1.

A function of two variables is a rule that assigns to each point x y in a subset of the plane a unique number
f x y . For example, f x y x 2 2y 2 has the whole x y-plane as its domain.

2. By the uniqueness property in the definition of a function, we must have f a b f c d .

3. a. The graph of f x y is the set S x y z z f x y x y D , where D is the domain of f .

b. The level curve of f is the projection onto the x y-plane of the trace of f x y in the plane z k, where k is a
constant in the range of f .

4. The level curve represents the product mix that results in exactly a profit of k dollars.

1. f x y 2x 3y 4, so f 0 0 2 0 3 0 4 4, f 1 0 2 1 3 0 4 2,
f 0 1 2 0 3 1 4 1, f 1 2 2 1 3 2 4 4, and f 2 1 2 2 3 1 4 3.

2. g x y 2x 2 y 2 , so g 1 2 2 4 2, g 2 1 8 1 7, g 1 1 2 1 1, g 1 1 2 1 1,
and g 2 1 8 1 7.

3. f x y x2 2x y x 3, so f 1 2 12 2 1 2 1 3 7, f 2 1 22 2 2 1 2 3 9,
f 1 2 12 2 1 2 1 3 1, and f 2 1 22 2 2 1 2 3 1.

x y 0 1 1 1 2 1
4. h x y , so h 0 1 1, h 1 1 0, h 2 1 3, and
x y 0 1 1 1 2 1
h 0.

5. g s t 3s t t s 2, so g 1 2 3 1 2 2 1 2 4 3 2, g 2 1 3 2 1 2 2 8 2,
g 0 4 0 0 2 2, and g 4 9 3 4 9 9 4 2 56.
2 y2 ,
6. f x y x yex so f 0 0 0, f 0 1 0, f 1 1 e2 , and f 1 1 e1 1 e2 .

7. h s t s ln t t ln s, so h 1 e ln e e ln 1 ln e 1, so h e 1 e ln 1 ln e 1, and
h e e e ln e e ln e 0.
2 2
8. f u u2 2 eu , so f 0 1 e0 1, so f 1 1 1 1 e 1 2e 1, f a b a2 b2 eab ,
2
and f b a a2 b 2 ea b .

9. g r s t res t , so g 1 1 1 e, g 1 0 1 1, and g 1 1 1 e 1 1 e.
 ue eu eu e6 2e3 3e2 e2 3 2e e4
10. g u , so g 1 2 3 and
u2 2 2 1 4 9 14
3e 2 2e 3 e6 e2 3 2e e4
g 3 2 1 .
9 4 1 14

11. f x y 2x 3y. The domain of f is the set of all ordered pairs x y , where x and y are real numbers.

12. g x y z x2 y2 z2 . The domain of g is the set of all ordered triples x y z , where x, y, and z are real
numbers.

u
13. h u . The domain is all real values of u and except those satisfying the equation u .
u

14. f s t s2 t 2 . Because s 2 t2 0 for all values of s and t, the domain of f is the set of all ordered pairs
s t .

15. g r s r s. The domain of g is the set of all ordered pairs r s satisfying rs 0, that is the set of all ordered
pairs whose members have the same sign (allowing zeros).

16. f x y e xy. The domain of f is the set of all ordered pairs x y where x and y are real numbers.

17. h x y ln x y 5 . The domain of h is the set of all ordered pairs x y such that x y 5.

18. h u 4 u2 2. The domain of h is all real values of u and satisfying u 2 2 4.

19. The graph shows level curves of 20. The graph shows level curves of
z f x y 2x 3y for z 2, 1, 0, 1, and 2. z f x y x2 y for z 2, 1, 0, 1, and 2.

21. The graph shows level curves of 22. The graph shows level curves of z f x y xy
z f x y 2x 2 y for z 2, 1, 0, 1, and 2. for z 4, 2, 2, and 4.
23. The graph shows level curves of 24. The graph shows level curves of
z f x y 16 x2 y2 for z 0, 1, 2, 3, z f x y ex y for z 2, 1, 0, 1, and 2.
and 4.

25. The level curves of f have equations f x y x2 y2 C. An equation of the curve containing the point
3 4 satisfies 32 42 C, so C 9 16 5. Thus, an equation is x2 y2 5.

26. The level surfaces of f have equations f x y z 2x 2 3y 2 z C. An equation of the level surface containing
2
the point 1 2 3 satisfies 2 1 3 22 3 C, so C 17. Thus, an equation is 2x 2 3y 2 z 17.

27. (b)

28. (a)

29. No. Suppose the level curves f x y c1 and f x y c2 intersect at a point x0 y0 and c1 c2 . Then
f x0 y0 c1 and f x 0 y0 c2 where c1 c2 . Thus, f takes on two distinct values at x0 y0 , contradicting
the definition of a function.

30. The level set of f for k 0 is the open unit disk with center the origin. The level curve of f for k 3 is the circle
with radius 2 and center the origin.

2
31. V f 15 4 15 4 9 , or 9 ft3 .

100 13 5
32. f 13 5 9 150.
9

205 56
33. a. P and E are real numbers with E 0. b. R 13 09 15 704.

34. a. Since the price per share P must be positive and the dividend D must be nonnegative, we see that the required
domain is the set of all ordered pairs D P where for which D 0 and P 0.
3
b. Y 205 56 0 01459, or approximately 1 46%.
 kT
55. The level curves of V have equation C, where C is a positive
P
C
constant. The level curves are the family of straight lines T P
k
lying in the first quadrant, because k, T , and P are positive. Every
point on the level curve V C gives the same volume C.

56. False. Let h x y x y. Then there is no pair of functions f and g such that h x y f x g y .

57. False. Let f x y x y. Then f ax ay ax ay a2 x y ax y af x y .

58. False. Because x 2 y2 x y x y , we see that x 2 y2 0 if y x. Therefore, the domain of f is

x y y x .

59. True. If c 0, then z f x y c and the point x y c on the graph of f is c units above the x y-plane.
Similarly, if c 0, then z f x y c and the point x y c on the graph of f lies c units below the x y-plane.

