UNIT

4
Sociology
Reading
VOCABULARY
Writing
GRAMMAR
taking notes
using the dictionary
writing an opinion paragraph
modals

Unit Question

What makes
a competition
unfair?

A Discuss these questions with your classmates.

1. What sports do you like to play? What sports do you
like to watch?

2. Look at the photo. What are these people doing?

B Listen to The Q Classroom online. Then answer

these questions.

1. Do you think that the home team has an advantage?

Why or why not?

2. Can you give an example of cheating in sports?

ONLINE C Go to the Online Discussion Board to discuss the

Unit Question with your classmates.

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 UNIT Read the articles. Gather information and ideas to
OBJECTIVE
write an opinion paragraph about what makes a
competition unfair.

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 D Circle the answer that makes each statement true for you.
a. I (often / sometimes / rarely) watch sports on TV.

b. I think professional athletes’ salaries are (too high / about right / too low).
Preview the unit

c. I think most Olympic competitions are ( fair / unfair).

E Look at the list of sports below. Which sports do you think are the most
interesting to watch? Write the sports in order from most interesting (1) to
least interesting (8). Then discuss your answers with a partner.

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 READING

Reading 1 Money and Sports

UNIT You are going to read an article about money and professional soccer teams.
OBJECTIVE
Use the article to gather information and ideas for your Unit Assignment.

PREVIEW THE READING

A. Vocabulary  Here are some words from Reading 1. Read the sentences.
Then write each underlined word next to the correct definition.

1. Ramón is tall for his age, so he has an advantage when he plays basketball.
2. Our baseball team was very strong. We won the state championship.
3. When I compete against my brother in tennis, I usually lose.
4. Andy’s new bike had an immediate effect on his results. He won his next
three races.
5. The team’s financial situation is very bad. They don’t have enough money
to buy new uniforms.
6. My favorite sports include volleyball and soccer.
7. The limit for the number of people allowed in the club’s swimming pool
is 45. It is unsafe with more than 45 people.

8. Our soccer coach had a solution to our problem. She had us change positions.
a. (verb) to try to win or achieve something
b. (verb) to have someone or something as a part of
the whole
c. ( noun) a series of competitions to find the best player
or team
d. ( noun) a change that is caused by something; a result
e. (noun) something that helps you or that is useful
f. (noun) the greatest amount of something that is
possible or allowed
g. (noun) the answer to a question or problem
h. (adjective) connected with money

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 ONLINE B. Go online for more practice with the vocabulary.

C. PREVIEW Scan the article to find the names of three teams and two
people. To find the answers quickly, scan for capital letters. Then look at
the title of the article. What do you think these teams and players have
in common?

D. QUICK WRITE Do you think wealthy teams are usually better teams? Why
or why not? Write a short paragraph to answer the question. If possible,
give examples to support your opinion. Be sure to use this section for
your Unit Assignment.

Work With The Reading

A. Read the magazine article and gather information about what makes a
competition unfair.

Money and Sports

1 “Goal!” shouts the announcer. It is a familiar For example, Cristiano Ronaldo used to play for
sound for Real Madrid these days. They have Manchester United. Now he is Madrid’s top player
just scored another goal against a visiting and earns $21.9 million per year. The richest clubs
team. Compared to Madrid, the other side can pay the highest salaries of the best players.
looks weak. The visiting players know that it Other wealthy clubs include Arsenal, Bayern
is almost impossible to win a game against Munich, and AC Milan. As a result, these clubs have
such a strong team. Real Madrid has better been very successful. For example, Real Madrid
players, better coaches, better equipment, has won nine European Cup championships,
and better salaries. They have something more than any other team. Between 2003 and
that many teams don’t have: a lot of money. 2013, all but two of the European Cup champions
This gives their club an unfair advantage were from the 10 wealthiest teams. Money is
over other teams that are not as wealthy. a clear advantage for these soccer teams.
2 Real Madrid is now the richest soccer team 3 The wealthiest teams make money in several
in the world, with England’s Manchester United ways. First, they can sell tickets at high prices
the second richest. Madrid is worth more than because fans1 want to see the top players
$3.3 billion. Manchester United is worth more than in action. Second, television stations pay
$3.1 billion and Barcelona is worth $2.6 billion. the teams to broadcast their games. Third,
These clubs have enough money to pay the large companies give financial support to the
high salaries of the best players in the world. best teams. These corporate sponsors2 pay

