1.

INTRODUCTION TO LIBRARY AND ITS SERVICES

“No university in the world has ever risen to greatness without a

Correspondingly great library”

Library is the collection of reading materials arranged systematically for the use of
readers. The word ‘library’ has been originated from Latin word Libraria means – House of
books, and French word Librarious mean leaf or tad patra. Earlier, tree bark and leaves were used
as writing materials. In stone age stones were used to write and then in Metal Age, metal strips
were used as writing materials. After the origin of paper and printing technologies over all
scenarios have been changed for knowledge conservation on paper, which later on resulted in the
form of books, manuscript and different reading materials, etc. In the ancient time library was
usually used as a store-house and had limited specified users only. The Librarian was supposed to
be the custodian/care taker who used to be answerable to the owner like King, Rishi Munis, and
rich person. Readers were at that time had only few books of their interest in their personal
library. As such, library concept was not there.

Now, time has changed and concept of library is also changed. In the era of modern time,
people realized the importance of libraries because development of society is not possible without
conserved knowledge. Knowledge preservation, organization and dissemination are possible
through viable library and information centre. People consult library for knowledge upliftment
and to clear doubts of the topics of interest.

DEFINITIONS OF LIBRARY

International organization for standardization has defined Library as “Irrespective of the

title,any organized collection of printed books and periodicals or of any other graphic visual
materials, and the services of a staff to provide and facilitate the use of such materials as are
required to meet the informational, research, educational or recreational needs of its users”.

ALA glossary of library and information science has defined library as “A collection of
materials organized to provide physical, bibliographic, and intellectual access to a target group,
with a staff that is trained to provide service and programs related to the information needs of the
target groups”.

Dr.S.R.Ranganathan, “Library is a public institution/establishment, charged with a care of

collection of books, the duty of making them accessible to those who require the use of them and
task of converting any person in its neighborhood in a habitual library goes and reader of books”.
Thus, a library is regarded as a public institution, which is also expected to convert the potential
readers into actual readers. This is the concept of a modern library.

Webster Dictionary “library is a place or building where books etc are arranged for studying and
reference”.

Encyclopedia Britannica: Collection of books gathered for purpose for reading, study and
reference”

Oxford Dictionary: “A place where book kept for reading study and reference”

TYPES OF LIBRARY

These are six types:

 School Library
 College Library
 University Library
 Research Library
 Special Library
 Public Library

FUNCTIONS OF LIBRARY

Library is a social institution. Therefore, it is expected to perform certain function:-

1. To collect information/documents on all subjects including local, national, and international

affirms to serve economical, politically & social welfare and organize properly.
2. Preservation of literary for posterity
3. Lifelong self-education
4. Advancement of culture
 5. Proper use of leisure(utilization of free time)
6. Dissemination of information

SERVICES OF LIBRARY

In modern libraries it is necessary to adopt automation, networking, resource sharing,

using union catalogue, consortium, various databases and latest information technologies for
providing latest information to their patrons.

A modern library has organized collection of printed books, periodicals, audiovisual

materials, e-resources and fulfill with latest information technology. Reading materials are
available in the form of e-resource, e-books, e-journals, online journals, off line journals, various
database, OPAC and internet, etc. web based information are the tools of library (i.e.; paperless
library). Information is available within few minutes on just mouse click. Maximum use of
information are possible on multi terminal for multipurpose through networking. It saves the time
and energy of readers to retrieve information. It also saves financial expenses in libraries and
documentation centers for purchasing resources (due to price hike of foreign currency) and lake of
resources. Now -a-days, concept of modern library is also converting in modern documentation
and information centers, virtual electronic library, online library, cybrary and web based library
etc.

The following are the important library services rendered by the libraries.

a. Lending Service

Lending of books is one of the important functions of a library. Academic and research
libraries give membership to students, teachers, scientists of their institute and some grant special
membership. Public libraries enroll general public. Accordingly they issue borrower tickets for
loan of library documents. The number of entitlement for borrowing books differs, as it may be
one to ten books or more. Books are generally issued for two weeks. Some libraries charge late
fee on delayed publications after the due date. Lending is also called circulation activity which
concerns with the issue and return of library publications. Different methods are in vogue from
ledger system to the latest computer based bar coded electronic borrowing.

b. Inter-Library Loan (ILL)