2
60. False. Take f x y x2 y 2 , P1 1 1 , and P2 1 1 . Then f x 1 y1 f 1 1 1 12 2
and f x2 y2 f 1 1 12 12 2. So f x1 y1 f x2 y2 , but P x1 y1 P x2 y2 .

f f f x h y f x y
1. a. a b x y lim .
x x ab h 0 h ab
b. See pages 544–548 of the text.

2. a. Two commodities are substitute commodities if a decrease in the demand for one corresponds to an increase in
the demand for the other. Examples are coffee and tea. Two commodities are complementary commodities if a
decrease in the demand for one corresponds to a decrease in the demand for the other as well. Examples are
(non-digital) cameras and film.
b. If the demand equation relating the quantities x and y to the unit prices are x f p q and y g p q , then
f g f
the commodities are substitute commodities if q 0 and p 0 and complementary commodities if q 0
g
and p 0.

3. f x x , f yy , f x y , and f yx .

4. There are nine partial derivatives of order two, as shown: f x x , f x y ,

f x z , f yx , f yy , f yz , f zx , f zy , and f zz .
 1. a. f x y x2 2y 2 , so f x 2 1 4 and f y 2 1 4.
b. f x 2 1 4 says that the slope of the tangent line to the curve of intersection of the surface z x 2 2y 2 and
the plane y 1 at the point 2 1 6 is 4. f y 2 1 4 says that the slope of the tangent line to the curve of
intersection of the surface z x2 2y 2 and the plane x 2 at the point 2 1 6 is 4.
c. f x 2 1 4 says that the rate of change of f x y with respect to x with y held fixed with a value of 1 is
4 units per unit change in x. f y 2 1 4 says that the rate of change of f x y with respect to y with x held
fixed with a value of 2 is 4 units per unit change in y.

2. a. f x y 9 x2 xy 2y 2 , so f x 1 2 0 and f y 1 2 7.
b. f x 1 2 0 says that the slope of the tangent line to the curve of intersection of the surface z x 2 2y 2 and
the plane y 1 at the point 1 2 2 is 0. f y 1 2 7 says that the slope of the tangent line to the curve of
intersection of the surface z x2 2y 2 and the plane x 1 at the point 1 2 2 is 7.
c. f x 1 2 0 says that the rate of change of f x y with respect to x with y held fixed with a value of 2 is
0 units per unit change in x. f y 1 2 7 says that the rate of change of f x y with respect to y with x held
fixed with a value of 1 is 7 units per unit change in y.

3. f x y 2x 3y 5, so f x 2 and f y 3. 4. f x y 2x y, so f x 2y and f y 2x.

5. g x y 2x 2 4y 1, so gx 4x and g y 4. 6. f x y 1 x2 y 2 , so f x 2x and f y 2y.

2y 4y 2 x 1 x
7. f x y , so f x and f y . 8. f x y , so f x and f y .
x2 x3 x2 1 y 1 y 1 y 2

u g u 1 u 1 2
9. g u , so 2 2
and
u u u u
g u 1 u 1 2u
2 2
.
u u

x2 y2 x2 y 2 2x x2 y 2 2x 4x y 2
10. f x y , so f x and
x2 y2 x2 y2
2
x2 y2
2

x2 y2 2y x2 y 2 2y 4x 2 y
fy 2 2
.
x2 y2 x2 y2

3 2 2
11. f s t s2 st t 2 , so f s 3 s2 st t2 2s t and f t 3 s2 st t2 2t s .

12. g s t s 2t st 3, so gs 2st t 3 and gt s2 3st 4.

2 3 2 1 3 4 1 3 4 1 3
13. f x y x2 y2 , so f x 3 x2 y2 2x 3x x2 y2 and f y 3y x2 y2 .

1 2 1 1 2 xy
14. f x y x 1 y2 , so f x 1 y 2 and f y x 2 1 y2 2y .
1 y2

15. f x y ex y 1, so f x ye x y 1 and f y xex y 1.

16. f x y ex e y 5 , so f x 5e x e x ey 4
and f y 5e y e x ey 4.
 y x
17. f x y x ln y y ln x, so f x ln y and f y ln x.
x y

2 f 2 f 2 2
18. f x y x 2 e y , so 2xe y and x 2 e y 2y 2x 2 ye y .
x y

eu
19. g u eu ln , so gu eu ln and g .

ex y x y ex y y ex y 1 xy y2 1 ex y x2 xy 1 ex y
20. f x , so f x 2 2
and f y 2
.
x y x y x y x y

21. f x y z x yz x y2 yz 2 zx 2 , so f x yz y2 2x z and f y xz 2x y z2 fz xy 2yz x 2.

2u u2 2 2 2 2u 2u 2 2 2 u2
22. g u , so gu and
u2 2 2
u2 2 2 2 u2 2 2 2

2u u2 2 2 2u u2 2 2
g g .
u2 2 2 2 u2 2 2 2

23. h r s t er st , so hr sterst , h s rter st , and h t r ser st .

f f 1 x yz f y xy y z
24. f x y z xe y z , so ey z , xe y z e , and xe y z e .
x y z z z z2 z2

25. f x y x2 y x y 2 , so f x 1 2 2x y y2 12
8 and f y 1 2 x2 2x y 12
5.

26. f x y x 2 x y y2 2x y, so f x 1 2 2x y 2 12 2 1 2 2 2 and
fy 1 2 x 2y 1 12 1 2 2 1 2.

x
27. f x y x y y2 x y1 2 y 2 , so f x 2 1 y 21
1 and f y 2 1 2y 3.
2 y 21

1 2 x 3 y 4
28. g x y x2 y2 x2 y2 , so gx 3 4 and g y 3 4 .
x2 y2 5 x2 y2 5
34 34

x 1 1 x 1
29. f x y , so f x 1 2 and f y 1 2 .
y y 12 2 y2 12 4

x y x y 1 x y 1 2y 4
30. f x y , so f x 1 2 2 2
and
x y x y 1 2 x y 1 2 9
x y 1 x y 1 2x 2
fy 1 2 .
x y 2 1 2 x y 2
1 2 9

31. f x y e x y , so f x 1 1 ye x y 11 e and f y 1 1 xex y 11 e.

ex 1
32. f x y e x ln y, so f x 0 e e x ln y 0e ln e 1 and f y 0 e .
y 0e e
33. f x y z x 2 yz 3 , so f x 1 0 2 2x yz 3 102
0, f y 1 0 2 x 2z3 102
8, and
fz 1 0 2 3x 2 yz2 102
0.