1 fans: people who are very enthusiastic about something

2 corporate sponsors: companies that help pay for special
sports events

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 money so that their company name can be
on the clubs’ shirts, shoes, and stadiums.
4 The recent success of the English team
Chelsea shows an example of the effect of
money on a team. For many years, Chelsea
was a club with little money and few wins. They
didn’t have a lot of money to pay good players.
Their last championship win was in 1955.
Everything changed in 2003 when Russian
billionaire Roman Abramovich bought the team
for $233 million. In his first year, Abramovich Sports fans love close competition between athletes.
spent more than $350 million on players. By
their money with the poorer ones. This way,
2006, Chelsea had won two championships. Now
the poorer teams would be able to pay higher
Chelsea is one of the richest clubs in the world.
salaries for better players. Another solution
5 Many sports fans feel that money in sports
is to put a limit on the amount of money that
creates an unfair advantage. Some teams
teams can spend on players’ salaries. This
have so much money that it seems impossible
way, the players’ salaries would not continue
for poorer clubs to beat them. Wealthy teams
to rise so much. However, finding and agreeing
are usually more successful, so they sell
upon the best solution is very complicated.
more tickets and make more money. Teams
7 Sports fans love close competitions between
that do not have as much money usually
athletes, but everyone wants teams to compete
are not as successful. It is difficult for them
fairly. Fair competitions do not seem possible
to get money from tickets, television, and
when there are a small number of teams
corporate sponsors. Sports fans know that
that are very wealthy. Money creates unfair
money gives some clubs a great advantage.
advantages in professional sports, and although
6 There are no easy solutions to this problem,
there are no easy answers, we should continue
but there are some possibilities. Some people
to search for ways to make sports fair.
think that rich teams could share some of

World’s Richest Soccer Clubs in 2013

Rank Team Country Value ($mil) Yearly Revenue ($mil)

1 Real Madrid Spain 3,300 650
2 Manchester United England 3,265 502
3 Barcelona Spain 2,600 613
4 Arsenal England 1,326 368
5 Bayern Munich Germany 1,309 468
6 AC Milan Italy 945 326
7 Chelsea England 901 409
8 Juventus Italy 694 248
9 Manchester City England 689 362
10 Liverpool England 651 296
Note: Value is how much the club is worth. Yearly Revenue is how much the club makes every year from ticket sales, TV time, and so on.

Sources: “Soccer Team Values,” Forbes Magazine, May 7, 2014; “Money and Sports,” from “Soccer Team Valuations,” Forbes
Magazine, April 8, 2009; “Soccer’s Richest Clubs Get Richer,” by Jack Gage; “In Pictures: 20 Top-Earning Players,” by Paul Maidment
and Christina Settimi and “The World’s Best Paid Soccer Players,” by Christina Settimi from Forbes Magazine, April 30, 2008.

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 B. Read the statements. Write T (true) or F (false). Then correct each false
statement to make it true.

1. The wealthiest teams can attract the best players.

2. The wealthiest teams are usually the most successful.

3. The wealthiest teams sell their tickets at low prices.

4. Many sports fans feel that wealthy teams have an unfair advantage.

5. There are some easy solutions to the problem of wealthy teams having
an unfair advantage.

C. Answer these questions.

1. According to the article, which soccer team is the richest in the world?

2. How much money did Cristiano Ronaldo earn at the time this article was
written? Do you think he earned more when he played for Manchester
United or when he played for Real Madrid?

3. What do corporate sponsors do for a team?

4. In the article, what are the two suggested solutions to the problem of
money in sports?

5. How are wealthy teams able to make money? Explain the three ways.

6. What happened in 2003 that changed the success of the Chelsea team?

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 Tip for Success D. Complete the sentences. Use information from the chart on page 79.
Reading a graph
or chart requires 1. England has of the wealthiest teams, while Spain has
special attention.
Read the title and .
think about each
of the labels. Ask
yourself, “What does 2. The value of Bayern Munich is just a little less than .
this chart tell me?”
3. Overall, the higher the rank, the higher the .

4. The team with the highest yearly revenue is .

5. The team with the lowest yearly revenue has a rank of .

E. Discuss with a partner the two suggested solutions in the article. Think
of a third solution and add it to the chart. Fill in the chart with the
advantages and disadvantages of each solution. Then complete the
sentences, giving your opinion of the best solution.

Money and professional soccer teams

Solutions Advantages Disadvantages
1.

2.

3.

In my opinion, the best solution is to

because .

Although
.

ONLINE F. Go online to read An Unusual Game and check your comprehension.

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 Write What You Think
A. Ask and answer the questions with a partner.
1. What other sports have wealthy teams and poor teams? Do they have the
same problems described in Reading 1?

2. Professional athletes earn very high salaries. Do you think their salaries
are too high? Why or why not?

B. Choose one of the questions in Activity A and write a response. Look back
at your Quick Write on page 78 as you think about what you learned.

