705

A Reliable Internet of Things based Architecture for

Oil and Gas Industry
Wazir Zada Khan1, Mohammed Y Aalsalem1, Muhammad Khurram Khan2, Md. Shohrab Hossain3 and Mohammed
Atiquzzaman4
1
Farasan Networking Research Laboratory, Faculty of CS & IS, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
2
Center of Excellence in Information Assurance, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
3
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
4
School of Computer Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019-6151, USA.
{wazirzadakhan, aalsalem.m}@jazanu.edu.sa, mkhurram@ksu.edu.sa, mshohrabhossain@cse.buet.ac.bd, atiq@ou.edu

Abstract— Anomaly detection systems deployed for or underwater crude oil, natural gas fields and potential
monitoring in oil and gas industries are mostly WSN based hydrocarbon reserves are searched and explored and in the
systems or SCADA systems which all suffer from noteworthy second step exploratory wells are drilled and then
limitations. WSN based systems are not homogenous or hydrocarbons are extracted from hydrocarbon reservoirs in oil
incompatible systems. They lack coordinated communication and and/or gas fields that recover and bring (produce) the crude oil
transparency among regions and processes. On the other hand, and/or raw natural gas to the surface. The Midstream sector
SCADA systems are expensive, inflexible, not scalable, and involves the transportation storage and marketing of crude oil
provide data with long delay. In this paper, a novel IoT based or refined products of petroleum. Pipelines, rails, trucks, tanks
architecture is proposed for Oil and gas industries to make data
etc. and other numerous transport systems are used for moving
collection from connected objects as simple, secure, robust,
reliable and quick. Moreover, it is suggested that how this
crude oil and extracted hydrocarbons from production and well
architecture can be applied to any of the three categories of sites to refineries or processing stations where hydrocarbon
operations, upstream, midstream and downstream. This can be and oil processing is performed. The various refined products
achieved by deploying a set of IoT based smart objects (devices) are then delivered to the downstream distributors The
and cloud based technologies in order to reduce complex Downstream sector involves refining of petroleum crude oil
configurations and device programming. Our proposed IoT and the processing and purifying of raw natural gas. At this
architecture supports the functional and business requirements stage, products derived from crude oil and natural gas are
of upstream, midstream and downstream oil and gas value chain marketed and distributed. The products such as gasoline or
of geologists, drilling contractors, operators, and other oil field petrol, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel oil, heating, oil, lubricants,
services. Using our proposed IoT architecture, inefficiencies and waxes, asphalt, natural gas, and liquefied petroleum gas as well
problems can be picked and sorted out sooner ultimately saving as hundreds of petrochemicals are provided to the consumers
time and money and increasing business productivity. through downstream operations.
Keywords—Internet of Things based Architecture, Oil & Gas There are several critical challenges in the three sectors of
Operations, Reliable Communication, Smart Objects. oil and gas industry that are described as follows:

I. INTRODUCTION • Detecting physical presence at oil & gas pipeline, a leak

of a pipeline, or tampering with a pipeline.
The oil and gas industrial process starts after the crude oil is • Monitoring security, integrity, configuration, condition,
extracted from the grounds (oilfields) and to use it as a product disposition, orientation, location, contents, or
it must go through the refining process. Once oil is pumped
surroundings, pressure variation of the oil & gas
from the ground, it is then travelled through pipelines to tank
pipelines, tanks, wells and other assets used in the supply
batteries where a separator separates oil gas and water. The
crude oil is then stored in storage tanks from where it is moved chain of oil & gas industry.
to refineries, other storage tanks, tanker ships or railcar through • Optimizing pumping operations, maintaining the pipes
large diameter, long distance trunk lines. To push the oil in and wells, monitoring equipment failures, corrosion,
pipelines, the pump stations are installed at regular intervals erosion in a refinery and oil & gas leakage, minimizing
along the pipelines from start till end. In order to overcome risks to health and safety and monitoring and improving
friction, changes in elevation and other pressure decreasing production performance with reduced costs.
factors, pumps are used to initiate and maintain pressure in the • Detecting tuberculated pipeline sections partially closed
trunk lines. or fully closed valve gates, variations in fluid
The oil and gas industry supply chain is divided into three homogeneity (e.g., air pockets within a water distribution
main sectors/subdivisions, Upstream, Midstream and network), pipe wall structural degradation and biofilm
Downstream. The Upstream sector involves the exploration accumulation.
drilling and production. In the first step, potential underground Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)
systems [1] are not scalable due to low density in time and

