/\ .

\ I,

l .' l \, q i\1111'~ ,Ill \\ l

\1 ''\1\\011 l l;i1ul11 11l'
I''''1
\h. ''"'\U\
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•i, \u ""' " ' ' ' i u11h 1>
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I' h ,I 11111 hw '1Hu ,,1i1 ,11 , 11 Ill'• J,111
' " " ' 11\\1111•1 1, 1111 i,,, ,,r
1.~. 11
' ' ' 11111 h" II 1' '1', • 111 ,,,.,·,•l11p1111•11I, 1111•11· II••• )' II(. •IHIIJI' • .,· •·
\
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1, '-" " ' )\ 11, "'''I. 11 tlll\. • •· "
,
,i,, 111,1 l'' " ' 1 •
d\h "' \\' 11 ,1\n t \'
l•i\ .. .
lhnl lhi•, n•h••h ,11:111 rnl
, ,.,11 .... ,1 .11 ,1••·•·• t11 1r•.1•11
Il.1r.1r11 011
1111~ I\,,~
~ \
' 11 ' " ,111
,! 1~11 I
,11 ii ~,.,,
" 11111 " I nn 1111e~p 1•11c il 1.111
\\" ' ' '-'"~'-II I'
11 l"' lh.11
11r, d r. loo1 rild1c1or•1
1;1 IJrv ' VU<•
·'" 'I I1,,. \\',I \' \,I h n11,u , \I 11,1 11111, ,111' 1't '111•1,1lly rnllccl <',rc1•llo i,1u,1,1m ur urtc, p•tl"d N, •
, ' n, 01
c 11' 111 1~ ,·,,lh-1l t•\ fq1tl1111 hnnJlln t\· du11 ng p1~fldtn lt' ";'.rtkJri ;
1'1\,1,ll,· tlw l\' •'~ la, , h1- loo m, ,..., l •<-~llon.
J
I ' '
" ~ \l l1 llU I ~ :
(1) Co1111•ili'-li 111r r,
l~"t:."~!\C,~ · Wi .
s. 111cs11 ,\I'(' lhc errors . .
rcsullinr out ol vio
• "•' rnm
' m ~r ni Ics I'.): . wrltln~ syn '
l~h on of pro irarnm ,n
pr \nt (. ,,.. ,, ) lactic~lly lncnrr l'<t <latcmt'TII like i\
2 :
,,;\I
l\':<\l\t into
. cornp,·1l!·l)'Jll! error l>ccaus • nhd • ~yntnx All
1\-port,'I\ durmg complla c ol mv . ~yntai crro" •re
lion.
(ir) Rrm•limc ftrors. 11,c
erro111 that occur during runllm
Sudi ~rro~ nrc handled thr c bi:cause of unexpected situ•tio
oug h exc ept n...
handling 15 a transparent and ion han dling routines of Pyt hon . Exc
nice way lo handle program ep1 ion
Mal\y rca.wns support the use errors.
h:mdling arc : ol cxc cplion han dling. In other words, advilJllages of cxe
eption
lr) Exceplion handling sep
arates error-handling code fro
(ir) It clarifies the code (by m normal code.
removing error-handling cod
enhances readability. e from main line of program) and
(ii,) It stimulates consequen
res as the error-handling tak
m11111er. es place at one place a."ld in one
(iv) II makes for dear, robust
, fDult-tolcrant programs.
So we can summarize Excep
tion os :
h 11 an exceplional even, ~1a1 oc
= during runtime and causes norm
al program Oow 10 bedisrup1td.
So me common examples ol
£xccplion s are :
c) Oivide by zero errors
◊ Acassing the clements
of an array beyond its range
c) Invalid Input
e) Hard disk crash
c) O~ nin g a non-exis ten
t Hie I h CEPTIOI< H ANO llNG
◊ Heap memory exh~usied W~ of tw>drilli: aoo m:ilM
sllu.1\lo:u b > prOl f'!M \I'\ l,
Fo r instance, ronsldcr the [oll
owing rode : ~nown •~ u:tt pllon Hand~O
&
»> pri nt (3/ 8)
If yo u execute al>ovc cod,•,
i•ou'II receive a11 ~rtor mess.,ge
.is ;
Traceback (MOst recent ol
l las l) :
Fl le "<p~shclllO> • , line 1,
In (tllOdulc,
pri nt 3/8
1troOlvl sl onCrror : Inter.e
r div isi on or IIIOdulo by zer
o

0 Scann ed with OKEN Scan ner

 - -
rr 4, I I
fl I 'i

. .
,1 ,,1 , "t•pt,011- ll;111dliluru
..,_ ..0 tCL· - -
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, .... •~1,•l"I ,,,11, .
111
. ,.,.
11<, w 111,, I .11 1 , •uh•,,,,,•/
11 , , 11\ ,.

1 ' ·1•1)"1·1111t• ~umt~I I' II r1·1

•
4',,111111•1•111,rl,11·('1 11111~1 ~1..,-i;w runJ~ 'lhc•ol r.•iolhl1. rrr,,r ,tJ~,rn
,:, ~t 1t ,,11 · wl> ' 1
lw ~mn••
th•'.~ ~,,,u,,I. II;''
,-.,ti 1'.'.l\lr ~l,\llltlin1: 111111h1r. TI1~ i11h-11drcl fllO)\l olllt Oow r-l11,11ld

hi..•· th,· ,mr !'111•w11 m hg. E.1.

