensions of the patch at the resonant frequency of been observed by varying the slot-length 𝑆1 and slot-width 𝑆2
the antenna [15]. At first, the patch width, 𝑊 is determined by in the range of 10 mm to 20 mm and 0.5 mm to 2.5 mm,
the following expression (for 𝑊/ℎ >> 1). respectively. For 𝑆1 =15.5 mm and 𝑆2 =1.7 mm, the bandwidth
of our antenna becomes the highest. Although better
bandwidth is achieved with the U-shaped structure of the patch,
𝐶 2
𝑊= ×√ (1) the return loss characteristic is not satisfactory enough. To
2 × 𝑓𝑟 є𝑟 + 1 compensate for this, an array of Complementary Split Ring
Resonators (CSRR) has been introduced in the ground plane
For calculating the patch length 𝐿, the effective dielectric of the PMPA in the final design stage. The structure of the
constant, 𝜖𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 , and effective length, 𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 are needed. The CSRR unit cell array has been designed to utilize the negative
length of the patch changes due to the fringing effect of the refractive index property of left-handed metamaterial at the
field. Therefore, a correction factor ∆𝐿 is introduced in the resonant frequency. The CSRR array in the ground plane
patch length equation as can be seen below: induces a magnetic field that results in negative permeability
[17]. This means that the group and phase velocity of the
𝐿 = 𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 − 2∆𝐿 (2) electromagnetic wave are in opposite direction [18]. Thus the
propagation direction of the wave is reversed and it is opposite
to the energy flow direction resulting in a reversed Doppler
where, the effective length, 𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 in terms of 𝜖𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 is expressed
shift. As a result, the return loss, S11 improves and the Voltage
as:
Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) decreases. Therefore, the
introduction of a CSRR array in the ground plane can enhance
𝐶
𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 = impedance matching characteristics.
(3) Initially, a single CSRR unit cell has been designed to have
2 × 𝑓𝑟 × √𝜖𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓
a negative refractive index effect in the operating frequency
band. The structural view of the planar-square CSRR unit cell
The length correction factor ∆𝐿 can be approximated by the is illustrated in Figure 5. The length(/width) of the square unit
expression: cell is denoted by 𝐷𝑐 . Generally, the length, 𝐷𝑐 is kept less
than the resonant wavelength of the unit cell [18]. By
𝑊 optimizing the dimensions of the square CSRR unit cell,
(𝜖𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 + 0.3)( + 0.264)
∆𝐿 = 0.412ℎ × ℎ (4) length, 𝐷𝑐 of the unit cell is found to be 2.5 mm for the
𝑊
(𝜖𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 − 0.258)( + 0.8) resonant wavelength of 52.91 mm corresponding to 𝑓𝑟 =5.6
ℎ
GHz [19, 20]. The ring width, 𝑃 and gap, 𝑆 of the unit cell
And the effective dielectric constant, 𝜖𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 is given by: have been kept 0.2 mm. The ring width and gaps of all the unit
cells in the ground plane induce series capacitance that
1 dominates resonant characteristics of the whole antenna [19].
𝜀𝑟 + 1 𝜀𝑟 − 1 12ℎ −2 (5) Finally, the unit cell has been extended to make a 19×19 CSRR
𝜀𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 = +[ ] [(1 + )]
2 2 𝑊 array that covers the whole ground plane.
The final structure of our proposed antenna has been
The substrate material for the antenna is considered FR-4 simulated by CST Microwave Studio and the optimized values
which has a dielectric constant, 𝜖𝑟 = 4.3, and a loss tangent of of the dimensions are shown in Table 1.
0.002. After calculating the initial antenna dimensions, it is
seen that the initial patch dimensions do not show a resonant Table 1. Optimized dimensions of the PMPA
peak at the required frequency in simulation. As the resonant
frequency varies with the dimensions of the patch, the proper Parameter Parameter Value
Parameter Name
dimensions of the patch have been found by optimization with Symbol (mm)
CST Microwave Studio to achieve the desired resonant Resonance Frequency 𝑓𝑟 5.67 GHz
frequency. Wavelength 𝜆 52.91
The coaxial feeding technique has been selected for our Substrate length 𝐿𝑠 50.19 (≈0.95𝜆)
PMPA as it has given better results than the Inset feeding Substrate width 𝑊𝑠 50.32 (≈0.95𝜆)
Substrate height ℎ 1.6 (≈0.03𝜆)
technique during the optimization process. This technique has
Patch length 𝐿 19 (≈0.36𝜆)
shown satisfactory impedance matching at a number of Patch width 𝑊 25 (≈0.47𝜆)
different locations on the patch. As a result, the coaxial feeding Patch thickness 𝑀𝑡 0.035 (≈0.0007𝜆)
technique provides flexibility for choosing the feeding Feedpoint distance in
𝑋𝑓 7.14 (≈ 0.13𝜆)
location (𝑋𝑓 , 𝑌𝑓 ) on the patch. In order to get better antenna the horizontal plane
characteristics, the distances 𝑋𝑓 = 7.14 mm and 𝑌𝑓 = 9.21 mm Feedpoint distance in
𝑌𝑓 9.21 (≈0.17𝜆)
have been found suitable as shown in Figure 3(a). The coaxial the vertical plane
Width of the first and
feed connection can be seen in Figure 4 where the side view
second section of the 𝐿ℎ 11.65 (≈0.22𝜆)
of the PMPA is shown. In this figure, the copper patch patch
thickness and the substrate height are represented by 𝑀𝑡 and ℎ, Slot Length 𝑆1 15.5 (≈0.29𝜆)
respectively. Slot Width 𝑆2 1.7 (≈0.03𝜆)
In the second stage, a slot has been introduced in the patch

