Trigonometric Functions and Identities

Trigonometric Functions
adj
sin θ = _
opp
cos θ = _ tan θ = _ = _
opp
sin θ
Trigonometric hyp hyp adj cos θ
Functions adj
csc θ = _ = _
hyp
sec θ = _ = _
hyp
1 1
cot θ = _ = _
cos θ
opp sin θ adj cos θ opp sin θ

Law of Cosines a 2 = b 2 + c 2 - 2bc cos A b 2 = a 2 + c 2 - 2ac cos B c 2 = a 2 + b 2 - 2ab cos C

Law of Sines _
sin A
=_
sin B
=_
sin C
Heron’s Formula Area = √""""""""
s(s - a)(s - b)(s - c)
a b c

Linear Speed v = _s Angular Speed ω=_

θ
t t

Trigonometric Identities

sin θ = _
1
cos θ = _
1
tan θ = _
1
csc θ sec θ cot θ
Reciprocal
csc θ = _ 1 _
sec θ = 1 cot θ = _
1
sin θ cos θ tan θ

Pythagorean sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1 tan 2 θ + 1 = sec 2 θ cot 2 θ + 1 = csc 2 θ

sin θ = cos _
(2 )
π
-θ tan θ = cot _
(2 )
π
-θ sec θ = csc _
(2 )
π
-θ
Cofunction
cos θ = sin (_
π
- θ) cot θ = tan (_
π
- θ) csc θ = sec (_
π
- θ)
2 2 2

sin (-θ ) = -sin θ cos (-θ ) = cos θ tan (-θ ) = -tan θ

Odd-Even
csc (-θ ) = -csc θ sec (-θ ) = sec θ cot (-θ ) = -cot θ

cos (α + β) = cos α cos β - sin α sin β cos (α - β) = cos α cos β + sin α sin β
Sum &
sin (α + β) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β sin (α - β) = sin α cos β - cos α sin β
Difference
tan α + tan β tan α - tan β
tan (α + β) = __ tan (α - β) = __
1 - tan α tan β 1 + tan α tan β

cos 2θ = cos 2 θ - sin 2 θ cos 2θ = 2 cos 2 θ - 1 cos 2θ = 1 - 2 sin 2 θ

Double-Angle
sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ tan 2θ = _
2 tan θ
2
1 - tan θ

Power-Reducing sin 2 θ = _
1 - cos 2θ
cos 2 θ = _
1 + cos 2θ
tan 2 θ = _
1 - cos 2θ
2 2 1 + cos 2θ

sin _
θ _
√
= ± """"
1 - cos θ
cos _
θ _
√
= ± """"
1 + cos θ
2 2 2 2
Half-Angle
tan _
θ _
√
= ± """"
1 - cos θ
tan _
θ
=_
1 - cos θ
tan _
θ
=_
sin θ
2 1 + cos θ 2 sin θ 2 1 + cos θ

sin α sin β = _
1
[cos (α - β) - cos (α + β)] sin α cos β = _
1
[sin (α + β) + sin (α - β)]
2 2
Product-to-Sum
cos α cos β = _
1
[cos (α - β) + cos (α + β)] cos α sin β = _
1
[sin (α + β) - sin (α - β)]
2 2

Sum-to-Product
( ) ( )
sin α + sin β = 2 sin _ cos _
α+β α-β
2 2
α+β
(
) ( )
cos α + cos β = 2 cos _ cos _
α-β
2 2

sin α - sin β = 2 cos ( _) sin ( _) cos α - cos β = -2 sin ( _) sin ( _)

α+β α-β α+β α-β
2 2 2 2
Formulas
Function Operations

Addition (f + g)(x ) = f (x ) + g(x ) Multiplication (f · g)(x ) = f (x ) · g (x )

Subtraction (f - g)(x ) = f (x ) - g(x ) Division (_)(x ) = _, g (x ) ≠ 0

f
g
f(x)
g(x)

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Compound Exponential
Interest
A=P 1+_
r
n ( ) nt
Growth or Decay
N = N 0(1 + r ) t

Continuous Continuous
Compound A = Pe rt Exponential N = N oe kt
Interest Growth or Decay
Product Property log b xy = log b x + log b y Power Property log b x p = p log b x
loga x
Quotient Property log b _xy = log b x - log b y Change of Base log b x = _
loga b
Logistic Growth f (t ) = _ c
1 + ae -bt

Conic Sections

Parabola (x - h ) 2 = 4p(y - k) or (y - k ) 2 = 4p(x - h) Circle x 2 + y 2 = r 2 or (x - h ) 2 + (y - k )2 = r 2

2 2 2 2
(x - h )
_ (y - k ) (x - h) (y - k )
2
+ _ = 1 or 2
_ - _ = 1 or
2 2
a b a b
Ellipse 2 2 Hyperbola 2 2
(x - h)
_ (y - k ) (y - k ) (x - h )
+ _=1 _ -_=1
b2 a2 a2 b2
Rotation of Conics x " = x cos θ + y sin θ and y " = y cos θ - x sin θ

Parametric Equations
Horizontal
Vertical Position y = tv 0 sin θ − _
1 2
g t + h0 x = t v 0 cos θ
2 Distance

Vectors

Addition in Plane a + b = 〈a 1 + b 1, a 2 + b 2〉 Addition in Space a + b = 〈a 1 + b 1, a 2 + b 2, a 3 + b 3〉