Reading Skill Taking notes

When you read an article or textbook, it is helpful to take notes while you read.
You can write notes directly in the book next to the text. Taking notes can help
you remember what you read. When you take notes, you do not need to write
complete sentences. You can write short phrases or even just a few words. You can
also underline or highlight important information.
Some things you might note are:
• main ideas
• supporting ideas
• important names, dates, or numbers
You can use your notes for summarizing, answering questions, comparing ideas,
or studying for a test.

A. Take notes on Reading 1.

1. Reread paragraph 3 in Reading 1 on pages 78 and 79. Make notes in the

margin beside the main idea and three supporting ideas.

2. Reread paragraph 4 in Reading 1 on page 79. Highlight the important

names and numbers.

3. Reread paragraph 6 in Reading 1 on page 79. Underline the main idea and
two supporting ideas.

B. Work with a partner. Compare your notes from Activity A.

ONLINE C. Go online for more practice with taking notes.

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 Reading 2 The Technology Advantage
UNIT You are going to read an online article about technology in sports. Use the
OBJECTIVE
article to gather information and ideas for your Unit Assignment.

PREVIEW THE READING

Vocabulary A. VOCABULARY Here are some words from Reading 2. Read their
Skill Review definitions. Then complete each sentence.
In Unit 3, you
learned about using
prefixes to expand artificial (adjective) made or produced to copy something natural; not real
vocabulary. Add the ban (verb) to officially say that something is not allowed
prefixes in-, im-, or
un- to the following energy (noun) strength and ability to be active without getting tired
words from Readings equipment (noun) the things that are needed to do a particular activity
1 and 2: complicated,
expensive, possible, invent (verb) to think of or make something for the first time
safe, successful. Use performance (noun) how well or badly you do something; how well or badly
your dictionary to
check spelling. something works
reason (noun) the cause of something; something that explains why something
happens
technology (noun) the scientific knowledge or equipment that is needed for a
particular industry
Oxford 3000™ words

1. Airline companies agreed to smoking on airplanes

many years ago. Now smoking is not allowed on any flights.

2. Playing sports requires a lot of , so athletes need to eat

healthy foods and drink plenty of water.

3. Many professional sports stadiums have grass, which

requires less care and attention than real grass.

4. The for my low test score became clear: I had studied

the wrong unit.

5. After hiring a new coach, the ice skater’s greatly

improved. Her scores in competitions were much higher.

6. Running is a popular sport because it is great exercise, and it doesn’t require

a lot of special . All you need are running shoes.

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 7. My friend is a very creative cook. He likes to new
recipes for unusual dishes.

8. New is helping improve sports equipment. Now

athletes can ski, bike, and swim even faster.

ONLINE B. Go online for more practice with the vocabulary.

C. PREVIEW Preview the reading. Read the first paragraph, the first
sentence of each supporting paragraph, and the last paragraph. What
would be the best subtitle for the article? Check (✓) your answer.

■ The Technology Advantage: Computer Companies Support Sports Teams

■ The Technology Advantage: Improve Your Video Game Skills

■ The Technology Advantage: Better Equipment, Better Performance

D. QUICK WRITE What are some examples of how technology is improving

equipment for athletes? Think, for example, of how technology may
improve skis, tennis racquets, or running shoes. Write a few sentences
about the topic. Be sure to use this section for your Unit Assignment.

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 Work With The Reading
A. Read the article and gather information about what makes a competition unfair.

The Technology
Advantage
1 Since ancient times, athletes have always use full-body suits made of this material, they
looked for ways to win competitions. Athletes swim faster and float better. The material also
can be winners with better training, better sends more oxygen to swimmers’ muscles.
coaching, and better food. They can also 4 Companies introduced these new high-tech
improve performance with better equipment: swimsuits in 2008. Soon after, swimmers
better shoes, better skis, or a better tennis using the suits began breaking world swim
racquet. Even the early Greeks used records at a surprising rate. In the 2008
engineering to make a better discus1 to Beijing Olympic Games, swimmers broke
throw. However, people want sports 25 world records. Twenty-three of those
to be fair. For this reason, sports swimmers wore the high-tech suits. By
organizations make rules about athletes, comparison, Olympic swimmers broke only
equipment, and the game itself. eight world records in 2004. Then, in the
2 Nowadays, new technology is helping 2009 World Championships, swimmers broke
athletes. From high-tech clothing to artificial 43 world records. People knew that the new
arms and legs, there are many new ways to suits were helping athletes. In January 2010,
improve performance. However, many people the Fédération Internationale de Natation
worry that technology can give some athletes (International Swimming Federation, or FINA)
an advantage. It can make competitions banned the high-tech suits. Most competitive
unfair. Also, often only wealthier athletes swimmers were happy about the ban. As
and teams can buy expensive, high-tech one Olympic swimmer said, “Swimming
equipment. Do we want the best athlete is actually swimming again. It’s not who’s
to win, or the athlete with the best equipment wearing what suit, who has what material.
to win? We’re all under the same guidelines 3.”
3 The story of high-tech swimsuits shows how 5 In the two years after the ban, swimmers
technology can make sports unfair. Several broke only two world records. Clearly the
years ago, sports engineers invented a new expensive, high-tech suits were the reason
material for swimsuits. It has many of the behind the faster swimming times. The suits
same qualities as shark 2 skin. When swimmers gave some swimmers an unfair advantage.