34. f x y z x 2 y2 z 2 , so f x 1 1 2 2x y 2 112 2, f y 1 1 2 2x 2 y 112 2, and

fz 1 1 2 2z 112 4.

35. f x y x2 y x y 3 , so f x 2x y y 3 and f y x2 3x y 2 . Therefore, f x x 2y, f x y 2x 3y 2 f yx , and

f yy 6x y.

36. f x y x3 x2 y x 4, so f x 3x 2 2x y 1 and f y x 2 . Therefore, f x x 6x 2y, f x y 2x f yx ,

and f yy 0.

37. f x y x 2 2x y 2y 2 x 2y, so f x 2x 2y 1 and f y 2x 4y 2. Therefore, f x x 2,

fx y 2 f yx , and f yy 4.

38. f x y x3 x 2 y2 y3 x y, so f x 3x 2 2x y 2 1 and f y 2x 2 y 3y 2 1. Therefore, f x x 6x 2y 2 ,

f yy 2x 2 6y, and f x y 4x y f yx .

1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2
39. f x y x2 y2 , so f x 2 x2 y2 2x x x2 y2 and f y y x2 y2 . Therefore,
1 2 1 3 2 1 2 3 2
fx x x2 y2 x 2 x2 y2 2x x2 y2 x2 x2 y2

3 2 y2
x2 y2 x2 y2 x2 3 2
,
x2 y2
1 3 2 xy
fx y x 2 x2 y2 2y 3 2
f yx , and
x2 y2
1 2 1 3 2 1 2 3 2
f yy x2 y2 y 2 x2 y2 2y x2 y2 y2 x 2 y2

3 2 x2
x2 y2 x2 y2 y2 3 2
.
x2 y2

1 1 1
40. f x y x y1 2 yx 1 2 , so f x y1 2
2 yx
1 2 and fy 2xy
1 2 x 1 2 . Therefore, f x x 4 yx
3 2,

1 1 2 1 1 2 1 3 2.
fx y 2y 2x f yx , and f yy 4xy

x y, 1 x y x x y. 1 x y
41. f x y e so f x e and f y e Therefore, f x x e ,
y y2 y2
x x y 1 x y x y x y 2x x y x2 x y x x x y.
fx y e e e f yx , and f yy e e 2 e
y3 y2 y3 y3 y4 y3 y

2x y 2 2x 2 y
42. f x y ln 1 x 2 y 2 , so f x and f y .
1 x 2 y2 1 x2y
1 x 2 y2 2y 2 2x y 2 2x y 2 2y 2 1 x 2 y 2
Therefore, f x x 2 2
,
1 x 2 y2 1 x 2 y2
1 x 2 y2 2x 2 2x 2 y 2x 2 y 2x 2 1 x 2 y2
f yy 2 2
, and
1 x 2 y2 1 x 2 y2
1 x 2 y 2 4x y 2x y 2 2x 2 y 4x y
fx y 2 2
f yx .
1 x 2 y2 1 x 2 y2
 y 1 4 1 4
16 2
43. a. f x y 20x 3 4 y 1 4 , so f x 256 16 15 x 15 256 15 4 7 5 and
256 16
3 4 3 4
x 256
f y 256 16 5 y 5 16 5 80 40.
256 16

b. Yes.

1 5 1 5
44. a. f x y 40x 4 5 y 1 5 , so f x 32x 1 5 y1 5 and f x 32 243 32 32 243 48, or 48 units per unit
8 16 128 128
change in labor. f y 8x 4 5 y 4 5 , so f y 32 243 81 81 , or 81 units per unit change in capital

b. No.

1
2 p 1
45. p x y 200 10 x 2 15 y 1 2 , so 0 1 20 x 2 10. At the location 0 1 in the
x 01
p
figure, the price of land is increasing by $10 per square foot per mile to the east. 0 1 30 y 1 01 0,
y
so at the point 0 1 in the figure, the price of land is unchanging with respect to north-south change.

f g
46. f p q 10,000 10 p 0 2q 2 , so g p q 5000 0 8 p2 20q. 0 4q 0 and 1 6p 0, and so
q p
the two products are substitute commodities.

f
47. f p q 10,000 10 p e0 5q and g p q 50,000 4000q 10 p. Thus, 0 5e0 5q 0 and
q
g
10 0, and so the two commodities are complementary commodities.
p

48. We have 15 x 1
10 y 200 p and x 1
2y 1000 5 p. Thus, 1
10 x
1
4y 160 q and
5 1
x 2y 1600 10q. Then 2y 600 5p 10q, so y 2 600 5p 10q g p q . Also,
1 1 5 5 25 5
x 1000 5p 2 2 600 5p 10q 1000 5p 150 4 p 2q 850 4 p 2q f p q .
f 5 g 5
Next, we compute 0 and 0, and so they are substitute commodities.
q 2 p 2