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space, expensive in terms of equipment and maintenance, not some fixed checkpoints inside the pipe but it is not feasible to
interoperable in terms of hardware and software, inflexible perform sensing very close to a leak. Some proposals are
when there is a need for protocol change and software Acoustic Wave Technology based systems [33, 34][37]. In [33,
updating, and provides data and result with long delay. Various 34], a transmitter is placed in the pipeline and the
Internet of Things (IoT) based architectures have been communications with the receiver are carried out by emitting
proposed in the literature in different fields like IoT acoustic signal bursts using the pipelines as a waveguide or
architecture for Social Internet of Things (SIoT) [2], Resilient channel. These these systems are not suitable to monitor long
IoT architecture for smart cities [3] and future internet [4]. But pipelines with different pipe geometries. In [37], authors have
still yet there is no IoT based architecture for oil and gas adopted elasto-dynamic waves for enabling wireless
industries. Given the critical environment of oilfields, there is a communications in pipeline monitoring systems. This proposal
need to develop IoT architecture according to Oil & Gas is not suitable for in pipe inspection due to deployment
industrial environment. challenges. Some proposals [35-36] focus on Magnetic
Induction for wireless communications to monitor pipelines. In
In this paper we contribute to the following: [35], a network of magnetic induction units is disclosed which
1. We are the first to propose an Internet of Things (IoT) is configured to transmit a signal or receive a signal from
based architecture for efficiently, reliably and accurately neighboring units by modulation of a time-varying magnetic
performing various operations of upstream, midstream field and sensed data is relayed in a multi-hop fashion. In [36],
and downstream sectors of oil and gas industries. The authors have proposed to transmit data wirelessly through
proposal of IoT architecture for the oilfield environment magnetic induction based communications by using coils of
is the main contribution of this research that is followed wire wound on the pipelines. However, due to short range of
by starting from the sensing infrastructure of IoT, communication between magnetic induction units or coils,
large scale deployment or long underground pipeline
traversing the network domains, and ending at the IoT
monitoring is not possible.
applications.
2. The proposed architecture also considers the design The most recent proposal [38] involves robotic technology
aspects of each layer, suggesting the technologies that for pipeline inspection. It discloses wireless communication
support the reliability efficiency and robustness features system for underground pipeline inspection including a
in each layer. plurality of sensor nodes carried by robots within the pipeline
3. This proposal provides scenarios (storage tanks, pipelines, and each sensor node equipped with a radio transceiver. The
and well heads) for applying this architecture in the three system sends the leak detection information to aboveground
sectors of oil and gas industry. The core processes are relay nodes via low frequency radio transceiver which in turn
driven through automation and reduced workforce send the received information to the remote monitoring center
dependency. using high frequency radio transceiver via an aboveground
4. This proposal also provides hierarchical methods for mobile network.
reliable and efficient data delivery from smart objects to
the control center. III. PROPOSED IOT BASED ARCHITECTURE
Here we present an internet of things (IoT) based reliable
The rest of the paper is structured as follows: Section 2 architecture for monitoring various operations of the upstream,
provides a revision on WSN based monitoring systems for oil midstream and downstream sectors of the oil and gas industry.
and gas industries. Section 3 presents our proposed modular Figure. 1 illustrates a schematic representation of the proposed
architecture, describing its modules in detail. Section 4 IoT based modular architectural design, comprising three
describes how the architecture performs oil and gas industrial modules, module of a smart object, module of a gateway and
operations by monitoring the oil field environment in an module of a control center (server). Each module is layered
efficient manner. Section 4 finally concludes the paper. (including sensing, networking and application layers) and
tackles specific functions to support monitoring of the
II. WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK BASED MONITROING interconnected oilfield environment.
SYSTEMS
The remaining section describes the three modules of the
In recent years various Wireless Sensor Network based proposed IoT architecture, their functions and interactions in
solutions have been developed to handle Condition monitoring detail. In addition, possible technologies are suggested that can
[5, 6], Refinery [7-10], Pipeline monitoring [11-18], cathodic be applied to make the oilfield monitoring and other operations
protection [19], corrosions [20], Well head monitoring [21], more reliable and efficient.
pumping unit [22], Oil Drilling [23] in the oil and gas industry.
But they all may suffer from noteworthy limitations as A. Smart Object
mentioned in the introduction and are also prone to many
Each smart object (SO) is a physical device and a plurality
attacks [24-29]. Radio Communication Technology based
of these smart objects are deployed on various oilfield assets
systems include [30-32]. In [30] the authors have adopted radio
(equipment). Smart objects enable to sense and collect data and
communications for transmitting information sensed from the
react to specific conditions. When a group of smart objects are
sensors for pipeline inspection. In [31], pipelines are monitored
installed on different equipment in an oil field environment it is
by placing sensors along the pipelines. In [32] uses radio
referred to as a Smart Oilfield.
communications for in-pipe inspection by deploying sensors at