,. . •i<in~ <'f i111J1 •ino"'•
1••"' 1•1 • .. "

,r n~.: ;~ ,·,1llc.t lhrowi ng ri [i j --

('IT\
()I
"-
rAi~inS ~n error. When ,,n
cm>r i~ 1hro1,,,. lhr 01-crall
"~~n, ~~ponds by <'o1lching
V/1~0 eodo
AldllhalM
rolscs on
enor,lbtJ over,
limo somolhilg
f"2
II'"°' n>?
h r,•lt<l ll,cn
.
(, • l
1/"o
£nr,t•

"'"'"'' "J
,~f'll!J
l I
die error. And surrounding a l)O~S¥n0<19
t;:Jtt.h r,'. (t..Cf,V '~
'

b!od- oi error-sensili1·e- ""°" ..~

C\~e-1<ith-o:ceptio1,-handling
'• called trying to execule a figure E.1 CAin~pt or u,epllon hdndli ~g.
~!od: .
5ome terminology used within exception handling follows.
P thon TIU'l'11nolo

AA un eel error that occurs durin runtime

A set of code that mi ht have an exce lion thrown in it
d Throwing or raising an error
The process by which an exception is generated and pnsse
to the ro m.
upruring an exception th.it Im just occurred and execu
ting Catching I
StZlements that to resolve the roblem
dnm:.· or m,•p1laCY)• li~11
rne block of code that attempts to deal with the exception ,·xr.111
1,/ock ralr/1~/o_,~•,~·.l'- ---- -
or
(i.e.. roblem.
The stquence of method calls that brought contro
l lo the Stack trace
tion occurred. --
·
--'r=--~ .:.:.:.::.:....::.;;;...:==:~.:..:.;.-- --- --- ---- -'- --· ---
nn;nt where the excep

When to Use Exceplion Hondling

The exception handling is ide.il for: An l,~pticn cJn ~ gcn-.'I J:ew
b\' .,n Nro: in ,·our proStJm, or
<) processing cxccpliona l sihrnlions.
r,p"-.,tl\· \ to a rait~ stJttm ~t
<> processing cxccp lions for componcnls llrnt l-;,1111111 h,mdll'
them dircclly.
<> large projecls 1hnl require uniform cm1r-prt11'\'$Sin1t•

'Vor; -
Ur.handltd uttptl ani will caustt Pylhon 10 hall c•ecutlon.

( )) Scanned with OKEN Scanner

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A.16 ,,
[ 4 txCl't)lion 1t.111dllng In l')'lhon , II
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1, ,,•rh•"' 11,11"111111: in l'i•1h11n nm •h .,, 1111•""' 1 ,1 II)' ,1111 r, ,, "'"'
, lllrll h• 1lw h y blurk .u1d Ilic cot1 , ~,
'
I lh,11 llli\l' 1:1•1wr.111• ,111 1 \I
wli1•n•1n 1h1• ,,111• -r1•1lc111 ,~ ,, r 11 ,. , r,,,
. 111 ,11 In 1•x11•pl I r>Cr..
I
h.m,lln\f. "''"plr1111 wlw11 1lw r,n•1•1h•t1 s r.1 ~, 1• I ' I 1, ,,,, I

\ 1')' •
·
lh<ri te here t he code t hat DiYgenera tc an exception
exce11t :
llwritc code here about what to do when t he exception h.is occurred

For insi.,ncc, consider the lollowing code :

try:

print ("result of 18/5 • · , (18/5))

~ - Tit< eodr r1uit N'JTJ rvut ,,,
print ("result of 18/8: ", (10/8)) ~ _,.;o,,ht mctmitl t,yHod

Thi> ucxrt;,io, except :

ltlxk ; 1hit • W
=:rirl- n th< ..!~
o:rr,n,,r is r-h<d ~ " ' print("Di videbyZero Errorl 0tnocunatormust not bezero .I")
.
······ ···· ··· ··· ········· .
The output produced by above code is is shown below :
-
l result of 10 / S • 2
result of 10 / 0 : Di vi de by zero Error! oeno:,rina tor ,r:ust not he zerol
.....___ Stt. tht <TJ"f"i•• //0 IOI mual ,...,..,.
ul,/c/1 i1tlim /,.mlt«J 11)' r,« pl blotk

See, now the output produced does nol show the scary red-coloured standard error m=ge
; ii
is now showing what you defined under lhe exception block.
Consider another code that handles an exception raised when a code tries conversion from texl
to a number :
t ry:
X• int("XII")
except :
print ("Error converting 'XU t o a nu,r.ber")
The output generated from above code is not U1c usu Ill error now, ii is:
r
Error converting ' XII' to a number

Consider program E.1 thJt is expanded version of U1e Jbove ex.imple. It error- diccl:s J user's
input lo make sure an integer fs entered.