 In the present era of information explosion, enormous literature is being generated every
day and hence no library, howsoever, financially strong, can afford to have all minimal
publications required. Spiraling prices of books and journals and budgetary constraints have
compelled academic and research libraries to agree to share their resources and cooperate with
each other to provide documents on inter-library-loan. Libraries, therefore, borrow from each
other on loan those publications which are not available in their holdings and thus fulfill
information needs of their users. Books on ILL are given for a month or for some days only as
agreed mutually.

c. Reference Service

This service establishes contact between a reader and his desired document. Efficient
reference service provides the required information correctly and expeditiously. A reader for a
document or for a specific piece of information on complex problems contacts the Reference
Librarian or Information Officer on desk & explains his problem, subject or topic of research
work. The librarian after certain queries, dialogues ascertains his specific need and suggests the
right documents, sources and provides them. New readers are oriented in and guided to the use
of library tools like library catalogue, printed catalogues, bibliographies, indexes and abstracts
etc. Since library is a growing organization and it makes changes from time to time in the
organization of material, hence, user, even a regular one also, must contact library staff for
getting the right information without losing his time. Wherever, electronic facilities like
computerized databases and CD-ROM facilities are available, users must contact the concerned
staff and get their services.

d. Current Awareness Service (CAS)

CAS has been defined by B. Guha as “a device of the information system through which the
users of information can be informed promptly as soon as possible after publication, but before
absorption into the comprehensive secondary sources of current literature on a broad subject field or
on an area in which a group of persons are interested and presented in a manner, volume and rhythm
intended to facilitate or cultivate current approach to information”. Dr.S.R.Ranganathan defines
CAS as “Listing the documents appearing during the period covered, and without being selected to
suit the requirements of a particular reader or of a specific topic under investigation. The exponential
growth of nascent micro-information is at such an alarming rate that its communication to the
specialists with out the loss of time has become a serious problem and therefore, the easiest way to
keep them up-to-date with the latest developments is to provide current literature on their subject of
specialization”. The Current Awareness Service endeavors to keep the clientele informed promptly
of all the nascent thoughts created in their fields of work and related fields. It is rather an
announcement service to satisfy the current approach of users to information. The speed timeliness
is the soul of CAS. Its aim is to notify the information to the users as quickly as possible.

e. Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI)

The SDI service differs from CAS in its meaning and scope. However, both the services
are intended to keep the users informed about the latest information appearing in their area of
interests. CAS is provided to a specific group of users of clientele without any particular
enquiry, whereas SDI is meant for an individual and is restricted exclusively to the area of his
interest. The user is served only with that information which he needs. What is not required by
him is not served to him. R.G. Prasher writes that the principle on which SDI is based is that no
two users have identical information needs and as such each one should be provided only that
information which he actually needs. Contrary to CAS, it is a user oriented and individualized
service. Having use of computerized databases, SDI service has become efficient, quick and
timely by providing computer based searches.

The purpose of SDI services is to provide a personalized current awareness service to a

scientist to keep him informed or make him aware of all the latest information relevant to his
interests and to save the time of the scientists by screening out irrelevant information from the
incoming documents. Thus, through an SDI service a scientist gets his most needed information
and saves his time without getting lost into the bewildered world of information.

f. Reprographic Service

Libraries provide reprographic services to the scientists, teacher’s students and others.
The material reproduced from documents normally has copy right. Hence the sprit and
application of copyright must be understood by both the providers as well as users.

g. Computer based Services

With the application of Information technology a large amount of scientific information

is in electronic form ie electronic books, electronic journals and CD-ROMs. Libraries having
these electronic facilities provide CD–ROM databases searches, Computerized database searches
from their own PCs and through Local Area Network and internet service.

2. TYPE OF INFORMATION SOURCES

Objectives:

1. To compare the difference between primary and Secondary sources

2. To identify various sources of information

For the convenience of users of a library, the printed information can be grouped in three
categories as following:-

A. Primary Sources

B. Secondary Sources

C. Tertiary Sources

A scientist conducting a research and write a report on his findings include all lab data it
is called as a primary source of information, it contains the first hand information. So it is called
as the primary source of information. Some one else writes an interpretation of the research work
it is considered as secondary source.