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C. Control Center
The control center (server) module is responsible for
management of applications and the analysis of the data
gathered from the smart object modules, generating the
information and taking important decisions against anomalous
events, providing the dashboard to support the decision making
process. The control center is comprised of only two layers the
network and the application layer. The network layer is
responsible for communication between the gateways and in
some scenarios directly with the smart objects through long
range communication technologies. The Application layer is
basically responsible for management processes and includes
the object interfaces, IoT applications, databases and service
APIs, Visualization tools etc. When the collected data is
analyzed using algorithms [40, 41] and problems are sorted
out, actuation is performed by controlling the functions without
human intervention. The control center will perform data
analysis for two main purposes, first for the predictive
maintenance of the equipment by analyzing the equipment
Figure 1. Proposed IoT based Architecture for Oil and Gas Industries
condition data delivered by the smart objects to the control
Thus, the data gathered by this smart oilfield has to be center and various parameters (sensed data) and detecting
delivered to the server so as to process and analyze the data failure modes either before they are going to take place or
completely. The module of a smart object is comprised of when the equipment will likely to fail or need service. Thus
three layers; sensing layer, network layer and application layer. the control center will perform preventive maintenance for
The sensing layer involves data acquisition and collaboration maximizing production uptime and minimizing disruptions,
between smart object(s) and gateway(s). Each smart object is thus to better control and maintain various assets with reduced
equipped with different types of sensors, like acoustic, health and safety risks. Second, the control center will analyze
temperature, flow and pressure sensors to detect a leak. the data for the production performance by analyzing the daily
Networking layer is responsible for communication between usage and production of oil and gas.
smart objects, gateways and the control center. Each smart IV. DISCUSSION
object may also include a radio transceiver at the network layer
for short range communication with other smart objects and The three modules need to interact in a coordinated and
gateways. harmonized manner to make this architecture successful. In this
section we explain in detail how this architecture will be
B. Gateway employed in the oil field environment, and monitor the oilfields
The gateway module is a bridge between smart objects and reliably and efficiently with the combined efforts of these
the control center. On the other hand, in the case when smart modules. The smart objects may vary in their characteristics
objects have no direct link available for direct communication and according to the possible scenarios in the oil field
with the control center through long range communication environment, smart objects are installed on different assets
technologies; gateways will connect these smart objects to the (pipelines, well heads or oil storage tanks, etc. to monitor
control center. Also the gateway module will perform the various events like leak, corrosion etc.) in the oilfield
responsibilities of the application layer in the absence of an environment.
application layer in the smart object module. A plurality of
A. Possible Scenarios for the Installation of Smart Objects
smart objects will be connected to the gateway module through
short range communications. Sensing layer in the gateway When smart objects are installed on oil & gas Storage
module is optional but each gateway may also be equipped Tanks, they are equipped with pressure, temperature, flow and
with different types of sensors, like acoustic, temperature, flow level sensors for remote monitoring of the oil and gas storage
and pressure sensors. Each gateway may also include a radio in the tanks. Additionally the smart objects may also include
transceiver at the network layer for short range communication sensors for surveillance to monitor the surrounding
with other gateways and smart objects. The communication environment. In case of any anomalous event when
between the smart objects and gateways can be achieved by measurements are not within the specified limits the smart
employing RPL (Routing Protocol for Lossy networks) [39]. object either warn the pumping station to stop pumping more
The applications running on the smart object and gateway crude oil or gas, generate fire alarm or security alerts as well as
modules will perform real time actions (fire alerts, shut down inform the mobile unit /staff or nearby maintenance personnel
of different equipment, evacuation of the staff, and localization for further action.
of faults) against anomalous events like oil and gas leakage, When the smart objects are installed on Well heads, they
fire etc. will contain pressure and temperature sensors that will collect
temperature and pressure measurements from wellhead and
level and flow sensors will provide historical and real time