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 A.17
no1trnrn 1o 1•111111r thnt nn t111rnr1 1, 1•11tl'fl'tl n-. 1,111111 nr 1 11
Wrllr o l ,n11c - 'Nol n vnlld ln1rn1•1' . II11n ca\r ""Y 111hrr vn1ur 1,. rnlrrP( •
,111111n)'~n 1111'!-
ok • f/l)SC
i,hiJcnol0k:
I r•y :
nuniborStrl.nr: • !nput("Ent•r ·n 1
' " ntcccr·")
n n lnt(numbcr•Slrlnc) '
ok a True
except:
print ("Err:"orl Noto valid integer.")
an integer: 007

I
£ntcr, Not a valid integer.
error an integer: 007
cntcr
Generol Buill-in Pylhon Exceplions
f .tl this sccllon,
· we are d's ' b ·1 .
I cussrng a_ out some built-in exceptions of Python. The bu~ t-~n
511
,eXccptions can be generated by the rnterprctcr or built-in functions. Some common built-in
~ccptions in Python are being listed below in Table E.1.
Table E.i Some bvilt-in Exceptions

- Etceotlon Name Descri111ion

-
EOF'E.rror
Raised when one of the built,in functions (input()) hi!$ an cnd,of-lilc condition (EOF)
without reading any dnta. (NOTE. the file.read() and lile.rcadline( ) methods relum an
emntu slriM when thev hit EOF.l

10 Error Raised when an 1/0 operation (such as a print statement the built-in open( ) function
or a method of a file object) fails for an 1/O,related reason,, ,.g.. "file not found" or "disk
full".
N1111c£rror Raised w~en a local ~r global nmc is not found. This appliC?S only 10 unqunlified names.
The assooated value IS an error messa.c that indudcs the name lhnt could nol be round.
Inda.Error Ra~d when a seq11ence subscript is out of range, e.g., from a list of length 4 if you try
to read a value or index like 8 or -8 etc. (Slice indices are silently truncated to foll in the
allowed ran2e ; if an index is not a clain inle~cr, Turu•Error is r,1iscd.l
/mpMIError Raised when an import statement fails lo lind the module de!inition or when a Iron, ...
imoort foils to find a name that is lo be imMrted.
'Typtf:rtor Rni1cd when an operation or full<!tion is applied lo an object or lnopproprfate type. (.g.,
if you try lo comptlle a square-root of a slrin& ,,aluc. Tile nssociated value is n string
civin~ details abou l the tvoc mismatch.
Vol11tE.rror Raised when n built-in Op<?mtion or lunction recciws a.n argument lhnt has the right
type bul on inappropriate value, and the siltmlion is 11C1t described by n mo«• pr~cise
cxccnlion such ns /Jldcx£rror.
uroDivi5io11Error Raised when the second nrm•ntent of n division or modulo OL>er,1Hon is zero.
01,aflowError Raised when tho rl!Sull or nn nrilhmclle orn.•r,,tion is too IM•'< lo be ro•>~s..•nled.
l:,ufrro, Roiscd when n mannin" rdlclionarvl ke\' is not found tn lhc s.,t of cxistine kc1·s
l,000,1r.rro, Rnlsed when the module "iven with lmnnrt stntcnwnl is nol found.
K,yt,oard/11trrr11pl Rniscd when keys Esc, Del or Clrl+C Is pressed during 1'1U~r.1n1 excC111ion and num1JI
orogrnm flow ~els disturbed.

L
Qi Scanned with OKEN scanner
 I t 1/,\PI JI I P '•' II 111 I '111111 1•1111, 11 1
A. \8 '"
vhll•• 111 ,.,11111/', 11 lllr
.
l,1111'1\ II\)\ pnI ).I.Ill\
• I' ) Il,llllll1• 1 ,1111•111 ,r II111 I II I •,,. flt "II I

l'mj!f,1111 111 lwullr r\11·1111011 \l'hllr 1111r1111111 n flli•,

I I'~•:
11\)•_fl I~ • npcn("myfl \ o, ld", •r")
1w1,,1 (my_filc.rond())
c~ccpt :
print ("Error 011e111nu file")
TIil' ,,bow l'"'fitam will open the file succcssf11ll)1 if ihc file 0 error OflCning file
"'.¼/i/l'.1.1·1t.!:l.isls nnd nmlnlns some d11tn othcrwl~c ii ~hows nn
011lp11l ns :

Now the ntio,·c output mny tic of one of the 11110 reasons : .
. .. no dota In the file.
(1) tl,c file d1d nol e~isl or (11) there wos

Dul the above code did nol lcll which cnuscd U1c error.

E.4 .2 Se<:ond Argument of the except Block

.
You can also pro,~dc a second argument (or the cxccp1 block' which gives a reference to lhc
exception object. You can do ii in following format :
try:
# code
except <ExceptionName>as <exArgument> :
# handl e error here

The except cli111sc can then use this additional argument to print t~e associated error-message or
this exception as : str (exArgumcnt). Following code ill uslTatcs it :

try:
print ("resul t of 18/5 = ", (18/5))
pr int ("result of 18/8 =", (18/ 8)) No1krs«001d o,g1,mr11/ 10 =,,pt bloc!: i.r.• ,
__,,,. l«w - gel< refmmrt of raiml t'lWpliOft
except ZeroOivisionError as e : -
pri nt ("Exception - ", str( e) ) ..___,,- Pti111i11R ,t11ndanl error no=g•· of roisrtl
r.creptlo11 tl1rot"'' Ilic SfflJJ/J '"ll-""',''
The above code will give output as :

result ,of 10/S c Z.O __,,; 11,a "''""t' •=imrd uo/1/1 //or e1wp1io11
Excepti on - division by zero -

E.4.3 Hondling Multiple Errors

Multiple types of crmrs nmy be captured and processed diHerenlly. II can be usefi.11 to prol'ide a
more exact error message lo the user than a simple "mr error J,ns oecum:rl." In order to capture
and process different type of exceptions, there musl be multiple exception blocks - each one
pertaining to dlfforcnl typC! of exception.