49. R x y 0 2x 2 0 25y 2 0 2x y 200x 160y, so

R
300 250 0 4x 0 2y 200 300 250 0 4 300 0 2 250 200 30. This says that at sales
x
levels of 300 finished and 250 unfinished units, revenue is increasing by $30 per week per unit increase in finished
R
pieces. 300 250 0 5y 0 2x 160 300 250 0 5 250 0 2 300 160 25, and this says that
y
at the same sales levels, revenue is decreasing by $25 per week per unit increase in unfinished pieces.
50. P x y 0 02x 2 15y 2 xy 39x 25y 20,000, so
P
4000 150 0 04x y 39 4000 150 0 04 4000 150 39 29. This says that when inventory
x
is $4,000,000 and floor space is 150,000 ft2 , monthly profit increases by $29 per thousand dollars increase in
P
inventory. 4000 150 30y x 25 4000 150 475, and this says that with the same inventory and
y
floor space as above, monthly profit decreases by $475 per thousand-square-foot increase in floor space.
P
Similarly, 5000 150 0 04x y 39 5000 150 0 04 5000 150 39 11 and
x
P
5000 150 30y x 25 5000 150 30 150 5000 25 525.
y

x x 2
51. We have p 16 p and q 0 4. If p 6 and q 40, we have x 400 86 0 4 40 128,
x
x x
p p 6 96
p 16 6 96 and q 0 4. Therefore, E p 4 5 and
x 128
x
q q40 0 4
Eq 0 125. Our results show that an approximate increase of 1% in the unit price
x 128
of product A will result in a 4 5% drop in the demand for that product, while a 1% increase in the unit price of
product B will result in a 0 125% increase in the demand for product A.

x 2 6 pq x 3
52. We have 3q 1 p2 1 3q 1 1 p2 2p and . If p 5
p p 1 p2 2 q 1 p2
3 4 12 6 x 6 5 4 30 x 3 3
and q 4, we have x f 5 4 , , and .
1 52 26 13 p 1 52
2 169 q 1 5 2 26
x 30 x 3
p 5 169 q 4 26
p q
Therefore, E p 6
1 923 and Eq 6
1. Thus, an increase of 1% in
x 13
x 13
the price of butter will result in a drop of approximately 1 9% in demand for butter (with the price of margarine held
fixed at $4 lb), while an increase of 1% in the price of margarine will result in the same percentage increase in the
demand for butter (with the price of butter held fixed at $5 lb).

x 2 1 q
53. We have 2q 1 p1 2 1 2q 1 1 p1 2
2 p 1 2
2
and
p p p1 p
x 2 2 5 10 x 5 5
. If p 4 and q 5, we have x , 2
, and
q 1 p 1 4 3 p 18
4 1 4
x 5 x 2
x 2 2 p p
4 18 1 q q
5 3
. Therefore, E p 10
and E q 10
1. So an
q 1 4 3 x 3
3 x 3
increase of 1% in the price of margarine will result in a decrease of approximately 13 % in demand for margarine
(with the price of butter held fixed at $5 lb), while an increase of 1% in the price of butter will result in the same
percentage increase in the demand for margarine (with the price of margarine held fixed at $4 lb).

T T t h s T t s
54. a. The rate of change of T with respect to t with s held constant is given by t s lim .
t h 0 h
T T t h s T t s
So if h is small, then t s . In particular, with t 34, s 25, and h 2, we see
t h
T T 36 25 T 34 25 24 21 4
that the required rate of change is 34 25 1 3 F/ F.
t 2 2
4. 0 0370, 0 7407. 5. 0 3863, 0 8497. 6. 0 0255, 0 0316.

1. a. A function f x y has a relative maximum at a b if f a b is the largest value of f x y for all x y near
a b.
b. f a y has an absolute maximum at a b if f a b is the largest value of f x y for all x y in the domain
of f .

2. a. See the definition on page 561 of the text.

b. If f has a relative extremum at a b , then a b must be a critical point of f . The converse is false.

3. See the procedure on page 562 of the text.

4. a. D a b f x x a b f yy a b f x2y a b 2 5 32 1 0, so f has a relative extremum at a b .

Since f x x a b 2 0, we conclude that the relative extremum is, in fact, a relative maximum.
b. D a b 3 2 32 3 0, so f has a saddle point at a b .
c. D a b 1 4 22 0. The test is inconclusive and further investigation is required.
d. D a b 2 4 22 4 0. Since f x x a b 2 0 we conclude that f has a relative minimum at a b .

fx 4x 0
1. f x y 1 2x 2 3y 2 . To find the critical points of f , we solve the system obtaining
fy 6y 0
0 0 as the only critical point of f . Next, f x x 4, f x y 0, and f yy 6. In particular, f x x 0 0 4,
fx y 0 0 0, and f yy 0 0 6, giving D 0 0 4 6 24 0. Because f x x 0 0 02 0, the
Second Derivative Test implies that 0 0 gives rise to a relative maximum of f . Finally, the relative maximum
value of f is f 0 0 1.

fx 2x y 0
2. f x y x2 xy y2 1. To find the critical points of f , we solve the system obtaining
fy x 2y 0
x 0 and y 0, so 0 0 is the only critical point. Next, f x x 2, f x y 1, and f yy 2, so
D x y f x x f yy f x2y
3. In particular, since D 0 0 3 0 and f x x 0 0 2 0, we see that 0 0 gives
rise to a relative minimum. The relative minimum value is f 0 0 1.

3. f x y x2 y2 2x 4y 1. To find the critical points of f , we solve the system

fx 2x 2 0
obtaining x 1 and y 2, so 1 2 is the only critical point of f . f x x 2, f x y 0, and
fy 2y 4 0
f yy 2, so D x y f x x f yy f x2y 4. In particular, D 1 2 4 0, so 1 2 gives a saddle point of f .
Because f 1 2 4, the saddle point is 1 2 4 .
4. f x y 2x 2 y2 4x 6y 3. To find the critical points of f , we solve the system
fx 4x 4 0
obtaining 1 3 as the only critical point of f . Next, f x x 4, f x y 0, and f yy 2, so
fy 2y 6 0
D 1 3 f x x 1 3 f yy 1 3 f x2y 1 3 4 2 0 8 0. Because f x x 1 3 0, 1 3 gives
rise to a relative minimum of f . Finally, f 1 3 2 9 4 6 3 3 8 is the relative minimum value.