1 discus: a heavy, flat, round object thrown in a sporting event 3 guidelines: rules or instructions that are given by an official
2 shark: a large, often dangerous, ocean fish with many sharp teeth organization telling you how to do something

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 6 Better equipment is not always a bad thing, 7 The question is this: When does technology
of course. New equipment can certainly create an unfair advantage? In the future, sports
be good for a sport. For example, tennis engineers may invent an artificial leg that is
racquets used to be wooden. The heavy better than a real leg. Will it be acceptable for
rackets could break and cause injuries. In competitions? Do high-tech contact lenses
the 1980s, companies introduced new high- give golfers an advantage? Can runners use
tech carbon racquets, which are easier special shoes that help them run faster while
and safer to use. The new racquets have using less energy? These questions do not
made tennis more enjoyable for the average have easy answers. We must make sure
tennis player. Technology has improved that technology does not make sports unfair.
equipment in all sports, from downhill skiing However, we should welcome improvements that
to bicycle racing. make sports more enjoyable and safer for all.

Fastest Times for Women’s

KEY DATES
100-Meter Freestyle 2000: Speedo Fastskin introduced
55 seconds 2004: Speedo Fastskin II introduced
2007: Speedo Fastskin PRO introduced
2008: Speedo LZR Racer introduced
2010: FINA bans Fastskin and LZR Racer swimsuits

54

53

52

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Red years were Olympic Game years.
Source:
Source: http://engineeringsport.co.uk
http://engineeringsport.co.uk

B. Read one student’s notes for the article. Write the correct paragraph
number next to each note.

a. Some improvements are good; sports become easier, safer.

b. Swimmers broke many new records in 2008–2009; FINA banned suits

in 2010.
1 c. Athletes always look for ways to improve performance.

d. After ban, swimmers broke few records.

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 e. Engineers invented new material; like shark skin.

f. Technology can give athletes an advantage.

g. Many questions about technology and sports; no easy answers.

C. Answer these questions.

1. Why are some people concerned about technology in sports?

2. What were the advantages of the full-body swimsuits?

3. How did people know that the new swimsuit material gave swimmers an
advantage?

4. Who banned swimmers from using the new material in swimsuits?

5. What happened to swimming records after the swim organization banned

the suits?

6. According to the article, what are some high-tech inventions that may give
athletes an advantage in the future?

D. Read the statements about the graph on page 86. Write T (true) or
F (false). Then correct each false statement to make it true.

1. The graph shows the fastest times for women swimmers between
1990 and 2010.

2. The slowest time was in 2003, and the fastest time was in 2009.

3. The fastest time increased by 1.5 minutes in 2009.

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 4. The Speedo Company introduced four different swimsuit designs
between 2000 and 2008.

5. Overall, times have not decreased between 1998 and 2011.

E. Discuss these questions with a partner or in a group.

1. Some swimmers were in favor of the new swimsuit material. List three
reasons swimmers might be in favor of the material.

2. Do you think it was a good idea to ban the swimsuit material in 2010?
Why or why not?

WRITE WHAT YOU THINK

A. Discuss these questions in a group. Look back at your Quick Write on
page 84 as you think about what you learned.

1. Think of a sport that you enjoy doing or watching. How has technology
changed the sport or its equipment? Is the sport safer than it was 50 years
ago? Is the sport easier to do?

2. In general, it seems that athletes perform better and are stronger than in
the past. Why do you think that is? What are some possible reasons?

ONLINE B. Go online to watch the video aerodynamic (adj.) designed to move quickly

video vocabulary
about special high-tech through the air
“skinsuits” used by the United
States speed skaters in the blame (n.) responsibility for something bad
2014 Olympic Games in Sochi, meltdown (n.) a situation in which something
Russia. Then check your fails in a sudden or dramatic way
comprehension. venting (v.) strongly expressing a feeling,
especially anger

C. Think about the unit video, Reading 1, and Reading 2 as you discuss
these questions. Then choose one question and write a response.

1. In the Olympic Games, competitions should be fair. Do you think they are?
What can make a competition unfair at the Olympics?

