Chapter 14

Wireless Networking

1
Episode 14.01
Episode Introduction to 802.11
title:
Objective: 2.3 Given a scenario, configure and deploy common Ethernet
switching features
2.4 Given a scenario, install and configure the appropriate wireless
standards and technologies

2
Key Terms
• Wireless standard
• Wireless bridge into Ethernet network
• Home router
• SSID (Service Set Identifier)
• Infrastructure mode
• Ad hoc mode
• Basic Service Set Identifier (BSSID)

3
Key Terms
• Extended Service Set Identifier (ESSID)
• 2.4/5.0 GHz
• Carrier-sense multiple access with collision
avoidance (CSMA/CA)
• Direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DSSS)
• Orthogonal frequency-driven multiplexing
(OFDM)

4
• A WAP is a bridging device that connects
into an Ethernet network and communicates
via radio waves to wireless clients
• A WAP has an SSID (Service Set Identifier),
a word or phrase used to connect wireless
devices to the WAP device
• CSMA/CA (carrier-sense multiple access
with collision avoidance) is the method used
to prevent wireless collisions

5
Episode 14.02
Episode 802.11 Standards
title:
Objective: 2.4 Given a scenario, install and configure the
appropriate wireless standards and
technologies

6
Key Terms
• 802.11a
• Greenfield mode = all n devices on network

7
• Early wireless standards were 802.11b (2.4-
GHz) and 802.11a (5.0-GHz)
• First widely-used standard was 802.11g (2.4-
GHz)
• 802.11n introduced multiple input/multiple
output (MIMO), which uses several antennae to
achieve faster speeds
• Current fastest standards are 802.11n (Wi-Fi 4),
802.11ac (Wi-Fi 5) and 802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6/6E)

8
Episode 14.03
Episode Power over Ethernet (PoE)
title:
Objective: 2.3 Given a scenario, configure and deploy
common Ethernet switching features

9
Key Terms
• RJ-45
• A/C power adaptor
• Power over Ethernet
• PoE injector
• PoE+ 802.3af. 15.4 watts
• PoE+ 802.3at, 30 watts

10
• A Power over Ethernet (PoE) WAP needs to
use a PoE-enabled switch or a PoE injector
but does not need a directly-connected 110
plug
• PoE used 802.3af originally but has been
replaced with PoE+ using the 802.3at
standard that supports up to 30 watts on
newer WAPs

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Episode 14.04
Episode Antennas
title:
Objective: 2.4 Given a scenario, install and configure the appropriate wireless
standards and technologies
5.4 Given a scenario, troubleshoot common wireless connectivity
issues

12
Key Terms
• Omni
• Dipole
• Patch
• Directional/Yagi
• Directional/Parabolic
• SMA (SubMiniature version A) connector
• Gain measured in dBi

13
• Different types of antennas have different
radiation patterns and can be placed to
provide a radiation pattern to meet wireless
requirements
• Patch antennas are regularly used on
exterior walls
• Antenna placement and the gain should be
considered when selecting antenna types,
locations, and security boundaries

14
Episode 14.05
Episode Wireless Security Standards
title:
Objective: 2.4 Given a scenario, install and configure the
appropriate wireless standards and
technologies

15
Key Terms
• WPA-PSK (WPA with pre-shared key)
• Passphrase

16
Wireless Security
Standards
• Wired Equivalent
Privacy (WEP)
- Used 64- and 128-bit
keys
- Crackable

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Wireless Security
Standards
• 802.11 committee
needed another
standard
- 802.11i
 Took too long to come
out
- Wi-Fi Protected
Access (WPA)
 Temporal Key Integrity
Protocol (TKIP)

18
Wireless Security
Standards
• WPA2
- Advanced Encryption
Standard (AES)
- CCMP

19
• The 802.11 standards are used on both
SOHO routers and enterprise routers
• 802.11i was slow to release, so Wi-Fi
Protected Access (WPA) was created using
the Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP)
encryption protocol
• WPA2 uses CCMP-AES as the encryption
protocol and is more secure

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Episode 14.06
Episode Implementing Wireless Security
title:
Objective: 2.4 Given a scenario, install and configure the
appropriate wireless standards and
technologies

21
Key Terms
• SSID Broadcast
• MAC ACL
• Multiple SSID
• DHCP issue limiting
• Change default username and password
• Remote management
• Client isolation

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• Disable SSID broadcast
• Use MAC filtering
• Limit the number of DHCP-issued addresses

23
Episode 14.07
Episode Threats to Your Wireless Network
title:
Objective: 4.2 Compare and contrast common types of
attacks

24
Key Terms
• Rogue access points
• Evil twin
• 802.11 jammer
• Deauthentication attack

25
• Rogue access points can be accidental, but
evil twins are intentional
• Illegal 801.11 jammers can knock everyone
off a network
• Rogue access points and evil twins can
cause a lot of headaches

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Episode 14.08
Episode Enterprise Wireless
title:
Objective: 2.1 Compare and contrast various devices, their
features, and their appropriate placement on the
network

27
Key Terms
• Wireless controller

28
• Enterprise wireless systems have multiple
WAPs that can have the same wireless
controller configuration setup
• The wireless controller can monitor traffic,
set up various zones or access areas, and
define services’ access to specific WAP
destinations
• The 802.11 standards are used on both
SOHO routers and enterprise routers

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Episode 14.09
Episode Installing a Wireless Network
title:
Objective: 5.3 Given a scenario, use the appropriate network software tools
and commands
5.4 Given a scenario, troubleshoot common wireless connectivity
issues

30
Key Terms
• Interference
• Reflection
• Refraction
• Absorption
• Attenuation
• Wi-Fi analyzer
• Antenna placement

31
Key Terms
• Match your 802.11 standard to requirements
• Dipole placement
• Highly directional
• Signal-to-noise ratio
• Wireless range extender
• Mesh networks

32
• Interference, reflections, and absorption are all
environmental issues that can affect the
wireless signal
• A Wi-Fi signal is different on various devices;
match radiation patterns and 802.11
specifications to the signal requirement
• Pay attention to the bandwidths and use
channels with the least amount of congestion

33
Episode 14.10
Episode Wireless Scenarios
title:
Objective: 5.4 Given a scenario, troubleshoot common
wireless connectivity issues

34
Key Terms
• Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA) is
169.254.x.x

35
• Interference can disrupt or slow down
wireless connections
• Sources of interference can include other
WAPs, wireless mice and keyboards, and
microwaves
• Remove sources of interference or change
the WAP’s frequency to avoid channel
interference

36
Episode 14.11
Episode More Wireless Scenarios
title:
Objective: 3.1 Given a scenario, use the appropriate statistics and sensors to
ensure network availability
5.4 Given a scenario, troubleshoot common wireless connectivity
issues

37
Key Terms
• Over capacity
• Jitter
• Incorrect antenna type
• Incorrect antenna placement

38
• Adding or updating access points with more
robust 802.11 standard devices should be
considered for slow wireless network
• Be aware of gain loss due to length of cable
and keep cables short when possible
• Antenna placement is a bit on an art; test
and retest

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