ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD

(Department of English Language and Applied Linguistics)

ASSIGNMENT NO. 1
Classical Drama (9057)

Name Faiza Syed

Student ID 0000289027
Course Classical Drama (9057)
Semester Spring, 2023
Program BS English

Question No. 1: What is the relationship between destiny and free will in the play
'Oedipus Rex"? To what extent is Oedipus architect of his own downfall?

Answer:
In the play "Oedipus Rex" by Sophocles, the complicated interplay between human
activity and the predetermined path of events is explored through the major issue of the
link between destiny and free will. The drama asks whether people have the ability to
change their destiny or if their actions will always result in a predetermined end.
The tragic hero of the play, Oedipus, makes an effort to avoid the oracle's prophecy
that he will kill his father and wed his mother. He unintentionally sets in motion the events
that ultimately result in the fulfillment of the very prophecy he strives to elude in his
attempts to avoid this one. This contradictory circumstance exemplifies the idea of "tragic
irony," in which the characters are in the dark but the spectator knows the result.
Oedipus' dedication to free will and his conviction that he can control his own
destiny are demonstrated by his pursuit of the truth and his tenacity in trying to solve the
murder of King Laius. But as the narrative progresses, it becomes clear that Oedipus is
unwittingly following the route chosen by the gods, and his attempts to thwart his fate only
bring him closer to its fulfillment.
Due to his lack of self-awareness and inability to comprehend the reality about his
past, Oedipus ultimately perishes. His actions, despite his best efforts and assertions of
his free will, are inextricably linked to the prophecy. This idea that fate is unavoidable
emphasizes the idea that destiny has a significant impact on people's lives.
In the end, Oedipus's hubris and his relentless pursuit of knowledge lead to his
tragic downfall. When he realizes the reality about who he is and what he has done, he
blinds himself as a metaphor for his symbolic ignorance of the forces of destiny at work
in his life. As a result, Oedipus can be understood as both a victim of the larger destiny
put in motion by the gods and predictions as well as a creator of his own downfall as a
result of his deeds and decisions.
In "Oedipus Rex," fate and free will are portrayed in a complicated and subtle way.
While Oedipus tries to use his free will to change his terrible fate, his actions actually
make him go through with it, highlighting the tragic nature of his situation and the
interaction between human agency and predetermined fate.

Question No. 2: Discuss Oedipus Rex as a tragic character.

Answer:
In "Oedipus Rex," fate and free will are portrayed in a complicated and subtle way.
While Oedipus tries to use his free will to change his terrible fate, his actions actually
make him go through with it, highlighting the tragic nature of his situation and the
interaction between human agency and predetermined fate. Oedipus from "Oedipus Rex"
is a typical tragic figure who embodies all the characteristics of an Aristotelian tragic hero.
His trip and fall serve as an example of the tragic fault in human nature, the negative
effects of arrogance, and the interplay between fate and free will. Here is a thorough
evaluation of Oedipus as a tragic figure:
Noble Birth and High Status: Born to King Laius and Queen Jocasta, Oedipus is the
King of Thebes and enjoys a noble birth and high status. He has great prestige and power
as the play opens.
Tragic Flaw (Hamartia): Oedipus' terrible defect (hamartia) is his extreme pride and
tenacity in seeking the truth. He thinks he can defy fate and unlock the mystery of his true
identity. His pride prevents him from seeing that he might be carrying out the prophecy
he's attempting to avoid.
Reversal of Fortune (Peripeteia): When Oedipus learns the truth about who he really is
and understands that he has unintentionally slain his father and married his mother, his
reversal of fortune takes place. His worldview and sense of who he is are both upended
by this realization.
Recognition (Anagnorisis): When Oedipus realizes the truth—that he killed his father
and married his mother—that is his recognition moment. His emotional collapse and
determination to go blind are caused by this self-discovery moment.
Tragic Downfall: Oedipus' tragic fall is the outcome of his hubris-driven, unrelenting
search for the truth. The acts he does to avoid his fate ultimately cause him to complete
it since he refuses to heed the warnings and prophesies. Ironically, his thirst for
knowledge is what ultimately brings him to ruin.
Catharsis: Oedipus's fall causes the audience to feel sympathy and terror, resulting in
catharsis, or the letting go of emotions. His terrible fate makes us feel sorry for him,
especially since he doesn't realize what he's doing until it's too late. His story also makes
us fearful because it serves as a reminder of the unpredictable nature of life and the
potential repercussions of unrestrained pride.
Hubris: A key factor in the tragedy is Oedipus' arrogance. He thinks his knowledge and
willpower can enable him to defy the gods and master his own destiny. This arrogant
attitude keeps him from seeing his own guilt and makes him blind to the warnings of the
seer Tiresias.
Irony: Dramatic and tragic irony abounds in the play. Oedipus is unaware of his true
identity, even if the audience is aware of it. This increases the sense of tragedy by creating
conflict between what the spectator knows and what the protagonists believe.
Isolation and Suffering: These two elements of Oedipus' sad journey are what make it
so memorable. He transforms from a renowned and strong king to a blind wanderer who
has been exiled. His self-inflicted blindness is a symbolic reflection of his newly
discovered self-awareness and guilt, and his suffering is both physical and emotional.
Inevitability of Fate: Oedipus makes an effort to ignore the prophecy, yet his actions are
consistent with the predetermined outcome. This highlights the inescapability of fate and
the notion that humans are subject to forces outside of their control.
In conclusion, Oedipus in "Oedipus Rex" embodies the traits of a tragic hero. As a
cautionary tale about the perils of unrestrained hubris, the limits of human action in the
face of fate, and the intricate interplay between destiny and free will, his journey from a
position of power and pride to a condition of sorrow and self-recognition.