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flow data. This wealth of information will be delivered to the

control center for analysis. Smart objects on other equipment at
the well site (like tanks or compressors) will collaborate with
the smart objects at the well heads to avoid equipment theft,
crude oil and natural gas theft and catastrophic failures as well
as to ensure that wells are operating efficiently, while
minimizing downtime. Also pressure relief valves are sensed
continuously. If these measurements are within the specified
limits then it will only deliver it to the control center as a usual
process but if these measurements are not within the specified
limits and some anomalous event is being occurred, the smart
object will either generate fire alarms, alert the security
personnel or inform the mobile unit/staff or nearby
maintenance personnel as well as to the control center for
further processing. The smart objects are also connected to the
cathodic protection unit and high integrity pipeline protection
system for predictive maintenance of well head equipment and
warn earlier about the assets that require maintenance.
When a plurality of smart objects is installed on oil & gas
Pipelines, they will take measurements from temperature
pressure, vibration and flow sensors and if these measurements
are within the specified limits the sensed data is delivered to Figure 2. Flow Chart representing how the proposed system will reliably,
the control center as a usual process. Otherwise the smart efficiently and accurately communicates the sensed information to the control
object will either suggest predictive maintenance or in case if center.
an anomalous event has occurred it will generate fire alarms or
The smart objects will be equipped with presence sensing
security alarms as well as it will also inform the mobile
sensors (motion sensors) that are able to sense the movement.
unit/staff or nearby maintenance personnel for taking further
This movement data is shared with the gateways to check for
action. The smart objects on pipelines are also connected to the
the authorized personnel movement. If third party intruder
cathodic protection unit for predictive maintenance.
(unauthorized personnel) movement is detected around the
When smart objects are installed on Pumps, they will take assets, the smart objects will generate alarms. Moreover, the
measurements from temperature, pressure and vibration smart objects will monitor the surroundings and gather data
sensors and if these measurements are within the specified about the oil field environment to prevent pipeline theft that
limits the sensed data is delivered to the control center as a consequently helps in saving time and money, reducing
usual process. Otherwise the smart object will either suggest revenue losses and protecting public safety by quickly and
predictive maintenance or in case if an anomalous event has accurately detecting illegal taps. Our proposed system will
occurred it will generate fire alarms or security alarms as well deliver the correct information to the right person, either plant
as it will also inform the mobile unit/staff or nearby personnel or remote experts, and at the right time.
maintenance personnel for taking further action. For example
in case of oil and gas leakage or spillage the smart objects will B. Reliable and Efficient Communication
communicate the command to the closest pumping station to The proposed system provides a method for communicating
stop pumping more oil. In case, if any accident occurs it will the sensed information reliably and efficiently to the control
also help in knowing how many people to evacuate. center. Figure. 2 represents a schematic view (flow chart) that
illustrates how our proposed system will reliably, efficiently
The smart objects will optimize the operations like and accurately communicates the sensed information about the
pumping activities etc. while monitoring and gathering more anomalous event zone (defects) within the oil field
data and information about different business processes environment to the control center and taking possible measures
resulting to introduce efficiencies in all the three sectors of oil to solve the problem. As shown in Figure. 2 when the leak or
and gas industries. It will quickly locate and detect the any other anomalous event is detected, the smart object first
anomalous events and not only deliver the critical information tries to send the sensed information directly to the control
to the control center but also informs and alarms the Mobile center through long range communication. If the direct link to
Unit (person) to draw his/her intention towards problematic the control center is not available, the smart object
area for possible solutions. The hazardous areas can be communicates with its connected gateway using short range
monitored easily and remotely with fewer visits. communication to handover the information to the control
The smart objects will also perform Geo-fence perimeter center. But if the link to its connected gateway is not available
security. The continuous monitoring ability of smart objects then it will communicate with other nearby smart objects
will help the operators to respond more quickly to any kind of through short range communication for communicating the
security breach in the oilfield environment. The entire oilfield, sensed information to the control center. When the link to the
authorized personnel and visitors will be assigned an active connected gateway is available to the smart object, then the
RFID tags. gateway will hand over the information to the control center