(A) PRIMARY SOURCES OF INFORMATION

 A ‘Primary’ publication has been defined as that which reports the results of original
research or observation. Different types of publications having common features to fall into this
category of ‘Primary Sources of Information’. Each one of them is discussed in brief as
following:-

1. Scientific Journals

Scientific and technological research journals or periodicals are the most important
medium for the publication of the results of research or observation. Periodicals have certain
specific features which distinguish them from other published material, for example,

a) A periodical is published under one regular title and appears or released at a set
frequency, e.g. weekly, fortnightly, monthly, quarterly, half yearly, annually, e.g. Nature
(Macmillan, London) – a weekly journal and ‘Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences
(ICAR, New Delhi) is a monthly journal.

b) A periodical is envisaged as continuing indefinitely until changes its title and frequency.

c) Each issue of periodical normally contains more than one article and its issues often
contain other kinds of material like book reviews, announcements or reports new books
recently published or forthcoming publications.

2. Research Bulletins, Pamphlets and Research Reports

Research bulletins, pamphlets and reports (excluding annual reports) have been defined
by the Commission of the European Communities as ‘non-conventional literature’ since these are
not announced through conventional trade channels. These publications are brought out under
official support for agricultural research. It is estimated that there are more than 1,000
Agricultural Experiment Stations, (AES) and FarmExtensionCenters which are attached to
various agricultural and general universities. In many countries government sponsored
agricultural research institutes, bureaus, research councils, research centers and agricultural
universities also publish research pamphlets, research bulletins, research reports, etc. which are
issued in series under some series name with series or bulletin number. For example, Indian
Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi publish ‘IARI Research Bulletin’ series on different
research topics or ‘Cornell University, Agricultural Experiment Station, Research Bulletin’,
Cornell University, AES, Farm Extension Bulletin, University of Arizona, Agricultural
Experiment Station, Research Report series, National Commission on Agriculture, Government
of India, Report, 15 v. 9New Delhi, 1975) and so on.

3. Proceedings of Conferences, Congresses, etc.

Proceedings of Conferences, Congresses, etc. have their own kind of importance, as

media for disseminating the results of scientific research. Often outstanding figures in a scientific
research field will be invited to speak on the state of the art in their own areas of research”.
Which are held at regular intervals annually, biannually, or four-yearly etc. For example, World
Genetics Congress is held every four yearly and its proceedings and conference papers are
published in multi volumes e.g. ‘International Congress of Genetics, In addition to results of
research in the conference, many papers are discussed and suggest future lines of research which
might be productive. Many eminent scientists present results of their research work first time
from the Dias of an important conference only. There is a trend today that conference papers are
invited much before the date of conference, for the purpose of scrutiny, editing and to enable
those papers to other participants of the conference in a published volume. It is called ‘Pre-
conference literature’ or ‘Pre-conference Volume and the ‘Post conference literature’ consists of
Conference Proceedings or Transactions of the Conference’ Thus, conference proceedings form
an important group of primary source of information.

4. Theses or Dissertations

Thesis is a preposition on a particular problem or subject in which one has done original
research and presented for the degree of Master of Science or Doctor of Philosophy’. Its limited
purpose is to contribute to the solution of a problem. Doctor’s degree thesis is based upon
independent original research. A research report, in the form of a thesis, is the presentation of the
results of a critical enquiry, investigations and study, reinterpretation of known facts, or
techniques or their application in a new field. Thus, doctoral these or dissertations are normally
supposed to be original contributions to knowledge, presenting records of serious and sustained
original research carried out under scientific direction .

5. Patents & Standards

Patents are descriptions of inventions of industrial, technological, chemical processes and

products holding legal safeguards from governmental authority. The patent holder gets the
exclusive license to produce, distribute and sell the invented item. Protection is granted for a set
period of time. Patent documents thus constitute a record of the outcome of original research and
development work.

Standards provide specifications and measurements in order to maintain quality of the

industrial products or commodities. Bureau of Indian Standards, formerly Indian Standards
Institution (New Delhi) is a unique organization in the world. It has released several thousand
Indian standards and a lot many in the field of agriculture e.g. ISI handbook, 1972 (ISI, New
Delhi) contains 6,750 standards. ISI, New Delhi has issued standards on agricultural implements,
electronic and electrical equipments and also on bibliography, documentation, thesis formats,
etc. AGMARK, like standards, provide specifications for the quality control of agricultural
products for human consumption. Directorate of Marketing and Inspection in its Agricultural
produce (Grading and Marketing) Act, 1937 (Delhi, Manager is Publications, 1937) provides
rules on grapes, orange, eggs, tobacco, hides and skin etc.