- Qi Scanned with OKEN Scanner

 ( • IXclr110N 1IANlJllllG I

,<11-1)1,X ~}
~ h ilW ,IS 1wr follnwl1111 f11nnoi .
'f11l~ IS I •

trY:
II :
t <cxccplionNamo1> :
0xcoP \
d:
t <cxcept ionNom!!2> :
o~'Cp
p:
excePt •
. ◄

#: A("}
eise : 1/f./Jf'
ff If there i s no exception t he th
n e state:r,
. ;ents in this bl
.,.,,,c tasl rise: dausc will execute if th . O<:~ get; eY.ewted
1,. 1 ere 1s no ex . ·
,ou want to C>.'(!Cllle w ,en no exceptions . cepbon raised ,
> get ralS<?d, Follow· ' so } oU may put your code that
r, £.3 : :mto handle multiple excepllons.
mg progra E .
m .J illustrates lhesame.

I~ my_f~le =open("myfile. txt")

my_hne =. my_file.readline()
my_int = 1nt(s .stri p())
ll'o/_calculated value ,. 101 / .
- my_1nt
except IOError:
print ("I/0 error occurred")
11,,.,
tlu,, ,,,,,,. 'I • 'II
ha,::J.tt IO ,,. ~ DC~ UT colCh ur.J
.,_ · . . Error• lalwErrorcnd
...,.,o,.,.;on'- .
r.rror Cn"p:'!or..s rc,prrtitv~·
except ValueError:
print ("Could not convert dat a toa . t
n l!1 eger.")
except ZerOOivisionError: .,__ _ _ __ _ _
print ("Oivisi on by zero error")
except:
pri nt ("Unexpected error:") ,.______ •=P'
Tit, IDfr!.Jr.-~J i 1«k ,.i!J
else: lu..,..d_k rJ-.e Mr of lr.t Gtt'tpt1'cm

print ("Hurray! No exceptions I") - - .

Tltu UJI ti,;: ~l,ct ,ri// flS CJl.'(!JJ('(/
The output produced by above code is: if,)J) arq,ti.,,is ,.uud

i I/ 0 error occurred

Exceplion Handling - execulion order

The <try suite> is executed first ;
Th• nlm•d ex~pl; blod> hand!•
if, during the cou rse of executing the <try suilc>, an lho nJmod exceptions while the
exception is rnised thnt is not handlccl otherwise, and unnomed e,cepl: block hJndles
all othc• u ceptions - ex~plions
the <except suite> is executed, with <nnmc> bound lo the
not n10nlfoncd In namtd except:
exception, If found ; if no mntd,ing except suite i~ found then blocks.

L
111111n111etl cxa71I suite is ext•cutcd.

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A.20

d ,I 111<' l,11.111\' 111,., I ,. w,· •••«•pl· ltl,,. ~

,1, I jll'•l II••· VII 11 • • ~, :I. •. ,,
\ ,111 ,·.111 ,1l1111 1• • ,I fin ,11 \' h!,11 ~ 11l1111rt wllh ,1 It I' rH •

Irv :
N •,l,"""'r nl •· th,, I n,1y l'nl~•• 1•x1 c>pl lull
Ii'\ C('jll :
• h,,ndlr ('- •l'tll Ion h ~l'C J
f! Mll y:
H latl'mr11ts tlml1dll Jlw,1ysrun ,. II !JI ,.
block ir. lhnl I1IC 111,1 y: t1<:r. i~ a pl'
111<' dlff,•MI~ 111.•IWl"l'n an rxcl'pl: block and 1hr flua II )~, fry• •L,1•orr.
,. ·,,.d ~11 ' 'X'CJ>t·11
r,,r= • , , m or "'
' <•·
1h,1t ~"nl,1in~ •"')' rod<' lh~I musl cxcrulc, whclhN t IC I ' ~.
for cxnmplc,
try:
fh • opcn("pocms. txt•, "N-") 11,11 ""''"'"'" •"' • 1"'")' tir
fh,1,,-ite( "Adding new line") ,.aa,,td In ihaml
finally: . /l
print ("Error: can\'t find file or read data") (l(./JI'
. · I blnnlion the cxcepl:d block will g 1
You may combinc finally: with except douse. In sue 1 a com · ' ALW c
executed only in case an exception is raised and finally:•block will get execute AY S , in
the end. Following code illustrates it :
try:
fh =open ("poeml. t,ct•, "r")
print (fh.read())
except:
print ("Exception Occurred")
finally :
print ("Finally saying goodbye.")