5. f x y x2 2x y 2y 2 4x 8y 1. To find the critical points of f , we solve the system

fx 2x 2y 4 0
obtaining 8 6 as the critical point of f . Next, f x x 2, f x y 2, and f yy 4.
fy 2x 4y 8 0
In particular, f x x 8 6 2, f x y 8 6 2, and f yy 8 6 4, giving D 2 4 4 4 0.
Because f x x 8 6 0, 8 6 gives rise to a relative minimum of f . The relative minimum value of f is
f 8 6 41.

6. f x y x2 4x y 2y 2 4x 8y 1. To find the critical points of f , we solve the system

fx 2x 4y 4 0
obtaining x 6 and y 4, so 6 4 is the only critical point. Next, f x x 2,
fy 4x 4y 8 0
fx y 4, and f yy 4, so D x y f x x f yy f x2y 8 16 8. In particular, D 6 4 8 0 and so
6 4 gives a saddle point of f . Because f 6 4 27, the saddle point is 6 4 27 .

7. f x y 2x 3 y2 9x 2 4y 12x 2. To find the critical points of f , we solve the system

fx 6x 2 18x 12 0
The first equation is equivalent to x 2 3x 2 0, or x 2 x 1 0, giving
fy 2y 4 0
x 1 or 2. The second equation of the system gives y 2. Therefore, there are two critical points, 1 2 and
2 2 . Next, we compute f x x 12x 18 6 2x 3 , f x y 0, and f yy 2.
At the point 1 2 , f x x 1 2 6 2 3 6, f x y 1 2 0, and f yy 1 2 2, so
D 1 2 6 2 0 12 0 and we conclude that 1 2 gives a saddle point of f . Because f 1 2 1,
the saddle point is 1 2 1 .
At the point 2 2 , f x x 2 2 6 4 3 6, f x y 2 2 0, and f yy 2 2 2, so
D 2 2 6 2 0 12 0. Because f x x 2 2 0, we see that 2 2 gives a relative minimum with value
f 2 2 2.

8. f x y 2x 3 y2 6x 2 4y 12x 2. To find the critical points of f , we solve the system

fx 6x 2 12x 12 0
The first equation is equivalent to x 2 2x 2 0. Using the quadratic formula,
fy 2y 4 0
we find that the equation has no real solution. Therefore, there is no critical point.
 9. f x y x3 y2 2x y 7x 8y 4. To find the critical points of f , we solve the system
fx 3x 2 2y 7 0
Adding the two equations gives 3x 2 2x 1 3x 1 x 1 0. Therefore,
fy 2y 2x 8 0
1 11
x 3 or 1. Substituting each of these values of x into the second equation gives y 3 and y 5,
1 11
respectively. Therefore, 3 3 and 1 5 are critical points of f . Next, f x x 6x, f x y 2, and f yy 2, so
1 11 1 11
D x y 12x 4 4 3x 1 . Then D 3 3 4 1 1 8 0, and so 3 3 gives a saddle
1 11 319 1 11 319
point. Because f 3 3 27 , the saddle point is 3 3 27 . Next, D 1 5 4 3 1 8 0, and
since f x x 1 5 6 0, we see that 1 5 gives a relative minimum with value f 1 5 13.

10. f x y 2y 3 3y 2 12y 2x 2 6x 2. To find the critical points of f , we solve the system

fx 4x 6 0 3 3 3
We find x 2 and y 1 or 2. Therefore, 2 1 and 2 2 are critical points
fy 6y 2 6y 12 0
of f . Next, we find f x x 4, f x y 0 and f yy 12y 6 6 2y 1.
3 3 3 3
At the point 2 1 , fx x 2 1 4, f x y 2 1 0, and f yy 2 1 6 2 1 18. Therefore,
3 3 3 9
D 2 1 4 18 0 72 0, and 2 1 gives a saddle point of f . Because f 2 1 2, the
3 9
saddle point is 2 1 2 .
3 3 3 3
At the point 2 2 , fx x 2 2 4, f x y 2 2 0, and f yy 2 2 6 4 1 18. Because
3 3 3
D 2 2 0 and f x x 2 0 0, we conclude that 2 2 gives a relative minimum of f .
2
3 3 2 3 3 45
f 2 2 2 2 3 2 12 2 2 2 6 2 2 2 , so the relative minimum value is
3 45
f 2 2 2 .

fx 3x 2 3y 0
11. f x y x3 3x y y3 2. To find the critical points of f , we solve the system
fy 3x 3y 2 0
The first equation gives y x 2,
and substituting this into the second equation gives 3x 3x 4
3x 1 0. x3
Therefore, x 0 or 1. Substituting these values of x into the first equation gives y 0 and y 1, respectively.
Therefore, 0 0 and 1 1 are critical points of f . Next, we find f x x 6x, f x y 3, and f yy 6y, so
D f x x f yy f x2y 36x y 9. Because D 0 0 9 0, we see that 0 0 gives a saddle point of f . Because
f 0 0 2, the saddle point is 0 0 2 . Next, D 1 1 36 9 27 0, and since f x x 1 1 6 0, we
see that f 1 1 3 is a relative minimum value of f .

12. f x y x3 2x y y2 5. We set f x 3x 2 2y 0 and f y 2x 2y 0, so 3x 2 2x x 3x 2 0,

2 2
giving x 0 or x 3. Therefore, y 0 or y 3 respectively. Thus, the critical points of f are 0 0
2 2
and 3 3 . Next, f x x 6x, f x y 2, and f yy 2, so D 12x 4 4 3x 1 . At the point 0 0 ,
D 0 0 4 0, so 0 0 gives a saddle point. Because f 0 0 5, the saddle point is 0 0 5 . At the point
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 8 8 4 131
3 3 ,D 3 3 4 0 and f x x 3 3 0, so f 3 3 27 9 9 5 27 is a relative minimum value.
 4
fx y 0
4 2 x2 4
13. f x y xy . Solving the system of equations we obtain y .
x y 2 x2
fy x 0
y2
x4
Therefore, x 2 0 and 8x x4 x 8 x3 0, so x 0 or x 2. Because x 0 is not in
16
8 4
the domain of f , 2 1 is the only critical point of f . Next, f x x , fx y 1 and f yy . Therefore,
x3 y3
32
D 2 1 1 4 1 3 0 and f x x 2 1 1 0, so the relative minimum value of f is
x 3 y3 21
4 2
f 2 1 2 2 1 6.

x 1 2x
14. f x y x y. Setting f x y 0 gives 1 y3 0, so y 1, and setting f y x 0
y2 y2 y3
2x 2 6x
gives x 0, so x 0. Thus, 0 1 is a critical point. Next, f x x 0, f x y 1, and f yy , so
1 y3 y4
D 0 1 0 9 0, and f 0 1 gives rise to a saddle point. Because f 0 1 0, the saddle point is
0 1 0.