2. In addition to money and technology, what else can improve an athlete’s

performance? In your opinion, what can make the biggest difference?

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 decision is always final. something wrong: He used a false name for years
i the last/final straw A STRAW before he was found out.
fi•nal 2 k w /"faInl/ noun [C] 1 (also finals) find 2 /faInd/ noun [C] a thing or a person that is
(SPORTS ) the last game or match in a series of com- unusually good or valuable: This little gadget was a
petitions or sports events: Do you think the Lakers will real find.
make it to the NBA finals this year? x The finals of the find•er /"faInd@r/ noun [C] a person who finds
swimming championship will be held in Niagara Falls. something
A Look at semifina. 2 (also final exam) an examin-
find •ing /"faIndIN/ noun [C] (usually plural) some-

Vocabulary Skill Using the dictionary

ation that you take at the end of a course: I’m
studying hard for my finals. x I’m taking my history final
thing that is discovered by research or investiga-
tion: the findings of a survey/report/committee
tomorrow.
fi•nal•e /fI"n&li ; -"nAli/ noun [C] (MUSIC ) the last part
fine 1
k /faIn/ adj.
Understanding additional information
of a piece of music, a show, etc.
b VERY GOOD 1 (only before a noun) of very good
quality, beautiful: a fine piece of work x That’s the
A dictionary givesfiyou •nal•ist /"faInl•Ist/ noun [C] a person who is in the
more than just the definition of a word.finest It also gives
painting I’veyouever seen by that artist.
final (1) of a competition A Look at semifinalis.
2
b ACCEPTABLE/SATISFACTORY 2 good enough: “Do you
other useful information. fi•nal•izeFor example:
w /"faInl•aIz/ verb [T] to make firm want some more cream in your coffee?” “No, thanks,
decisions about plans, dates, etc.: Have you finalized that’s fine.” x Don’t cook anything special – a sandwich
• the pronunciation your vacationof the word
plans yet? will be fine. x The hotel rooms were fine but the food was
• the part of speech fi•nal•ly k w /"faInl•i/ adv. 1 after a long time or terrible. 3 in good health, or happy and comfortable:
“How are you?” “Fine, thanks.” x “Do you want to trade
delay: It was getting dark when the plane finally took
• example sentences to show how to use the word correctly
off. 2 (formal) (used at the beginning of a sentence
places?” “No, thanks. I’m fine here.”
• other forms of when theyou wordhave a list of things to say, especially in a GRAMMAR
speech) as a last point: Finally, I would like to say how We do not use meanings 2 and 3 in questions or in
When you read the much example sentences,
we all enjoyed notice which prepositions
this evening. are used
the negative form, so you CANNOT say “Are you
fi•nance 1 k w /"faIn&ns; f@"n&ns/ noun fine?” or “This isn’t fine.”
with a particular verb. Notice which nouns are
(BUSINESS ) 1 [U] the management of money, espe- used with a particular adjective.
b THIN 4 very thin: shampoo for fine hair x a fine pencil
Understanding additional information
cially by governments in a companies:
or large dictionarythewill help
Senate Finance Committee x an expert in finance 2
youSMALL
b WITH learn how5 made
GRAINS to of very small pieces,
use new words correctly. grains, etc.: Salt is finer than sugar. ANT coarse
finances [pl.] the money a person, company,
b DETAIL/DISTINCTIONS 6 difficult to see; very detailed:
country, etc. has available to spend: What are our
pronunciation The difference in meaning between those two words is
finances like right now?(= How much money do we
Black platex I(136,1)
very fine. couldn’t understand the finer points of his
have?)
argument.
fi•nance k w /"faIn&ns; part
2 f@"n&ns of speech
/ verb [T]
fine 2 /faIn/ adv. (informal) very well: Don’t worry –
(BUSINESS ) to provide the money to pay for some-
you’ll do just fine.
thing: Your trip will be financed by the company.
compensation • • a bcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
fi nan cial k w /f@"n&nSl; faI-/ adj. (BUSINESS) fine 3 /faIn/ noun [C] (POLITICS ) a sum of money that
you have to pay for breaking a law or rule: a parking
definition connected with money: The business got into finan-
fineexample
x You’ll get sentences
a fine if you park your car there. x He’ll
cial difficulties. x If you plan to go to college, you’ll
because you have injuredprobably him/herhave or lost or for financial
to apply com aid•pile w /k@m"paIl/
(= money that is
have
verbto[Teither pay a heavy
] to collect infor-fine or go to prison.
damaged his/her property: givenTo compensate
to students who for the
cannot pay mation
the fulland of their it infine
costarrange a list,4book, / verb
/faInetc.: T] fine sb
to [compile a (for sth/for doing sth)
loss of my luggage, the airline sent me a d
education). check.