Question No. 3: What are the major themes of the play 'Oedipus Rex? Discuss in
detail.

Answer:
Sophocles' "Oedipus Rex" covers a variety of intricate and enduring topics that add to
its ageless value. I'll go into more detail about a few of the play's primary themes here:
1. Free Will vs. Fate:
The play's central idea is this. The struggle of Oedipus to evade the prophecy that
he would kill his father and wed his mother brings to light the conflict between free will
and predetermined destiny. Oedipus makes an effort to alter his fate, but ultimately
unwittingly fulfills it. The play poses the subject of whether people have the ability to
change their destiny or if their actions simply cause them to experience predetermined
results.
2. Blindness and Sight:
The motif of blindness and sight is both literal and symbolic. Oedipus's physical blindness,
self-inflicted upon discovering the truth, represents his newfound self-awareness and the
recognition of his own tragic flaws. Tiresias, the blind seer, possesses spiritual insight,
contrasting physical blindness with a deeper understanding of reality. The juxtaposition
of blindness and sight underscores the themes of ignorance, knowledge, and the irony of
Oedipus's journey.
3. Knowledge and Ignorance:
Both literally and symbolically, the theme of blindness and sight is used. Oedipus's
actual blindness, which he caused for himself after learning the truth, is a symbol for his
newly acquired self-awareness and the realization of his own terrible shortcomings.
Tiresias, the blind seer, is spiritually astute and contrasts his physical blindness with a
more profound comprehension of reality. The contrast between sight and blindness
emphasizes the themes of ignorance, wisdom, and the irony of Oedipus's journey.
4. Hubris:
Oedipus' sad demise is a result of his extreme arrogance and conviction that he
can control fate. His pride keeps him from seeing the cautions of others and from
considering the possibility that he might be carrying out the same prophecy he is trying to
avoid. The central theme of hubris serves as a sobering warning about the perils of
unbridled haughtiness and the limits of human comprehension.
5. Irony:
Dramatic and situational irony are both prevalent in the play. There is conflict
between what the characters believe and what the audience knows about Oedipus' true
identity and behavior. Due to the characters' continued ignorance of the truth, this ironic
discrepancy between perception and reality heightens the tragic elements of the story.
6. Tragedy and Catharsis:
6. Tragedy and catharsis: The classic tragedy "Oedipus Rex" causes the audience
to feel pity and terror, which causes catharsis, or the letting go of emotions. Oedipus's
sad journey from a position of authority to his ultimate fall and suffering evokes empathy
and serves as a lesson in the repercussions of character faults and the illogic of fate.
7. Inescapable Destiny:
The play revolves around the idea that fate is an unavoidable force. Oedipus
accidentally moves closer to achieving his fate as a result of his attempts to change it.
The play makes the claim that some things happen for a reason and that most human
deeds, no matter how well-intended, are frequently a part of a greater cosmic scheme.
8. Moral Responsibility:
Characters in "Oedipus Rex" struggle with the repercussions of their choices as
the moral responsibility subject is explored. Oedipus is motivated by a sense of
responsibility to his city and a desire to bring those guilty for King Laius's murder to justice
in his quest for the truth. His inquiry ultimately exposes his own culpability, which begs
the question of whether anyone is immune from the repercussions of their actions.
These interrelated ideas come together in "Oedipus Rex" to form a complex and
thought-provoking story that continues to appeal with viewers across time and countries.
The play has endured as a classic of tragic fiction due to its investigation of fate,
knowledge, pride, and the intricacies of human nature.

Question No. 4: Discuss the elements of Renaissance Humanism in 'Dr Faustus".

Answer:
Renaissance Humanism, a cultural and philosophical movement that evolved in Europe
during the Renaissance era, is evident in Christopher Marlowe's play "Doctor Faustus,"
which contains several examples of its influence. The importance of human potential,
knowledge, and individualism was highlighted by this movement. The novel "Doctor
Faustus" demonstrates Renaissance Humanism in the following ways:

1. Quest for Knowledge and Power:

Renaissance Humanism placed a strong emphasis on the value of learning new
things and broadening one's mind. This humanist ideal is reflected in Dr. Faustus'
insatiable thirst for power and knowledge throughout the play. In an effort to transcend
human limitations, he chooses to study dark arts and magic rather than more conventional
academic disciplines like law, medicine, and theology.

2. Individualism:
The individual's distinctiveness and potential were praised by Renaissance
humanism. Dr. Faustus has a strong sense of independence by choosing to follow his
own path, even if it results in his demise. In spite of the risks and repercussions, he
aspires to be in charge of his fate and challenges social norms.