Thus the patents, standards and Agmarks are primary sources of information.

(B) SECONDARY SOURCES OF INFORMATION:

1. Bibliography

It is a list of publications. The list may contain articles/research papers or

books/monographs and other macro-documents or both. It may give simple citations or along
with annotations. A bibliography may contain current or retrospective literature. It may have its
literature coverage at regional, national or international level and accordingly a bibliography is
also termed as regional bibliography, national bibliography and international bibliography.

2. Catalogue

A catalogue is a list of publications in holding. A library catalogue, generally, available

on 3” x 5” size (Catalogue) cards, represents the publications available in the holdings or
collection of a library. Some time library catalogues are made available in printed form. E.g.i)
Catalogue of serials in the Indian Agricultural Research Institute Library, New Delhi, INSDOC,
ii) Dictionary Catalogue of National Agricultural Library, 1862-1985 Similarly, there are
bookseller’s catalogue for books, publisher’s catalogue for his published books, medical
catalogue for listing medicines, furniture’s catalogue furniture available in a furniture shop.
3. Handbook/ Manual

Handbook, as it indicates, is a publication, which is supposed to be at hand while one is

working in laboratory or office. A handbook contains descriptive information about a subject,
event or object. It contains methods, formulas, techniques, procedures, data along with figures,
illustrations, etc. e.g. Agricultural Engineering Handbook, edited by C.B.Richey..

A manual is similar to a handbook. It also contains data, methods, description, but

generally it gives step by step laboratory techniques, procedure of experiments, components and
constituents of material and method of working. It is some time like recipe book or cookery
book. E.g. i) Laboratory Handbook, edited by N.L.Parr.London,. ii) Manual of fumigation for
insect control, by H.A.U. Monro.

4. Dictionary

A dictionary is a list of words arranged in a systematic manner – letter by letter or digit

by digit. There are three types of dictionaries, namely, i) General dictionaries, ii) Subject
dictionaries and iii) Biographical dictionaries. A general dictionary lists words and gives the
itiomology or genesis of the term, its grammar-noun, pronoun, verb, etc. meaning, equivalent
word, and its various usages.

5. Glossary

A glossary is a list of standard technical terms arranged alphabetically in uni-lingual, bi-

lingual or in multi-lingual order. They provide equivalent terms. They are very useful source for
the persons doing translation work

6. Thesaurus

Thesaurus is again a list of standard terms, e.g. Webster’s Collegiate Thesaurus.

However, a thesaurus is compiled or produced on the basis of standard scientific and technical
terms used. While indexing literature in electronic form current, common, universal standard
subject terms are used. Such terms are also called descriptor or keyword, key term or subject
heading. A thesaurus normally has a typical structure. It contains Broader terms (BT), Narrower
terms (NT) Related terms (RT). Thus, a thesaurus is an information index stored in computer
which consists of a list of keywords or topics included in the database. A relevant thesaurus
greatly simplifies computer access to databanks of agriculture, scientific and technical
information systems. CABI has issued CAB Thesaurus in 2 volumes; The National Agricultural
Library Thesaurus is available in the online.

7. Encyclopedia

These are also dictionaries universal in scope, providing comprehensive and descriptive
treatment to a specific topic, object or subject. These can provide a good introduction to an
unfamiliar subject. They contain individual articles contributed by subject specialists or
authoritative persons. There are two types of encyclopedias :

1. General Encyclopedias and

2. Subject Encyclopedias.

8. Directory and Yearbook

Directories and yearbooks are published annually. A directory consists of addresses of

individuals, name of their establishments and organizations where they work, notes on the
activities and area of interest and objectives. ‘CAB list of Research workers’ in agriculture
sciences in the commonwealth, issued periodically, gives the names of scientists working in
‘Commonwealth Countries in different research organizations and their specific field of research
work. ICAR, New Delhipublish a ‘Directory of Research Workers in India’ 1986, 328p.
‘Directory of scientific Research Institutions in India’ 1989 was published by INSDOC, New
Delhi in 6 volumes.
9. Atlas and Map

Atlas contains maps. A map may be political, geographical presentation of information or

data.

10. Gazetteer

Gazetteers are, generally, governmental descriptive accounts of land and its people, soil
and water, agriculture, industry, commerce and trade, education, energy, communication,
defense etc. During British rule in India gazetteers of almost all states were published, namely
Gazetteers of Bombay, Gazetteers of Bengal, Gazetteers of Madras, Gazetteers of Kashmir,
Gazetteers of Central Provinces and so on. After independence ‘Gazetteers of India, 4 volumes
were published. Some states revising their old state gazetteers.