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[28] Khan, W. Z., Aalsalem, M. Y., & Saad, N. M. (2015). Distributed clone using real time sensors. He is Program Committee of the International
detection in static wireless sensor networks: random walk with network Conference on Computer Applications in Industry and Engineering,
division. PloS one, 10(5), e0123069, 2015. CAINE2011. He is regular reviewer for many international journals such as
[29] Aalsalem M Y, Khan W Z, Saad N M, et al. A New Random Walk for King Saud University Journal (CCIS-KSU Journal).
Replica Detection in WSNs[J]. PloS one, 2016, 11(7): e0158072. Prof. Dr. Muhammad Khurram Khan is currently
[30] Sabata, Ashok, and Sean Brossia. "Remote monitoring of pipelines working as a Full Professor at the Center of
using wireless sensor network." U.S. Patent 7,526,944, issued May 5, Excellence in Information Assurance, King Saud
2009. University, Saudi Arabia. He is the Editor-in-Chief
of ‘Telecommunication Systems’ journal published
[31] Allison, Peter S., Charles E. Chassaing, and Bryan Lethcoe. "Acoustic by Springer since 1993. Furthermore, he is on the
impact detection and monitoring system." U.S. Patent 7,607,351, issued editorial board of several international
October 27, 2009.
journals/magazines. Prof. Khurram has published
[32] Ivan Stoianov, Lama Nachman, Sam Madden, and TimurTokmouline, over 275 research papers in the journals and
"PIPENET: Wireless Sensor Network for Pipeline Monitoring," conferences of international repute. He is a Fellow of the IET, Fellow of the
IPSN'07, April 25-27, 2007, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A. BCS, Fellow of the FTRA, and a senior member of the IEEE.
[33] Louis, P.M.I. and Cooper, J.F., Lawrence Livermore National Security, Dr. Md. Shohrab Hossain received his B.Sc. and
Llc, 2008. Acoustic system for communication in pipelines. U.S. Patent M.Sc. in Computer Science and Engineering from
7,423,931. Bangladesh University of Engineering and
[34] George Kokossalalus, Acoustic Data Communication System for In-pipe Technology (BUET), Dhaka, Bangladesh in the
Wireless Sensor Networks, Ph.D. Thesis, 2006. year 2003 and 2007, respectively. He obtained his
[35] Jack, Nathan, and Krishna Shenai. "Methods and systems for wireless Ph.D. degree from the School of Computer
communication by magnetic induction." U.S. Patent 7,831,205, issued Science at the University of Oklahoma, Norman,
November 9, 2010. OK, USA in December, 2012. He is currently
serving as an Associate Professor in the
[36] Zhi Sun, Pu Wang, Mehmet C. Vuran, Mznah A. Al-Rodhaan, Abdullah Department of Computer Science and Engineering
M. Al- Dhelaanjan F. Akyildiz, "MISE-PIPE: Magnetic induction-based at Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka,
wireless sensor networksfor underground pipeline monitoring," Ad Hoc Bangladesh. His research interests include mobility of IPv6 networks,
Networks 9 (2011) 218-227. security, scalability and survivability of mobile networks, Software defined
[37] Liang, Kenneth Kin-nam, Jacques Jundt, and Philippe Salamitou. networking and Internet of Things. He has several conference and journal
"Downhole sensor networks using wireless communication." U.S. Patent papers published by IEEE, Elsevier and Springer.
7,602,668, issued October 13, 2009. Prof. Dr. Mohammed Atiquzzaman obtained his
[38] Wu, Dalei, Kamal Youcef-Toumi, Samir Mekid, and Rached Ben- M.S. and Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering and
Mansour. "Wireless Communication Systems for Underground Pipe Electronics from the University of Manchester
Inspection." U.S. Patent Application 14/569,889, filed December 15, (UK). He is currently holds the Edith Kinney
2014. Gaylord Presidential professorship in the School
[39] Winter T, Thubert P, Brandt A, Hui J, Kelsey R, Levis P, Pister K, of Computer Science at the University of
Struik R, Vasseur J, Alexander R (2012) RPL: IPv6 routing protocol for Oklahoma, and is a senior member of IEEE. Dr.