558
 This pattern exhibits a large side lobe. The farfield radiation
patterns of the PMPA and CMPA with U patch are portrayed
in Figure 9(b) and 9(c), respectively. Both radiation patterns
are hemispherical which agrees well with the theory of
microstrip patch antenna. The main lobe directions for Figure
9(b) and 9(c) are found at 10.0 deg. It is seen that after the
introduction of the slot the sidelobes are completely eliminated.
The gain and directivity are found 6.560 dB and 9.115 dB,
respectively in the radiation pattern of the PMPA.

Figure 5. Structure of a square CSRR unit cell

4. SIMULATION RESULTS

As explained in the previous section, a rectangular patch of

a conventional MPA is first modified into a U-shaped patch
and the ground plane is then converted into a metamaterial
plane by adding a CSRR array. In this section, the simulated
results of our proposed MPA and also the conventional MPAs
Figure 6. Frequency responses of return loss for the MPAs
(with and without U patch) are presented. The simulated return
(GP: ground plane)
loss patterns for the three stages of the design are shown in
Figure 6. It is seen from this figure that the highest return loss
magnitude of about −56.59 dB at 5.67 GHz is found for our
PMPA (solid curve). The CMPA with U patch (dotted curve)
shows little impedance matching with increased bandwidth
compared to that of the CMPA. The PMPA shows a resonant
peak at 5.67 GHz instead of 5.6 GHz which was the target of
our design. From the figure, it is found that the bandwidth of
the CMPA is about 144 MHz (dashed curve). Whereas the
bandwidth of our PMPA has been found to be 392 MHz
(5.525-5.917 GHz) which is about 2.7 times greater than that
of the CMPA.
The Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) characteristics
of three design stages are shown in Figure 7. Our PMPA shows
a VSWR of almost unity at 5.67 GHz and less than 2 in the
whole operating frequency range. It is seen that the VSWR of
the CMPA with U patch is always greater than around 1.65 for
the operating frequency of interest. Thus, PMPA with CSRR Figure 7. VSWR characteristics with respect to frequency for
array provides better impedance matching. The VSWR the MPAs
characteristics of the CMPA is outside the frequency band of
our concern.
In Figure 8, the variations of gain of the MPAs with respect
to frequency are depicted. It is found that the gain of the
CMPA at the starting of the operating frequency band is 4.5
dB which decreases further up to 2.8 dB at the end of the band
(dashed curve). It can be seen from the figure that the gain is
greater than 5 dB throughout the operating frequency band for
PMPA (solid curve). The gain of the CMPA with U patch also
provides a gain of more than 5 dB in the operating frequency
band. The increment of gain is due to the U-patch as the
CMPA shows less gain than the CMPA with U patch and the
PMPA. The highest gain of the PMPA has been obtained 6.56
dB (5.67 GHz) whereas the gain for the CMPA is 4.72 dB
(5.47 GHz). It is found that the gain increases by almost 2 dB
for the PMPA.
Figure 9 shows farfield radiation patterns for three design
stages. The pattern for the CMPA is exhibited in Figure 9(a). Figure 8. Gain vs frequency response for the MPAs

559
 The total efficiency variations of the MPAs are depicted in
Figure 10. It is seen that the PMPA has better efficiency
characteristics in the operating band. The input impedance
characteristic is plotted with respect to the frequency in Figure
11 for the PMPA. The imaginary part is close to zero in the
frequency region of interest and the real part of the impedance
is close to 50 Ohm which reflects good impedance matching.
A snapshot of the animated surface current distribution of the
proposed MPA is displayed in Figure 12. The current
distribution is found highest in the U- shaped patch. When the
current distribution of one arm is highest, the other arm has a
slightly lower current distribution which oscillates
continuously.

Figure 10. Total efficiency characteristics with respect to

frequency for the MPAs

(a)

Figure 11. Input impedance plot for the PMPA with respect
to frequency

(b)

Figure 12. Simulated surface current distributions of the

proposed PMPA

(c) In Table 2 the main antenna parameters for three design

stages are presented. It can be seen from this table that the
PMPA exhibits superior characteristics in terms of
Figure 9. Farfield radiation pattern for the (a) Conventional performance than the other two design stages. The S 11 of our
MPA with no slot, (b) MPA with slot and plain ground plane, PMPA is the most enhanced parameter out of all three models.
(c) Proposed MPA The gain of our PMPA has increased by almost 2 dB from the

560
conventional MPA. The bandwidth of the CMPA is found 144 Optical Fiber Communication Laboratory at the Department
MHz while much increased bandwidth has been found for the of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Dhaka,
PMPA (392 MHz). Bangladesh funded by the Higher Education Quality
Enhancement Project (HEQEP).
Table 2. Comparison of three design stages

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