11. Indexing and Abstracting journals

 An abstract is defined as a summary of the information in a document. It is an
abbreviated, accurate representation of the contents of a document. It is usually accompanied by
an adequate bibliographical description to enable the original document to be traced.

An Index is a systematic guide to items contained in or concepts derived from a

collection. These items or derived concepts are represented by entries arranged in known or
searchable order, such as alphabetical, chronological or numerical. In short an Index is an
indicator of contents and locations.

12. Advances and Annual Reviews

From Catching up or Brushing up approach point of view of readers to a library, the

advances and annual reviews play a vital role in their research pursuit. Advances and annual
reviews are review publications. It is widely accepted that a review article is one of the most
helpful forms of guide to the literature on a subject. Advances and Annual reviews describing the
current state of the progress of research in the subject area under review and ii) giving
bibliographic information in the form of a survey of the most significant publications in the
subject area. A review article is usually written by an expert providing status to the particular
selection of literature for discussion and evaluative comments. They also provide salient features
of recently published literature. A reader may use them to discover the state of the art of
information related to his own field of research or can get initial orientation in a new field. The
publications of this nature are generally found in the form of reviews, annual reviews, progress
reports or advances. It is speculated that there are as many as 150-200 advances and annual
reviews in the area of agro-biological sciences.

13. Monographs

A Monograph, though in simple terms is referred to a general book or textbook, but in

real sense a monograph means a work on a single subject, on specific facet of a subject, or on a
commodity providing complete retrospective information about it as well as present state-of –
the-art of that subject or commodity. Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New
Delhi and Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhihave also published
quite a large number of monographs on different agricultural commodities and subjects written
by different authors.

14. Biographies
 A biographical publication, also termed as ‘Biographical dictionary’, is a good source of
information about the life history of persons of repute in different fields.

Who’s who in World Agriculture – A Biographical Guide in the Agricultural and

Veterinary Sciences 2 vols. 2nd ed. (Essex, Longman, 1985) contains a profile of 12,000 senior
agricultural and veterinary scientists of the world.

(C). TERTIARY PUBLICATIONS

Tertiary publications are guides to the literature of general and special fields which
discuss both primary and secondary sources.

1. Guidebooks

A very good example of tertiary publication is that of “Information Sources in

Agriculture and Food Science, edited by G.P. Lilley (London, Butterworths, 1981).

M.L.Singhvi and S.S.Shrimali complied “Reference Sources in Agriculture; an

Annotated Bibliography where as Reference Sources in Indian Agriculture and Biology, by
ChhoteyLal and A.ShoaibAhsan is a unique tertiary publication providing 1119 sources of
information in the field of Indian agriculture.

2. Bibliography of Bibliographies

The second type of tertiary source is bibliography of bibliographies which can be

regarded as an important tool of bibliographic control by presenting published bibliographies on
various subjects at one place.

‘World Bibliography of Agricultural Bibliographies by Rudolf Lauche lists 3887

bibliographies and provides title index ‘Bibliogaphy of Agricultural Bibliographies’-1977
compiled by Charles N. bebee is a categorized listing of bibliographies indexed in AGRICOLA.

3. Directory of Directories

This type of tertiary sources list directories. They are also termed as directory of
directories, guide to directories, and also bibliography of directories. To cite a few are
International Bibliography of Directories (6th ed., K.G.saur, 1978) by H. Lengenfelder, a guide to
Directories (ii) Current British Directories, published in Great Britain, Ireland, the British
Commonwealth and South Africa, by G.P.Henderson and I.G. Anderson (8 th ed., CBD Research,
1977) (iii) Current Asian and Australasian Directory – a guide to directories published in or
relating to all countries in Asia, Australasia & Oceana (CBD) Research, 1978).

ORGANISATION AND ARRANGEMENT OF DOCUMENTS

Objectives:

1. To understand how books are Arranged based on subject in the libraries

2. To know the various classification systems adopted in the libraries.

3. To understand the colon classification system

ORGANISATION:

In order to make use of any library to its potential, it is better to know its organizational
pattern. A modern library provides two types of services viz. Public Services and Technical
Services. The library services which never come in direct contact of the reader are grouped in
Technical Services namely Acquisition of Books and Periodicals; Classification and Cataloguing
of documents. This service is responsible to record the acquired documents and to transform the
documents as serviceable by accessioning, classification & cataloguing of documents. The
services directly for the Users are grouped as Public Services including check-out and checkin of
documents, reference service and arrangement of documents on the shelf in a systematic order.