fi•nan 2 com-
•cial•ly w listadv.
of addresses (POLITICS ) to make someone pay a sum of money
pensate (for sth) [I] to remove
w /%faIn&n"sIrcom
•pla•cent /k@m"pleIsnt
fin•an•or reduce the bad
cier
effect of something; to make up for something: His
; %fIn&n"sIr ; %fIn@n"sIr/
because
/ adj.he/she
feeling has broken a law or rule: He was
so satis-
noun [ C] (BUSINESS ) a person who fiedlends yourself or with fined
withlarge $50 for speeding.
the situation that you
willingness to work hard compensates for his lack of
amounts of money to businesses think (perhaps wrongly)ˌfine ˈartsisnoun
that there no need [pl.]to(ART , MUSIC ) subjects such as
skill. another form worry: He had won his matches so easily
painting, that he music,
drawing, was in or making movies: He
com pen sa tion w /discover
• • •
find 1
k /faInd/ verb [T] (pt., pp. found /faUnd/) 1 to
%kAmp@n"seISn/ noun 1 danger of becoming complacent. majored d com
in fine
•plaartscen
• •cy /York University.
at New
[U] money that you pay to someone, something
especiallythat you want or that you have
k@m"pleIsnsi/ noun [U]: fine We have•ly achieved
k / "faInlia high
/ adv. 1 into small pieces: finely
becauseentries
you have injured lost, after searching
him/her or lost or for it: Did you find thebut
standard pen youis no cause for complacency.
All dictionary are from the Oxford American Dictionary for learners of English ©there
Oxford University 2011. 2 inWe
Pressonions
chopped can
a delicate or precise way: a finely
lost? x I can’t find my new sweater anywhere. x After six
damaged his/her property: She demanded compen- still improve. tuned instrument
months, she finally found a job. x Scientists still haven’t
sation from the company for the injury she suffered while com•plain k /k@m"pleIn/ verb 1 [I, T] complain
working there. x unemployment compensation 2 [C, U] a
Read
fact A. thethat
or action dictionary
removes or entry
ǝr bird reduces ɪr below.
near ɛrThen
the bad effect
(about sth)
hair answer
not car the
arsatisfied
; complain
ɔr questions.
north
with or happy
(that…) to say that you are
ʊrabout ӡ vision I wish
tour something: h hat ŋ sing
of something: Being a parent can be difficult, but there you would quit complaining. x People are always com-
are compensations (= good things about it). plaining about the weather. x We complained to the
com•pete k /k@m"pit/ verb [I] compete (against/ hotel manager that the room was too noisy. A Look at
with sb) (for sth) to try to win or achieve some- the note at grumble, protes. 2 [I] (HEALTH )
thing, or to try to be better than someone else: The complain of sth to say that you have a pain or
world’s best athletes compete in the Olympic Games. x illness: He went to the doctor, complaining of chest
The teams are competing for the state championship. x pains.
When they were kids, they always used to compete with com•plaint k /k@m"pleInt/ noun complaint
each other. x They had to compete against several larger (about sth); complaint (that…) 1 [C] a statement
companies to get the contract. that you are not satisfied with something: You
com pe tence /"kAmp@t@ns/ noun [U] having the
• • should make a complaint to the company that made the
ability or skill that is needed: This job requires com- machine. 2 [U] the act of complaining: I wrote a letter
petence in several computer applications. of complaint to the manager about the service I had
received. x a cause for complaint 3 [C] (HEALTH ) an
1.com •pe•tent /"kAmp@t@nt/ adj. 1 having the
Which prepositions are used with the verb
ability or skill needed for something: a highly com- illnesscompete?
or disease: a heart complaint x minor com-
petent player x She is competent at her job. x He is not plaints
2. competent
Whichtoprepositions
be a manager. ANTare used in these
incompetent 2 com•ple•ment 1 w /"kAmpl@m@nt/ noun [C] 1 a
phrases?
good enough but not excellent: a competent, but not thing that goes together well with something else: A
particularly exciting, performance s satisfactory d light sauce is the perfect complement to this dessert. 2
a. •compete
com pe•tent•ly adv. or the total number that makes a person
a group complete:
com•pe•ti•tion k /%kAmp@"tISn/ noun 1 [C] an Without a full complement of players, the team will not
be able to take part in the game. 3 (ENG. LANG. ARTS ) a
b. compete
organized event in which people try to win some-
thing: She entered a competition in the newspaper and
the championship
word or words, especially a noun or adjective, used
won a car. x He finished second in an international after a verb such as “be” or “become” and describ-
c. compete
piano competition. 2 [U] a situation where two oreach other ing the subject of that verb: In “He’s friendly” and
more people are trying to achieve the same thing or “He’s a fool,” “friendly” and “fool” are complements.