The output produced by above code will be :

• • 71,iJ iJ prin1td l,«Q,.,,,, ucrpc blod
TII/J is prilltcd 6«4= Exception occurred - - got OttUtcd ""''" arrpticn ocnum1.
Jinaffr- blod( to' flllfflltrd - - - . • l . db
in ihct"'1. Fina l y saying goo ye
In the above code if no exception is raised, still the above code will print :
Finally saying goodbye
because finally: block gels executed always in the end.
E.4.5 Raising/Forcing an Exception
In Python, you can use the raise keyword lo raise/force an exception. TI,at means, you as
programmer can force an exception to occur through raise keyword. It can also pass a custom
message to your exception handling module. For example :
raise <exception> (<message>)
The exception raised in Uusway should be a pr~defined Built-in exception. Consider following
code snippcl thal forces a Zcr0Divisio11£rror exception to occur without actually dividing a
value by 1.cro :

Q.: Scanned with OKEN Scanner

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\ 1111 ,ut ("l nlc w1 k11 Dfflln~l or :") )
t1• In (

11,.- \l\l ll'" ' l'''-"\\'~'--d hy Jll\ Wl ' C\l(\c

••
Is :
... '
)
~t tr nU1DCrator : 7
• •• •. • •. •
£nter deOOIQ!nator : 0
.,_,.,.,.ptio n 7 /0 not po ssi ble
/&' •~ • 1lro ,,m ,,,, • ,,.,,,,,,-,,irnnir ""'· fnt'IY
-f
C<"'-'- •• ,r,rri brruu1t '"' rmr,l1J1,
rt/ttr.ntt ll\JI ftt tnn f .,, t

1; <0,'I\C siNatiOOS. Y~ have a clear idea about lhe requ

..~ )W mow lhe liktly resu
irements and tesH:onditioru required
lis of somt conditions and whm resu . So in progra ms
cin aa$h Ille programs, you can use lts being diff ffl'll l from I l l e ~ rtSU
P)'lhon assen statement if lhe conditio lts
P)'lhon's uw t stattllltlll isa debugg n is resu lting as exp ec!M or not.
ing aid that tes1S a condition. II lhe con
your program just c o ~ to dition is tnJe, it does nothing a.-.d
ex~ te. But if the assen conditio
~n £r ro r excepuon With an n enluatcs to false, it ~ ~n
opuonal eJTOr message. The synlax
ass ert co nd itio n[, err or_messa of ass,rt sraiemwt in Pyihon. 15 ·
ge J .. ._ _ . .
For eiample, const"der the fouowm . g code:
print("Enter the Numerator: ")
Sp,a
mor
fr IN
,h""'JI• -_rnm
1 .a,,- - - ~

n s int ( inp ut O) - Custom fm>r rn,ssog,

-·- - - - sptri,'w
pri nt( •en ter the Denomi nator: 'N OT E -
")
. .
d • int ( inp ut ()) - - - n,u mot ....,.",.;ir 1>< Th• we rt k£'1WO•d in f'Vt),on
ass ert d !: 0, "Denominator mu primtd only a1,,., tht pm , is ustd when we nted to
st not bee • CO<tJilion d / 0 ormrtn d•1t e\ problcnu eariy.
pri nt( "n/ d ••, int (n/ d ) ) iJtro falsr.

Benefits of Exception Handling

Exception provides lhe means to
✓..1 to do when something oul of the
main logic of a program. In short.
separale lhe der.uls of wh at
ordina ry happens from ~he
L Name the bloclt that e11clo1cs th• the ad\·;m tages of exceptiol\
code handling are :
llllt may enalWlt el ano:nalous situation
s. (1) Exception h,wlling separat.-s
2. In which b\ot't can you nise error-hnndlli'& code from
lhe
u ception ? normol rode.
3. Which block traps and handles (it) It dnrifies the rode , nd en
an hM ~ readability.
euepllo n ? (iii) It stimulnlcs conscquenc,.-s
as the crro1~handlit\S t.lkcs
·• Cln one txctpl b\od: 1uffid
t111\y IRP pla ce at one pine{' .1ml 111 onl' ma
ui lwldte multiple exce ptions ? imer.
(iv) ll mot-cs !or clc,u. rob11st,
5. Which block u ahnys um1ttd
l!llt lft whld, uttp llon Is
tail ed ?
no foult-tolcrnnt progr,,ms. NOTE
(;,
All c,cep1tons arc sub•cl;uses
llt1J1t \111! too\ dw lot all o
ctptloM . of r,ci,p1ion <lass.

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•
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Id (i,n\J'lk lim.- ~rror (b) Logic.ii error

(r) Rnl)linl<' m-ur (rl) l;xrcption

causes program disrup lion, 13 cal~
' An uOl'\l'"<tcd ~vcnl tl1JI ocn1rs du ring runtime and
(b) Logic.11error ----...,
(•) Compilr time CIT'Or
(rl Runlimc error (d} £xception
cltceplion handl ing ?
; Which of 1hr lollowiog keywords arc nol spt'Cific to
(/J} cxcepl (c} finally (d} else
(o) try
~ \\"hich of the lolloll'ing blocks is a 'musl-execu
lc' block ?
(c} finally (d} tlse
(~) iry (b) except
, Which keyll'ord is used lo force an exception ?
(b) except (c) raise (d} finally
(a) try

f ill IN THE BLANKS

ut reading any dati.
_ _ exception is raised when input( ) hils an EOF witho
l _ _ ciception when a local or global name is not
found.
object of wrong type.
• _ _ exctplion is raised when an operation is applied to an
exception is ~ -
4 When denominalor of a divisi on expression is zero, _ _
, _ _ exreprion is raise-cl.
S WhM accessing a dictionary, ii the given key is not found
block.
t Tot code which mighl raise an exception is kept in _ _

TR UE/FALSE QUESTI ONS

Exctprion and error arc lhc same.