3. Human Potential and Achievement:

The idea that people have the potential to do great things via their skills and tenacity is
explored in the play. Faustus's initial goals are motivated by a desire to learn remarkable
things and develop skills that are superior to those of regular men.
4. Conflict with Tradition and Authority:
Renaissance humanism frequently disagreed with established religions and institutions
of power. In "Doctor Faustus," Faustus challenges established authority by rejecting
traditional academic disciplines and by being willing to flout religious tenets in his quest
for magic.

5. Questioning and Skepticism:

Humanism promoted skepticism and critical thought. The humanist spirit is
reflected in Faustus's consideration of the limits of human knowledge and his quest to
unearth hidden truths. He tries to unravel the mysteries of the cosmos and comprehend
its nature.

6. Exploration of Morality and Ethics:

Discussions about morality, ethics, and the effects of human behavior were
sparked by Renaissance humanism. In the play, Faustus struggles with moral questions
while engaging in sinister activities and ultimately bears the costs of his decisions. The
conflict between his appetites and his morality shows the preoccupation of humanists with
moral choices.

7. Artistic Expression:
Renaissance humanism had an impact on the arts as well, promoting the creation
of pieces that honored human accomplishments and experiences. It is possible to view
"Doctor Faustus" as a creative expression of the complexity of human ambitions,
aspirations, and conflicts.

8. Tragedy and Exploration of Human Flaws:

Even while people have enormous potential and knowledge, they are nonetheless
vulnerable to their own limitations and flaws, as demonstrated by the tragic story of
Faustus' failure. This analysis of human nature is consistent with the humanist conviction
that it is important to understand the complexity of the human situation.

In summary, "Doctor Faustus" combines aspects of Renaissance Humanism through its

investigation of knowledge, individualism, the conflict between tradition and progress,
ethical issues, and the subtleties of human nature. The play addresses the fundamental
principles of the humanism movement while also highlighting the dangers of unbridled
ambition and the results of questioning social conventions.
Question No. 5: Discuss the character of Mephistopheles in detail.
Answer:
Mephistopheles plays a prominent role in Christopher Marlowe's drama "Doctor Faustus."
He is a demon who acts as the main conduit for Faustus to enter into his bargain with
Lucifer, sealing his doom. Mephistopheles represents a number of the play's elements
and ideas. Here is a thorough evaluation of the character:

1. Servant of Lucifer:
Mephistopheles is a powerful demon that works for Lucifer, who is a symbol of
temptation and evil. He strikes a deal with Faustus on Lucifer's behalf, promising him
knowledge, power, and pleasures of this world in exchange for his soul. Mephistopheles
is a cunning character who also submits to Lucifer's commands.

2. Tempter and Deceiver:

Mephistopheles is a representation of seduction and trickery. He tempts Faustus
away from his studies in religion and persuades him to use magic to seek out forbidden
knowledge and power. Mephistopheles plays the part of a crafty tempter by using flattery,
persuasion, and promises of wealth and pleasures to lure Faustus into signing the
contract.

3. Intellectual and Articulate:

Mephistopheles is a very smart person who can speak clearly. He engages in
intellectual discussions with Faustus and is knowledgeable about a wide range of topics,
including astronomy, theology, and current events. His eloquence and capacity to
participate in challenging conversations are evidence of his intellectual prowess.

4. Symbol of Faustus's Desires:

Mephistopheles represents the aspirations and drives of Faustus. He gives
Faustus magical skills so that he might pursue his desires for knowledge and power. The
idea of human desires and the effects of following them uncontrolled is in line with
Mephistopheles' eagerness to grant Faustus's requests.

5. Ambiguity and Duality:

Duality is a defining characteristic of Mephistopheles. He is both a stand-in for evil
and a slave who is subject to the restrictions and laws set by Lucifer. This contrast
underlines the intricacy of his character and emphasizes how difficult it is to draw clear
distinctions between right and wrong in the play.
6. Dark Humor and Irony:
Mephistopheles gives the play a few instances of gloomy comedy and irony. He
frequently makes fun of Faustus's goals and objectives, highlighting with sarcasm the
foolishness of his aims and the repercussions he will endure.

7. Companionship and Isolation:

Mephistopheles becomes Faustus' constant companion after the bargain is
formed, leading to his isolation. However, a feeling of loneliness permeates their
relationship. Mephistopheles satisfies Faustus's demands, but he does so coldly and
without any concern or empathy, underlining Faustus's eventual isolation in his quest for
power.

8. Inability to Save Faustus:

Throughout the play, Mephistopheles is unable to prevent Faustus from facing the
consequences of his choices. Despite his powers, he is powerless to deliver Faustus from
damnation. This shortcoming emphasizes the boundaries of demonic power and the
inevitable terrible outcome of Faustus.

In "Doctor Faustus," Mephistopheles is a complex and multi-dimensional character

who plays a crucial role in the tragic downfall of the protagonist. He embodies temptation,
serves as a symbol of human desires, and reflects the themes of power, knowledge, and
the consequences of unchecked ambition.