ARRANGEMENT:

Arrangement of the documents is done in a systematic and logical manner so that the
users may retrieve documents easily and quickly. Documents are mostly arranged under subject
so that readers can find all related books together on the shelves. Within each subject heading,
the books are arranged alphabetically under the names of the authors. Arranging books under
their precise subject is not always easy and therefore most libraries use one of the several
published classification schemes giving notational numbers to the subjects. This classified
arrangement under subject enables readers not only to see what the library has on any particular
subject but also reveals what it has on related subjects. Books are arranged and displayed on the
shelves from left to right and from top to bottom sequence and further these are arranged
numerically by Call Numbers. Books with lower number would always be left hand side and
higher number would be to right hand side. Normally, the call number is written on the spine of a
document for its quick identification.

CLASSIFICATION

Classification is the grouping or categorization of things on the basis of similar

characteristics. Just as in biological sciences Carolus Linnaeus and others classified animal and
plant kingdoms into class, order, phylum, family, genera and species and gave nomenclature to
animal and plant species. Even today, scientists during their research work find new plants,
insects and micro-organisms. They identify and classify them on the basis of some specific
anatomical and morphological characteristics, bionomics, habits etc. and give them scientific
names. In the same manner library classification for documents is done. A book according to
Dr. S.R.Ranganathan, consists of three bodies i.e. 1. Physical body, 2.Subtle body and 3.Soul
body. Physical body means paper, size, binding, etc. Subtle body is quality and type of printing,
colour etc. and Soul body means subject matter and thought contents of the book. The library
classification is done for Soul body that is for subject or thought contents of the books.
Subtle and physical bodies are taken care in different ways in different schemes while doing
cataloguing.

SCHEME OF CLASSIFICATION

The most important classification schemes which are being used globally for
classification of books in different libraries are as follows.

S.No Scheme Author Origin year

1 Colon Classification (CC) S.R.Ranganathan India 1933

2 Dewey Decimal Classification MelvilDeway USA 1876

(DDC)

3 Universal Decimal Paul Outlet and France. 1904

Classification (UDC) Henry La Fontaine

4 Library of Congress Library of USA 1901

Classification (LC) Congress

5 Subject Classification J.D.Brown UK 1906

Colon Classification (CC)

Among all the library classification Schemes our University Library is used Colon
Classifcation to classify the books.

Dr. S.R.Ranganathan designed and developed the scheme of Colon Classification and its first
edition was published in 1933. In the 6th edition (1960) the whole universe of knowledge was
divided into 42 main classes of subjects and each subject was represented by an alphabet or a
numeric number. The main classes in Colon scheme are as follows

Number Main Subject Number Main Subject

A Natural Science ∆ Spiritual Experienceand

Mysticism
 B Mathematics N Fine Arts

BZ Physical Science NX Literature& Language

C Physics O Literature

D Engineering P Linguistics

E Chemistry Q Religion

F Technology R Philosophy

G Biology S Psychology

H Geology ∑ Social Science

HX Mining T Education

I Botany U Geography

J Agriculture V History

K Zoology W Political Science

KX Animal Husbandry X Economics

L Medicine Y Sociology

LX Pharmacognosy YX Social Work

M Useful Arts Z Law

MZ Humanities & Social Sciences

Each main subject is further divided into subordinate subjects and sub-aspects grouped
under Personality, Material, Energy, Space and facets represented by P M E S T as well as
specials and systems. Take the example of ‘J’ Agriculture, in which ‘Forestry’ is represented by
‘JX’ as a system, and ‘Dry Farming’ by ‘JD’ as special. Similarly, other aspects or facets of
agriculture like horticulture, floriculture, flower, fruit, seed, pulse, stimulant crops, oilseed, drug
etc. are classified as personality (P) where as soil, manure, propagation, disease, breeding,
harvesting physiology, ecology, tillage, conservation etc. have been treated as energy (E)

After providing classification number for the subject a book is also provided a Book
Number, which may consist of one or more of the following successive Facets ie year number,
volume number, copy number, etc. For Example N98.2;5 is the book number. N98 represents
year 1998. 2 represents volume No.2, ; 5 is the fifth copy of the book in the library. Class Number,
Book Number and Collection Number jointly make it CALL NUMBER which is written on the
spine of a book and also in the back of the title page. Readers re-call the book from the book shelf by
this call number. CC has provided tables for book number, common isolates for bibliography,
encyclopedia, periodical, etc., time isolates (Chronological divisions) and language isolates for
Indian and foreign languages also.