2 All type5 of error~ ran be found during compile lim~.
l is an ex,'t'p tion.
) A progr•m running properly put producing wrong outpu
4 UOO!~ied m e t'Ondilion O<'curring du rins nmlim
c ll'hich disrup ls a program's c,,,'"llliM is.a
t'lCa:puon ·

S '011: na•pl liluck deal~ with lht• !'~replion, II ii !X\W

S.

b try, tlecpl, flnally I, Ilic Cttlll'fl ord1•r of lih)l·ks In

cxC'Cplion h.,ndling.

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\
rlrorcc:
i,1fl'l'(I • Ya SIQlrmmt of ,e11So11 (R).
111
~W~ tli< th A "nd R MC trnc ond R is the correct
' (~) 11\ /I and R m'\' true liul ll is not lhe CXplnnnUon ol /\.
N 110 '
( ) /I is tnie l>ul R IRfalse (or porlly true). C'Offcel cxnt
,. •nation ol /\, '
I' A I• folSC (or p3rtly true) but R Is true
(ii} . • • . (c) Both t, d
·on, Ext'l!phon hnndllng 1s rcsponsibl an Rare false or not fully true,
Ac..¢ rl 1
1. ~ t1on of II progron,. . c- for hand I'
1 ing anomalous situations during the
c~ ~"· 6,x{'Cption handling ho.ndles o.11 types of
Rt- . . errors and ex .
..,,.rt,on, Exception handlmg code is scpa
2 ,.,,,,.. ra 1e nom norm cepuons.
<-
· Rc,'1 5011• Program logic is di{ferent while exl"eption han . aI code.
cxcel'tions. dling code uses spoofic keywords to handle
J. As¢1ion. Exception handling code is crear and blodc based
.
"cason. The code where unexpected runtime 111
.
"
the action takes pare 1 h excephon may oc Python .
. separa
w en an exception occurs. cur 1s te .from the code ~here
Assertion, No mo.tter what except occurs y
4• ta)(es place for all types of exception ions. ' ou can always make sure lh.lt some common action
Reason . The finally block contains the code that
. must execute.
ANSWERS
MCQs
J. (t) 2. (dJ 3. (d) 4. (cl S. (c)
Fill in the blanks
1. EOfErTor 2. N.imeError 3. TyptEnor 4· ZcroOivisionEn-or 5. Ke')'Enor 6. II)'
Tnie/Folse
J, False 2. F~bc 3, False ~- Trut! 5. True 6. True
Assertions/Reasons
1, (c) 2. (a) 3, (a) 4. (n)

Sol~,~ Probl, 111

I. What is an E:,:uplio11 1
Solution. Exrep tion in general refers to some contradictory or unusua
l situation which can be
encountered while executing II program.
l Wl1e11 is Ercq11io11 Hmulliug req11irrd ?
Solution. The excep tion handling i.~ ideal for :
• prOt'esslng exceptional situations
• proct'Ssing exceptions for components th.it rnnnot handle them
din.'ctly
• processing exceptions for widely used compoll('IIIS !Mt s},ould not prore!:S
Uicir O\m c...:reption.s
• large projects that require unifom, error-prores.'111&·

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1
~ \\'for,, ~ J\'11 t1,\I/ •n11l1~,/r rtrrpl /1411,//r,< - rl<f/•limi r,tr/1inK Noel•
•f I throw t'Y.crpljon,;. In wd, cr.e, ,_
""'''""' &in1cl Imr~ progr~m hn$ moi~ lhnn one roniI11 on o ·
mn l\.~-O.'iAt\' nu•rc lh~n one u-ccpl blod<s wilh n lry block
~ 11?-.-I ~ 11:t. " "''" '' /'Tl\1uml by fol/mriug rode. if the inpul gi1K11 ls: <•I 6 (bl O (c) r,.7 (4) • ~

try:
x c flo.t(input( 'Your lll.lllber:•))
invcrs11 • l.0/x
e,:c,ept Val~Error:
print ("You should have given either an int or a float")
ex~t ZtroDivisionError:
print ("Infinity")
finally:
print ('There may or aay not have been an exception.")
Solution.
(a) There may or may not ha~ been an exception.
(b) lnfiruty
There may or may not have been an ex<l!ption.
(c} ~mayor may not have been an exception.
(d) You should have given either an int or a float
There may or may not have been an exception.
7 ~ I is tht Pllrposc of lht finally do115~of a lry"<J1ld1•Ji1101/y slolmmll ?
So!utioa The finally clause is used to provide the capability to execute code no m~:-ter whelheror n-:>:
an exe2plion is thrown or caught.
; . ldt11tify tr.e type of acqtio11 for flit rodts a11d i11p11ts gi~11 btlo«• :
(a) #input as "K" (b) f-ora in range(e, 9):
x" int(input("P lease enter a ntlllber: ")) print (28/a)