d. compete
gain an advantage: There was fierce competition com•ple•Games
the Olympic ment 2 w /"kAmpl@m@nt/ verb [T] to
among the players for places on the team. x She is in go together well with: The colors of the furniture and
competition with three other people for the scholarship. x the carpet complement each other.
Competition from the national chains means that many com•ple•men•ta•ry| Reading and Writing
w /%kAmpl@"mEnt@ri ;- 89
small stores have had to close. 3 [U, sing.] the other "mEntri/ adj. going together well with something;
© Copyright Oxford University Press
people, companies, etc. who are trying to achieve adding something which the other thing does not
the same as you: If we are going to succeed, we must have: They work well together because their skills are
offer a better product than our competition. x laws to complementary: he’s practical and she’s creative.
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 3. Which example sentence shows that compete is not just for sports?

4. Using the example sentences as a guide, write two of your own sentences
with compete.

Tip for Success B. Use your dictionary to answer the questions.

Be sure you know
the abbreviations 1. What part of speech is the word responsibility? responsible?
and meanings for
parts of speech ,
in a dictionary.
n. noun 2. The word expert is a noun. What other part of speech can it be?
v. verb
adj. adjective
adv. adverb
prep. preposition 3. What parts of speech is the word profit? profitable?
conj. conjunction
and ,

4. What is the plural form of ability?

ONLINE C. Go online for more practice with using the dictionary.

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 WRITING

UNIT At the end of this unit, you will write an opinion paragraph about what makes
OBJECTIVE
a competition unfair. This paragraph will include specific information from the
readings and your own ideas.

Writing Skill Writing an opinion paragraph

In an opinion paragraph, you give your ideas about a topic. Writers often
introduce their opinions with these phrases:
I (do not) think (that); I (do not) believe (that); In my opinion; I feel (that)
I do not think that it is fair for poor teams to compete against wealthy teams.
I believe that players should not be permitted to break the rules.

Writing Tip In an opinion paragraph, you want to make the reader agree with your opinion, so
you need to support your opinion with reasons and supporting details or examples.
Phrases that
introduce your Wealthy teams can sell tickets at high prices because fans want to see the top
opinions (I believe
that, I think that) can players in action.
make your opinions Second, television stations pay the teams to broadcast their games.
sound more polite.
Third, large companies support the best teams.

Your paragraph should end with a strong concluding sentence. Your concluding
sentence should restate the topic of your paragraph and your opinion about it.
For these reasons, I believe that the new equipment is unfair.
I feel strongly that money creates an unfair advantage in sports.

A. WRITING MODEL Read the model opinion paragraph. Then answer the
questions on page 92.
As technology becomes more and more advanced, athletes will soon have
contact lenses that do more than correct vision problems. High-tech contact
lenses can greatly improve eyesight so that an athlete’s eyesight is much stronger
than the average person’s. This gives an unfair advantage to some athletes. In
my opinion, sports organizations ought to have rules against contact lenses in
competitions. Eyesight is extremely important in sports like golf and baseball.
Athletes have to see objects that are very far away. For this reason, if they have
super-vision because of high-tech contact lenses, they will play better than other
athletes. We already have reports that this is true. Professional golfers say that
high-tech contact lenses have greatly improved their performance. The cost
is another reason I am against high-tech contact lenses. These lenses are too
expensive for many players. Players who cannot afford them are at a disadvantage.
For these reasons, I feel strongly that there must be rules against high-tech contact
lenses in some sports.
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 1. In which sentence does the writer introduce the opinion? What phrase
signals the opinion?

2. Where does the writer give background information about the topic?

3. What are the two reasons for the writer’s opinion?

4. What phrase signals each reason?

5. Where does the writer restate the paragraph topic?

Critical Thinking Tip B. Fill in the graphic organizer with information from the paragraph on page 91.
In Activity B, you
have to show your
understanding of Opinion
a reading text by
completing a graphic
organizer. Showing
information using Sports organizations ought to have .
a graphic organizer
is a good way to
analyze how writers
develop their ideas.
Reason Reason

They can give athletes are very

. expensive.

Supporting Details Supporting Details

Eyesight is extremely important

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 C. Choose a topic for an opinion paragraph. Then plan your writing. Make
a graphic organizer similar to the one in Activity B. Fill it in with ideas for
your paragraph. Include reasons, details, and examples.
Topic A: What sport do you think is the best for a young child to learn?
Topic B: Some parents encourage students to specialize in just one sport at a
very early age. They want their children to be very skilled and competitive. Is
this a good idea?