low-power and lossy networks, IETF, IETF, RFC 6550, March 2012, Atiquzzaman is the Editor-in-Chief of Journal of
[Online]. Available: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6550. Networks and Computer Applications, founding
Editor-in-Chief of Vehicular Communications and
[40] Akusok A, Bjork KM, Miche Y, Lendasse A (2015) High-performance
has served/serving on the editorial boards of IEEE
extreme learning machines: a complete toolbox for big data applications.
Communications Magazine, International Journal on Wireless and Optical
Access, IEEE 3:1011–1025.
Communications, Real Time Imaging journal, Journal of Communication
[41] Palattella MR, Accettura N, Vilajosana X, Watteyne T, Grieco LA, Systems, Communication Networks and Distributed Systems and Journal of
Boggia G, Dohler M (2013) Standardized protocol stack for the Internet Sensor Networks. He also guest edited 12 special issues in various journals.
of (important) Things. IEEE Commun Surv Tutorials 15(3):1389–1406. He has served as co-chair of IEEE High Performance Switching and Routing
[42] Wazir Zada Khan, Mohammed Y Aalsalem, Muhammad Khurram Symposium (2011 and 2003) and has served as symposium co-chairs for IEEE
Khan, Quratulain Arshad, When social objects collaborate: Concepts, Globecom (2006, 2007, 2014) and IEEE ICC (2007, 2009, 2011, 2012)
processing elements, attacks and challenges, Computers & Electrical conferences. He co-chaired ChinaComm (2008), and SPIE Next-Generation
Engineering, November 2016, Communication and Sensor Networks (2006) and the SPIE Quality of Service
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compeleceng.2016.11.014 over Next Generation Data Networks conferences (2001, 2002, 2003, 2005).
He was the panels co-chair of INFOCOM05, and is/has been in the program
committee of numerous conferences such as INFOCOM, ICCCN, and Local
Dr. Wazir Zada Khan (M‘16) is currently with Computer Networks. He serves on the review panels of funding agencies such
Faculty of Computer Science and Information as the National Science Foundation and National Research Council (Canada)
System, Jazan University, Kingdom of Saudi and Australian Research Council (Australia). In recognition of his
Arabia. He received his PhD from Electrical and contribution to NASA research, he received the NASA Group Achievement
Electronic Engineering Department, Universiti Award for outstanding work to further NASA Glenn Research Centers effort
Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP), Malaysia. He in the area of Advanced Communications/Air Traffic Managements Fiber
received his MS in Computer Science from Optic Signal Distribution for Aeronautical Communications project. He is the
COMSATs Institute of Information Technology, co-author of the book Performance of TCP/IP over ATM networks and has
Pakistan. His research interest includes Wireless over 300 refereed publications which are accessible at www.cs.ou.edu/~atiq.
Sensor Networks, Network Security and Internet of His research interests are in communications switching, transport protocols,
Things. wireless and mobile networks, ad hoc networks, satellite networks, Quality of
Dr. Mohammed Y Aalsalem (M’16) is currently Service, and optical communications. His research has been funded by
Dean Faculty of Computer Science and National Science Foundation (NSF), National Aeronautics and Space
Information System, Jazan University, Kingdom Administration (NASA), U.S. Air Force, Cisco, Honeywell, Oklahoma
of Saudi Arabia. He received his PhD in Computer Department of Transportation, Oklahoma Highway Safety Office through
Science from Sydney University. His research grants totaling over $7M.
interests include real time communication,
network security, distributed systems, and wireless
systems. In particular, he is currently leading in a
research group developing flood warning system

ISBN 978-89-968650-9-4 ICACT2017 February 19 ~ 22, 2017