(c} uiport niyaodule

(d) X" 8 (r) mylist ~ (2, 3, 4]

print(X) pri nt(11yli.st[ 4])
1/t l.q,ortmath ~) filena.ae = "gr-eat. txt•
a •llilth. pow(leeeee, 1eeeee) open( "graet. n.·t", •r·)

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n) ,llvhh•(2, I l (/1) ,llvhlo•(2, 11) ( ) II ., .
I ' < Vluc("2", "I .. J
def o1vid<i(x, y):
tryr
r csul l • x/y
~xccpt Zerol>lvis!onError:
pri nt (''d i vision by lcrol")
else:
flf'int ("result ls" 1 result)
finally:
pri nt ("executing finally clause")
Sol11liC1n,
(n) dividc(2. 1) result is 2
executing finally clause
(h} divide(2. 0) division by zero!
executing finally clause
(c} di,'ide("2", "1")
executing finally clause
Traceback (most recent call last):
File" <pyshell#46> •, line 1, in <module>
divide("2", "l")
File "C:/testl6.py·, line 22, in divide
result" x/y
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for /, 'str' and 'str'

NCERT Chopler 1 : Exceplion Handling in Pyfhon

1. "Every syutn:r error is nu e:rccplio11 /ml i:very cxccplio11 m,11101 lien sy111n.1· am.• /11,lif.v lh<' ,1atm1ml.
Ans. An cxccplion mcans occurrcnre or some uncxpcctrd cvenl. SyntJx c!l'llr occur$ when sonw
language rules are violated, which is unexpccled event nncl hcnre Ciln bt> temuid "" e-..c,·ption.
However, exception means occurrence or uncxpcclt'<I l'l'L'nl causin~ pn,i;rJm di,mption durini;
runlimc, while syntax errors arc caught during compile tinw onlr,
Hence "every synlax t•rrur ban t•xc,•plion but ,•1·,•ry ,.,..,•pt11•n <',11111,11 l'<· ,1 >\'Illa, ,•rwr."
2. Wlw1 nrt /ht following b11ilt-i11 1•xc1•11tio11s rnisi•tl ? Gilh' ,·.w11111/,•, l1• ,11111~•rl y,•ur nusu,·n:.
(n) lmportError (/1) IOError (r) Nilm~Error (ii) Z,•mOil'isicmlirrw
Ans. l'or exception details, rdcr In tilblc I. l'lir cx11mpl1•, of lhL•,c ,•~,,•pti,11t~:
(n) llcfcr to Q. 8(c) (fi) Refer to Q. 8t~} (c) IM,•r l\1 Q. $(,f) (1/) IM,•r 1,, Q. li(/1)

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•

1 11111
r,r, 1,,11

,,,,mf,-r~ pnd rll•pl•y 111, 1""1,

' It

tu:'''
~- ll'l-..11 •' l~.t l/5l ~~ • m~ f/a/(mtn/ , ll'rilr ' crdr 1
,~ ~-":vml n11111/l(T (1/c11nmi11alilr/ •• '"u
· . ,,A •xl'cptim1-~ nrc rJiscJ by f•yu~~,
,vrn'l'rillr r, rq,11,,n .<Jtou1d /1< rni.:<d ,7 11,r 11w.mtC15 ccpllon 11,... c
• r,115(' • " ex
,\n<. TII<' raist krp,orJ is used to n,.munll)'
it<rll.
a =int( input("Enter value for a:•))
b = int( input("Enter value for b: •))
try:
if b e: = using raise keyword
raise ZeroOivisionerrori raising exception
print(a/b)
e:rcept ZeroOlvisionError:
print(. Please enter non-zero value for. .b,.") ion ill //re program.
test rht drolSI0 11 upress
4. USt llSSt11 srorancnt in Qut:S/ion No. 3 to
Ans. a clnt(input(·enter value for a : "))
b • int(i nput (•Enter value forb : · ))
assert b 1=8, •valueforbll!Stbenon•zero·
print(a/b)
,ing nn a«ption (c} Catd1i11g nrr cmplim,
S. Definl 1Jre Jolknlling : •J f.:taplion Handling (b) 17,rrm
Ans. (a) Refer Section EJ; (b) Rder Section E.5;
(c) Reier Section E.4

6. &p!ntl a/thing t=plions using lrJ and aapl b/od:.