2 fx 2x 0
15. f x y x2 e y . Solving the system of equations 2 we obtain x 0 and y 0.
fy 2ye y 0
2 2
Therefore, 0 0 is the only critical point of f . Next, f x x 2, f x y 0, and f yy 2e y 4y 2 e y , so
2
D 0 0 4e y 1 2y 2 4 1 0, and we conclude that 0 0 gives a saddle point. Because
00
f 0 0 1, the saddle point is 0 0 1.

2 y2
2 y2 .
fx 2xe x 0
16. f x y ex To find the critical points of f , we solve the system 2 2 obtaining x 0
fy 2ye x y
2 y2 2 y2 2 y2 ,
and y 0. Therefore, 0 0 is the only critical point of f . f x x 2e x 4x 2 e x 2 1 2x 2 e x
2 y2 , 2 y2 2 y2 2 y2 .
fx y 4x ye x and f yy 2e x 4y 2 e x 2 1 2y 2 e x At 0 0 , we see that f x x 0 0 2,
fx y 0 0 0, and f yy 0 0 2. Because D 0 0 f x x 0 0 f yy 0 0 f x2y 0 0 4 0, we see that
0 0 gives a saddle point of f . Because f 0 0 1, the saddle point is 0 0 1 .

2 y2
2 y2 .
fx 2xex 0
17. f x y ex Solving the system we see that x 0 and y 0
fy 2ye x2 y2 0
2 y2
(recall that e x 0). Therefore, 0 0 is the only critical point of f . Next, we compute
fx x 2e x2 y2 2x 2x e x
2 y2 2 1 2x 2 e x
2 y2 , fx y 2x 2y e x
2 y2 4x yex
2 y2 , and
2 2
f yy 2 1 2y 2 ex y .
In particular, at the point 0 0 , f x x 0 0 2, f x y 0 0 0, and f yy 0 0 2.
Therefore, D 0 0 2 2 0 4 0. Because f x x 0 0 0, we conclude that 0 0 gives rise to a relative
minimum of f . The relative minimum value is f 0 0 1.
 fx yex y 0
18. f x y e x y . To find the critical points of f , we solve the system obtaining y 0 and
fy xex y 0
x 0, so 0 0 is a critical point of f . Next, f x x y2ex y , f x y ex y x yex y 1 x y e x y , and f yy x 2 ex y ,
so D x y x 2 y 2 e2x y 1 x y 2 e2x y . In particular, D 0 0 1 0, and so 0 0 gives rise to a saddle
point of f . The saddle point is 0 0 1 .

2x
2
0 fx
2 2 x y2 1
19. f x y ln 1 x y . We solve the system of equations obtaining
2y
fy 0
1 x 2 y2
x 0 and y 0. Therefore, 0 0 is the only critical point of f . Next,
2 y2 2 1 x 2 y2 2
1 x 2x 2x 2 2y 2 2x 2 2y 2y 2 2x 2 2y 2
fx x 2 2
, f yy 2 2
,
1 x 2 y 2 1 x 2 y 2 1 x 2 y 2 1 x2 y2
2 4x y
and f x y 2x 1 x 2 y 2 2y 2
. Therefore,
1 x 2 y2
2 2y 2 2x 2 2 2x 2 2y 2 16x 2 y 2
D x y 4 4
. Because D 0 0 4 0 and
1 x 2 y2 1 x 2 y2
fx x 0 0 2 0, f 0 0 0 is a relative minimum value.

1
fx y 0 1
20. f x y xy ln x 2y 2 . We solve the system of equations x giving y ,
fy x 4y 0 x

1 1
x 4 0, and so x 2 4 0 and x 2. (Remember that x must be positive.) Therefore, y 2, and
x
1 1 1 1
2 2 is a critical point. Next, f x x , fxy 1, and f yy 4, so D 2 2 4 4 1 0 and thus
x2
2
1 1 1 1 1
2 2 gives a saddle point. Because f 2 2 2 2 ln 2 2 2 ln 2 2, the saddle point is
1 1
2 2 ln 2 2 .

21. P x 0 2x 2 0 25y 2 0 2x y 200x 160y 100x 70y 4000

0 2x 2 0 25y 2 0 2x y 100x 90y 4000.

Px 0 4x 0 2y 100 0 4x 2y 1000
Thus, implies that Solving, we find x 200 and
Py 0 5y 0 2x 90 0 2x 5y 900
y 100. Next, Px x 0 4, Pyy 0 5, Px y 0 2, and D 200 100 04 05 0 2 2 0.
Because Px x 200 100 0, we conclude that 200 100 is a relative maximum of P. Thus, the
company should manufacture 200 finished and 100 unfinished units per week. The maximum profit is
P 200 100 0 2 200 2 0 25 100 2 0 2 100 200 100 200 90 100 4000 10,500, or $10,500.
22. P x y 0 005x 2 0 003y 2 0 002x y 20x 15y 6x 3y 200

0 005x 2 0 003y 2 0 002x y 14x 12y 200.