Subtraction in Subtraction in a - b = a + (-b)

a - b = 〈a 1 - b 1, a 2 - b 2〉
Plane Space = 〈a 1 - b 1, a 2 - b 2, a 3 - b 3〉

Scalar Scalar
Multiplication ka = 〈ka 1, ka 2〉 Multiplication k a = 〈ka 1, ka 2, ka 3〉
in Plane in Space

Dot Product in Dot Product in

a · b = a 1b 1 + a 2 b 2 a · b = a 1b 1 + a 2 b 2 + a 3 b 3
Plane Space

Angle Between
Two Vectors
cos θ = _
a·b
|a||b|
Projection of u
onto v
proj vu = _
u·v
2
v
( )
|v|

 
t1 t2 t3
Magnitude of a Triple Scalar
|v| = √''''''''
(x 2 - x 1) 2 + (y 2 - y 1) 2 t · (u × v) = u 1 u2 u3
Vector Product
v1 v2 v3

Cross Product a × b = (a 2 b 3 - a 3 b 2)i - (a 1b 3 - a 3b 1) j + (a 1b 2 - a 2 b 1) k

Formulas
Complex Numbers
z1 r1
Product Formula z 1z 2 = r 1r 2[cos (θ 1 + θ 2) + i sin (θ 1 + θ 2)] Quotient Formula _ _
z 2 = r 2 [cos (θ 1 - θ 2) + i sin (θ 1 - θ 2)]
_
( ) z n = [r (cos θ + i sin θ )] n or
1
Distinct Roots De Moivre’s
r p cos _
θ + 2nπ
+ i sin _
θ + 2nπ
Formula p p Theorem r n(cos nθ + i sin nθ )
Sequences and Series
Sum of Finite
Arithmetic
Series
Sn = _
n
2
(a 1 + a n ) or S n = _
n
2
[2a 1 + (n - 1)d ]
Sum of Finite
Geometric Series
Sn = a1 _1 - rn
1-r
a1 - anr
or S n = _
1-r ( )
Sum of Infinite a1
S=_ , r < 1 Euler’s Formula e iθ = cos θ + i sin θ
Geometric Series 1-r
∞ ∞
Power Series ∑ a n x n = a 0 + a 1x + a 2 x 2 + a 3 x 3 + … Exponential ex = ∑ _
xn
=1+x+_
x2
+_
x3
+…
n=0 Series n=0 n! 2! 3!

Binomial
(a + b ) n = nC 0 a nb 0 + n C 1 a n - 1b 1 + n C 2 a n - 2b 2 + … + n C r a n - rb r + … + n C n a 0b n
Theorem
∞ ∞
Cosine and Sine (-1) nx 2n (-1) x n 2n + 1
cos x = ∑ _ = 1 - _ x2
+_
x4
-_
x6
+… sin x = ∑ _ = x - _
x3
+_
x5
-_
x7
+…
Power Series n=0 (2n )! 2! 4! 6! n=0 (2n + 1)! 3! 5! 7!

Statistics
X-µ z-Value of a x-µ −
z-Values z=_σ z=_σ−
Sample Mean x
Binomial Maximum Error
P(X ) = n C x p xq n - x = _
n!
p xq n - x E = z · σ x− or z · _
σ
Probability (n - x )! x ! of Estimate n
√'
Confidence Confidence
Interval, Normal CI = x− ± E or x− ± z · _
σ
Interval, CI = x− ± t · _
s
n
√' n
√'
Distribution t-Distribution
− − t-Test for the
Correlation
Coefficient
r=_
1 xi - x
∑ _ s
n-1
( x
) (_i
s )
y -y
y
Correlation
Coefficient
t=r _
√'''
n-2
1-r
, degrees of freedom: n - 2
2

Limits
Sum lim [f (x ) + g(x)] = lim f (x ) + lim g (x ) Difference lim [f (x) - g(x)] = lim f (x) - lim g (x )
x→c x→c x→c x→c x→c x→c

Scalar Multiple lim [k f (x )] = k lim f (x ) Product lim [f (x ) · g(x )] = lim f (x ) · lim g (x )

x→c x→c x→c x→c x→c
lim f(x )
lim _ = _, if lim g (x) ≠ 0
f(x ) x→c  
Quotient Power lim [f (x ) n ] =  lim f (x ). n
x→c g(x ) lim g(x ) x→c x→c  x→c 
x→c
n Average Instantaneous
nth Root
lim √''
x→c
f (x ) = √'''
n
lim f (x ) , if lim f (x) > 0
x→c x→c Velocity f(b) - f(a) f(t + h ) - f(t )
when n is even v avg = _ v (t ) = lim _
b-a h→0 h
Derivatives
Sum or
Power Rule If f (x) = x n, f 0(x) = n x n - 1 If f (x) = g (x) ± h(x), then f 0(x ) = g 0(x ) ± h0(x)
Difference
_ d _
_ f(x )  f 0(x )g (x ) - f (x )g 0(x )
 . = __
d
Product Rule [f (x)g(x)] = f 0(x )g (x ) + f (x )g0(x ) Quotient Rule
dx d x  g(x )  [g (x )]2
Integrals
Fundamental b
Indefinite 2 f (x ) d x = F (b) - F (a)
∫f (x ) d x = F (x ) + C Theorem of
Integral a
Calculus