D. Write sentences to use in your paragraph.

1. Write a sentence introducing your opinion. Remember, this is usually not
the first sentence in the paragraph.

2. Write a concluding sentence. It can restate your opinion in different words.

E. Write an opinion paragraph. Use your graphic organizer from Activity C

and your sentences from Activity D.

ONLINE F. Go online for more practice with opinion paragraphs.

Grammar Modals
One way to give your opinion is to use the modals should, should (not),
and ought to.
Professional athletes should have lower salaries.
Coaches ought to follow the rules.
I believe that disabled athletes should not compete against
able-bodied athletes.
Note that ought not is rarely used.
To make a very strong statement of your opinion, you can use must and must not.
Officials must allow disabled athletes to participate in the Olympic Games.
We must not let sports be unfair in our schools.

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 A. Look at the paragraph on page 91. Circle the modals ought to and must.

B. Complete the first part of these sentences using should, should not, or
ought to. Then finish the sentence with your own ideas. Use each modal
at least once. Then compare and discuss your answers with a partner.

1. I think that children compete in very competitive

sports because .

2. Athletes take drugs to improve their performance

because .

3. I believe that there be a limit on salaries for

professional soccer players because .

4. In my opinion, athletes in schools get good grades

because .

C. Look back at your opinion paragraph in Activity E on page 93. Underline

the modals. If there are no modals, rewrite some of your sentences to
include modals.

ONLINE D. Go online for more practice with modals.

E. Go online for the grammar expansion.

Unit Assignment Write an opinion paragraph

UNIT In this assignment, you will write an opinion paragraph. As you prepare
OBJECTIVE
your paragraph, think about the Unit Question, “What makes a competition
unfair?” Use information from Reading 1, Reading 2, the unit video, and
your work in this unit to support your opinion paragraph. Refer to the Self-
Assessment checklist on page 96.

ONLINE Go to the Online Writing Tutor for a writing model and alternate Unit
Assignments.

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 Plan and Write
A.  brainstorm  Complete the activities.

1. What makes a competition unfair? Brainstorm a list of ideas.

2. Circle two or three of the best ideas on your list.

B. Plan  Discuss your ideas from Activity A in a group. Then write your
opinions as a topic sentence for your paragraph and complete the
graphic organizer with your reasons and supporting details.

Opinion/Topic Sentence

Reason Reason

Supporting Details Supporting Details

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 ONLINE C. WRITE Use your PLAN notes to write your opinion paragraph. Go to
iQ Online to use the Online Writing Tutor.

1. Include phrases from the Writing Skill on page 91 to introduce your

opinions. Use the modals should (not), ought to, and must (not) to give
your opinion. Be sure that your paragraph ends with a strong concluding
sentence.

2. Look at the Self-Assessment checklist to guide your writing.

Revise and Edit

ONLINE A.  peer review  Read your partner’s paragraph. Then go online and use the
Peer Review worksheet. Discuss the review with your partner.

Writing Tip B. Rewrite  Based on your partner’s review, revise and rewrite your
Remember to begin opinion paragraph.
your paragraph with
some background
information about
C.  edit  Complete the Self-Assessment checklist as you prepare to write the
the topic. Then final draft of your opinion paragraph. Be prepared to hand in your work
introduce your or discuss it in class.
opinion. See how
the writer did this
in the opinion
SELF-ASSESSMENT
paragraph in Activity
A, on page 91. Yes No
■ ■ Do you support your opinion with reasons, supporting details,
and examples?
■ ■ Underline any modals in your paragraph. Do you use the base form
of verbs after modals?
■ ■ Is each word used correctly? Check a dictionary if you are not sure.
■ ■ Does the opinion paragraph include vocabulary from the unit?
■ ■ Did you check the paragraph for punctuation, spelling, and grammar?

ONLINE D. REFLECT Go to the Online Discussion Board to discuss these questions.

1. What is something new you learned in this unit?

2. Look back at the Unit Question—What makes a competition unfair? Is

your answer different now than when you started the unit? If yes, how is it
different? Why?

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 Track Your SUCCESS

Circle the words you have learned in this unit.

Nouns performance include

advantage reason invent
championship solution Adjectives
effect technology artificial
energy Verbs financial
equipment ban
limit compete

Oxford 3000™ words

Academic Word List

Check (✓) the skills you learned. If you need more work on a skill, refer to the
page(s) in parentheses.

Reading I can take notes. (p. 82)

Vocabulary I can use the dictionary to learn additional
information about a word. (p. 89)
Writing I can write an opinion paragraph. (p. 91)
Grammar I can use modals correctly. (p. 93)
I can gather information and ideas to write
UNIT
OBJECTIVE an opinion paragraph about what makes a
competition unfair.

| Reading and Writing 97

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