Px 0 01x 0 002y 14 0 10x 2y 14,000

Next, Therefore,
Py 0 006y 0 002x 12 0 2x 6y 12,000
Solving, we find x 1071 and y 1643. Next, Px x 0 01, Px y 0 002, and Pyy 0 006, so
2
D 1071 1643 0 01 0 006 0 002 0 000056 0. Because Px x 1071 1643 0, we conclude
that 1071 1643 is a relative maximum of P. Thus, the company should publish 1071 deluxe and 1643 standard
copies. The maximum profit is
P 1071 1643 0 005 1071 2 0 003 1643 2 0 002 1071 1643 14 1071 12 1643 200

17,157 14, or $17,157 14.

1
1
2 px 20 x 2 0
23. p x y 200 10 x 2 15 y 1 2 . Solving the system of equations we
py 30 y 1 0
1 1
obtain x 2 and y 1. We conclude that the only critical point of f is 2 1 . Next, px x 20, px y 0, and
1 1
p yy 30, so D 2 1 20 30 600 0. Because px x 20 0, we conclude that f 2 1 gives a
1
relative maximum. We conclude that the price of land is highest at 2 1 .

24. We wish to maximize the function

P x R x C x

2000 150 p 100q p 1000 80 p 120q q 4 2000 150 p 100q 3 1000 80 p 120q

2360 p 150 p2 180 pq 960q 120q 2 11,000.

Pp 2360 300 p 180q 300 p 180q 2360

Then Solving the system we
Pq 180 p 960 240q 180 p 240q 960
56
find that 3 18 is a critical point. Next, Ppp 300, Pqq 240, and Ppq 180, so
56 2
D 3 18 300 240 180 39,600 0. Because P pp 0, we conclude that P is maximized at
56
3 18 and the company should therefore sell the German wine at $18 67 per bottle and the Italian wine at $18
per bottle.

25. a. R p q x p yq 6400 400 p 200q p

5600 200 p 400q q 400 p2 q 2 pq 16 p 14q .
1. A constrained relative extremum of f is an extremum of f subject to a constraint of the form g x y 0.

2. See the procedure given on page 583 of the text.

1. f x y x2 3y 2 . We form the Lagrangian function F x y x2 3y 2 x y 1 and solve the

Fx 2x 0
system Fy 6y 0 Solving the first and the second equations for x and y in terms of , we obtain
F x y 1 0
3
x 2 and y 6 which, upon substitution into the third equation, yields 2 6 1 0 or 2.
3 1 3 1 3 1 3
Therefore, x 4 and y 4, which gives the point 4 4 as the sole critical point of f . Thus, 4 4 4 is a
minimum of f .

2. f x y x2 y2 x y. We form the Lagrangian function F x y x2 y2 xy x 2y 14 and

Fx 2x y 0
4x 2y 2 0 5x 4y 0
solve the system Fy 2y x 2 0 Then and Thus,
x 2y 2 0 5x 10y 70
F x 2y 14 0
14y 70, so y 5 and x 4, and the minimum value is f 4 5 21.

3. f x y 2x 3y x2 y 2 . We form the Lagrangian function F x y 2x 3y x2 y2 x 2y 9

Fx 2 2x 0
and solve the system Fy 3 2y 2 0 Solving the first equation for , we obtain 2x 2.
F x 2y 9 0
Substituting into the second equation, we have 3 2y 4x 4 0, or 4x 2y 1 0. Adding this equation to
7
the third equation in the system, we have 5x 10 0, or x 2. Therefore, y 2 and f 2 72 7
4 is the
maximum value of f .

4. f x y 16 x2 y 2 . We form the Lagrangian function F x y 16 x2 y2 x y 6 and

Fx 2x 0
solve the system Fy 2y 0 The first two equations imply that x y. Substituting into the third
F x y 6 0
equation, we have 2x 6 0, or x 3. So y 3 and f 3 3 2 is the maximum value of f .

5. f x y x2 4y 2 . We form the Lagrangian function F x y x2 4y 2 xy 1 and solve the system

Fx 2x y 0
Fy 8y x 0 Multiplying the first and second equations by x and y, respectively, and subtracting
F xy 1 0
the resulting equations, we obtain 2x 2 8y 2 0, or x 2y. Substituting this into the third equation gives
2 2 2
2y 2 1 0 or y 2 . We conclude that f 2 2 f 2 2 4 is the minimum value of f .
6. f x y x y. We form the Lagrangian function F x y xy x2 4y 2 4 0 and solve the system
Fx y 2 x 0
Fy x 8 y 0 Multiplying the first and second equations by 4y and x, respectively, and subtracting
F x2 4y 2 4 0
the resulting equations, we obtain 4y 2 x2 0 and so x 2y. Substituting this into the third equation, we find
2 2 2
4y 2 4y 2 4 0 8y 2 4, or y 2 . Therefore, f 2 2 f 2 2 1 is the minimum
value of f .

7. f x y x 5y 2x y x 2 2y 2 . We form the Lagrangian function

F x y x 5y 2x y x 2 2y 2 2x y 4 and solve the system
Fx 1 2y 2x 2 0
Fy 5 2x 4y 0 Solving the last two equations for x and y in terms of , we
F 2x y 4 0
1 1
obtain y 3 1 and x 6 11 which, upon substitution into the first equation, yields
2 1 2 2 11 1 3
1 3 1 3 11 2 , so 1 3 3 3 3 2 0. Hence, 2, so x 2 and y 1.
2
3 3 3 3 3
The maximum of f is f 2 1 2 5 2 2 2 2 4.

8. f x y x y. We form the Lagrangian function F x y xy 2x 3y 6 and solve the system

Fx y 2 0
3y 6 0 3
Fy x 3 0 Then and 2x 3y 6. Hence, x 2 and y 1, and so the
2x 6 0
F 2x 3y 6 0
3 3
relative maximum of f is f 2 1 2.

9. f x y x y 2 . We form the Lagrangian F x y x y2 9x 2 y2 9 and solve the system

Fx y2 18 x 0
y2
Fy 2x y 2 y 0 The first equation gives . Substituting into the second gives
18x
F 9x 2 y2 9 0
y2
2x y 2y 0, or 18x 2 y y3 y 18x 2 y2 0, giving y 0 or y 3 2x. If y 0, then the
18x
3 3
third equation gives 9x 2 9 0, so x 1. Therefore, the points 1 0, 1 0, 3 6 , 3 6 ,
3 3
3 6 and 3 6 give extreme values of f subject to the given constraint. Evaluating f x y at each of
3 3
these points, we see that f 3 6 f 3 6 2 3 is the maximum value of f .