CATALOGUING

Catalogue is the most important reference tool which is known as mirror of the library
collection. The catalogue available in the following forms:

 Card Catlogue

 OPAC (Online Public Access Catalogue)

 Catalogue in Book Form

Catalogue helps the reader in finding out the required material. The user may seek his or
her book under different approaches like author, title, series, joint author, publishers, subject,
keyword etc., The catalogue is a record of holdings of library and is a guide to the identification
and location of each item on the shelves.

WEBOPAC (Online Public Access Catalogue)

An Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC) is a computerized electronic catalogue.
OPAC helps to searchBooks, Current journals, Back Volumes, Reports, Theses and other
documents available in the library by using Boolean operators. OPAC offers several advantages
over the traditional card catalogue. There are more advanced searching options than the usual
author, title, and subject search.
 Accessing Consortia Journals

1. Basic search for faster and Quick search

2. Browse Table of Contents using Journal Finder option
3. Locate articles of your favourite author, using Author Finder option
4. Advance search for complex searches based on multiple parameters
5. Save search history, click on Search History
6. To view selected marked results, click on View Marked Results
7. To register & create your favourite journals, click on My J-Gate
8. Limit your results to Consortia subscribed journals or My library journals or My
Favourite journals
9. By default all subjects are selected, click to de-selected subjects
10. To view article with full text access, click on the limit “Full Text Only”
11. To view articles from Indian journal only, click on the limit Indian Journals
12. For results from only professional and industry journals, de-selected the peer reviewed
option
13. De-select the professional & industry journals option to view results from peer reviewed
journals only

Refine Search Result

1. Narrow search results using the options Filter Results by Subject, Author, Journal or
Years. For default setting, de-selected the selections & click on the button “Apply filter”
2. Pictorial representation of filters is displayed on clicking the charting button.
3. For graphical view of search results by Subject or Journal.
4. Click to limit results to Consortia Subscribed Journals or My Library Journals or My
Favourite Journals
5. Refine your search results using Refine Search. For new searches, use New Search
option
6. By default All results are displayed, Full Text Tab will display articles where the user has
full text access.
7. To change the pre-search settings click on change search setting link
8. By default the search results are displayed by Date of Publication, click on Relevancy to
display articles based on relevancy.

View Articles of Your Interest

1. Click Article Title to view the details of the articles with links to
a. Full Text, for the articles you have full text access online
b. Availability in your Library, if the article is subscribed in print and the hard copy is
available in your library
c. Request Article link appears if the article is available in one of the participating
library and they are ready to participate in inter library loan (ILL).
d. Find in a Library link will be displayed if the article is available in one of the non-
designated ILL member library(s), you may contact any of these libraries for
document delivery request outside the system.
2. Click on the Author Name to quickly view the articles written by an author.
3. Click on the Keyword to quickly view the articles having the selected keyword
4. Click on the Journal Name to view all the other articles of the same issue

Request Article from a Library

Advance search for more complex search Query

Author Finder to Find Articles of an Author

Journal Finder and Browse Journal Using A-Z Listing
1. Search to locate and view table of contents of a journal.
a. Subjects limit – By default all subjects are pre-selected, click to deselect.
Click on the + mark provided against a subject to view the subject hierarchy.
b. To view Peer Reviewed Journals, de-selected the professional and industry option
c. To view only the Professional and Industry Journals, de-selected the Peer reviewed
option
d. To view Indian Journals check the Indian Journals option.
2. To browse through all the journals listed, click on the link A-Z listing
3. Filter and browse journals using Category and Subject
4. Click on Browse by Publisher, Browse by Latest update or Browse by Packagesto view
Journal accordingly.
5. Selected available journals in your subject category or subcategory by deselecting
all,expanding the basic subject areas and selecting the subcategory.
6. FT->Full Text, AL->Available in Library, RA->Request Article

Browse Table of Contents

Register to create My Favourites Journals & Set Alerts