Ans. (o) Refer Section E.4
7. Consid6 IM /XJ/U grot,i bdoru 1111d fill in lk bllnJs.
print (·Learning Exceptions •.. •J
try:
flLllll int(input c•enter the first nui:ber")
C

nta2 =int(input("Ent er the second ni.t,er· ))

quotient = ( nlllll1/n11112)
print(•Both the nuabers entered were correct")
exc ept ___ _ I to enter only integers
print (·Please enter only ntllllkrs")
exc ept ____ # Oenocainator should not be zero
printc·11umber 2 should not be zero")
else:
print("Great •. you are a good progralllller")
_ _ _ _: I to be executed at the end
print ("l080VER... GOGETSCM R£ST")
Ans.
print ("learning EJ<ceptions ••. •)
try:
IUll • lnt(input("fntcr the first numbi!r"))
011112 • int(input("Enterthe se<ond nlleber•))

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1.rl'fl\'Oi~
A.21
quot ient • (nllffil /nu~}
1,r1nt("Oot h the nu::ibers entered u~ere correct" )
cxc<'Pt ValueEr ror:
pdnt("Please enter only n1n1bers"} u to enter only lnteger-s
except ZeroOivisionError:
pr i nt( "t.'umber 2 should not be zero") • Denominator shouJd not be uiro
else:
print("Great . . you are a good prograll'rner")
finally: Rto be executed at the end
pri nt("JOS OVER ..• GO GET S<X-IE REST")
s. )'011 /illl't kanil how lo IISt ma/Ii modrrlt ;11 Class XI W .
10
arg11mcnt$ fer a 111tl/1od (say sqrt(} or p,JID( }). U!t 11,; " t , code "''.1m !JDu ,,sc tl,c 1or011g rrumbcr of
.
e.rc.:p I,on. • accpt,on lumd/111g pr«css to cntc/1 1/rc ValucError
Ans.
ic,port math
print ("Code to testWl'Ong TYPE of argu:rients")
try:
mn1 " int(input ( "Enter the first number"}}
resultl • math.sqrt(numl)
print ("Sqrt:·, resultl)
except ValueError: # to enter only integers
print ("Please enter only Positive nu~bers")
try:
m.1112 • int(input("Enter the second nu:iber"))
result2 =math . Jl0'<1(nU111, num2)
print ("Pa>n:·, result2)
except ValueError: l: to enter only integers
pr-int ("Please enter only m1nbers")
finally: # to be executed at the end
print("Tested only wrong types; Wrong no. of requires requires •args")
Code to test wrong TYPE of arguments
Enter the first number-9
Please enter only Positive numbers
Enter the second numberk
Please enter only numbers
Tested only wrong types; tirong no. of requires requires •orgs
Code to test wrong TYPE of argwients
Enter the first nultber6
Sqrt: 2.449489742783178
Enter the second number4
Po.•: 1296.0
• • "llS
Tested only wrong types; wrong no. of requires requires a, ,
• II . I' ,M.,,, "il\'tl in Qu,-:;ti,111 N,,. 7.
9. Wl,nt is the 11~ of fi11nlly clnuk ? Us.- f,11111I!I (Inus,· m " 1' · ' .~
Ans. Refor lo section E4.4.

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r:se avs c 4-i

7
=
1. 1%~1 is csctpllon 7 Whnl Is cxctplion h.indling 7
2- Why i~ ext'.-pllon h.lndling i =l)' ?
3. Holl' Jo l'm r.liSC nn cx~plion7 Cfve code example,
4, How do )'OU handle nn cx~lion in J>ylhon 7 •
7
s. O-.~b e 1hc keyword try. Whnt is lhc role of try block
6. l'rc-dict 11~ output by following code :
iqiort math
deff(x):
ifx<= 8;
raise ValueError('f: argument
aust be greater than zero')
return math.sqrt(x)•2
def g(x):
y • f(x)
print (y > 2)

try:
g(l)
g(-1)
except Exception, e:
print'Exception', e.message
7. Which o( th, following lwo codes wiU print "file does not rxist'" if the file
being opened does not C'Cist?
(a) iffilen amel= "": (b) try:

f = open(filename, 'r') f • open(filena11e, 'r')

else: except IOError:
print ("file does not exist") print ("file does not exist" )
7
8. Which of the following four oulpuls is producrd ~)' the code Omt follows
outpul 1: oulpul 2 :
-2 -1 -2 -1
· 1 -1 -1 - 1
0 integer di vision or modulo by zero 0 integer division or modulo by zero
11
20

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it\vl\ I 1111 h1• 1111 11
I
I. 0 >
o. ~
C.h•~n co1lr I~ :
for x ln r;innc( · ] , ) ) :
print (x, ~••11 • " "),
try :
prlnt (l/x, end . " ")
except ZcrolH vl slonError ilS O :
pri nt (s l r (e))
cxcer,t :
print ("Exception occurred")
9. Find the errors in following code fragments :
(n) t ry:
fs = open("/notthc!re")
exception IOError:
print ("The file does not eY.ht, exiting gracefully")
print ("This line wi ll always print")

(b) try:
f h = open("abc. txt")
try:
fhl = open("newt. txt", "r")
except ValueError:
print ("The file does not exist , exiting gNcef ully")
(c) def ret() :
sqrs = ( xnz f or x i n range(l, 10))
i =0
while True :
return sqrs [ i )
i ◄= l
c = ret() .next()
10. Write II function read n ·nmc class object &torl11g hou1·s and minull'S. l!niw a uwr•defhwd Nr~r if 1·.alue;
oUu:r thon 0..23 b entered for hours and utlwr than 0..59 is cnle1,·d for mlnull'S.
11. Writt II program 10 rcilll dclails of shnlcnl for l'l·suli pr,'p.iJation. Incorporate JII pcH6ible
cxccption-handlin1, codes 611ch a&V,,luoliiror, lmlexErmr, Z1•r0Ulvisi1111l:rrur. u,cr-<kf11w,J r\Ceptmns
Cle,

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