10. f x y y2 x 2 . We form the Lagrangian function F x y y2 x2 x 2y 5 and solve the

x
Fx 0
y 2 x2
y 2x y
system Fy 2 0 Then 2 0, 2 0, 2x y 0, and
y2 x 2 y 2 x2 y2 x2
F x 2y 5 0
10 5 5 10 5 3
2x 4y 10, so y 3 and x 3. Therefore, the relative minimum of f is f 3 3 3 .
11. f x y x y. We form the Lagrangian function F x y xy x2 y2 16 and solve the system
Fx y 2 x 0
Fy x 2 y 0 Solving the first equation for and substituting this value into the second equation
F x2 y 2 16 0
y
yields x 2 y 0, or x 2 y 2 . Substituting the last equation into the third equation in the system, yields
2x
x2 x2 16 0, or x 2 8, that is, x 2 2. The corresponding values of y are y 2 2. Therefore the
critical points of F are 2 2 2 2 (all four possibilities). Evaluating f at each of these points, we find that

f 2 2 2 2 f 2 2 2 2 8 are relative minima and f 2 2 2 2 f 2 2 2 2 8 are

relative maxima.

12. f x y e x y . We form the Lagrangian function F x y ex y x2 y2 8 and solve the system

Fx yex y 2 x 0
Fy xex y 2 y 0 Multiplying the first and second equations by x and y, respectively, and subtracting
F x2 y2 8 0
the resulting equations, we obtain 2 x2 y2 0. This gives 0, or y x. But 0; otherwise
x y 0 and the third equation is not satisfied. If y x, then 8 0 and x 2. Therefore, the x2 x2
points 2 2 , 2 2 , 2 2 , and 2 2 give extrema of f . The relative maximum value of f is e4 and the
relative minimum value is e 4 .

13. f x y x y 2 . We form the Lagrangian function F x y x y2 x2 y2 1 and solve the system

Fx y2 2x 0
3 6
Fy 2x y 2y 0 We find that either x 3 and y 3 , or x 1 and y 0. Evaluating f at
F x2 y2 1 0
3 6 3 6 2 3
each of the critical points 3 3 (all four possibilities) and 1 0 , we find that f 3 3 9
3 6 2 3
are relative minima and f 3 3 9 are relative maxima.

14. f x y z x yz. We form the Lagrangian function F x y z x yz 2x 2y z 84 and solve the

Fx yz 2 0
Fy xz 2 0
system From the third equation, we find that x y. The first two equations
Fz xy 0
F 2x 2y z 84 0
become yz 2x y 0 and x z 2x y 0, so z y x 0 and either z 0 or y x. If z 0, then 0 and
x y 0, so either x 42 or y 42. If y x, then x 2 , x z 2x 2 0, x z 2x 0, which implies that
z 2x or x 0. But, if x 0, then y 42 and z 0 as above. Therefore, z 2x and 2x 2x 2x 84, so
84
x 6 14 y and z 28. The relative minima of f are f 0 42 0 f 42 0 0 0 and the relative
maximum of f is f 14 14 28 5488.
15. f x y z x2 y2 z 2 . We form the Lagrangian function F x y z x2 y2 z2 3x 2y z 6
Fx 2x 3 0
Fy 2y 2 0
and solve the system The third equation gives 2z. Substituting into the first
Fz 2z 0
F 3x 2y z 6 0

2x 6z 0
two equations, we obtain Thus, x 3z and y 2z. Substituting into the fourth equation yields
2y 4z 0
3 9 6 9 6 3 18
9z 4z z 6 0, or z 7. Therefore, x 7 and y 7, and so f 7 7 7 7 is the minimum value of f .

16. f x y z x 2y 3z. Form the Lagrangian function F x y z x 2y 3z 4x 2 y2 z and

Fx 1 8 x 0
Fy 2 2 y 0
solve the system From the third equation, we find 3. Substituting into the first
Fz 3 0
F 4x 2 y2 z 0
1 1
two equations, we obtain 1 24x 0 or x 24 and 2 6y 0, so y 3. Substituting into the third equation
2
1 1 17 1 1 17 17
gives 4 24 9 z 0, so z 144 . Thus, f 24 3 144 48 0 35 is the maximum value of f .

17. P x y 0 2x 2 0 25y 2 0 2x y 100x 90y 4000. We want to

maximize P subject to the constraint x y 200. The Lagrangian function is
F x y 0 2x 2 0 25y 2 0 2x y 100x 90y 4000 x y 200 . We solve the
Fx 0 4x 0 2y 100 0
system Fy 0 5y 0 2x 90 0 Subtracting the first equation from the second yields
F x y 200 0
0 2x 0 3y 10 0, or 2x 3y 100 0. Multiplying the third equation in the system by 2 and subtracting the
resulting equation from the last equation, we find 5y 300 0, so y 60. Thus, x 140 and the company
should make 140 finished and 60 unfinished units.

18. P x y 0 005x 2 0 003y 2 0 002x y 14x 12y 200. We want to maximize the
function P x y subject to the constraint x y 400. We form the Lagrangian function
F x y 0 005x 2 0 003y 2 0 002x y 14x 12y 200 x y 400 . To find the critical
Fx 0 01x 0 002y 14 0
points of F, we solve the system Fy 0 006y 0 002x 12 0 Solving the first equation
F x y 400 0
for , we obtain 0 01x 0.02y 14 which, upon substitution into the second equation, yields
0 006y 0 002x 12 0 01x 0 002y 14 0, 0 008x 0 004y 2 0, and so y 2x 500. Substituting
this value of y into the third equation in the system gives x 2x 500 400 0, so x 300 and y 100. Thus,
the company should publish 100 deluxe and 300 standard editions.