MineDrainage Literature Review

Literature Review 2002
MINERALS AND MINE DRAINAGE
Eric A. Marchand
This chapter reviews the literature pertaining to environmental processes that

affect mineral dissolution reactions and the generation of acid mine drainage, the fate
and transport of metal contaminants within the environment, the toxic influences of
metals and mine drainage on aquatic species, characterization of abandoned mines and
their potential for contamination, and technologies for remediation of mining-impacted
systems or removing metals from wastewater streams.
SITE CHARACTERIZATION AND ASSESSMENT
An important initial step during remediation plan development for mining-

impacted areas is the assessment of a site’s geologic composition and characterization
of the future contamination potential. Airborne electromagnetic and magnetic surveys
were used to provide an indication of metallic sulfide distribution in Copper Cliff
(northern Ontario, Canada) (Shang et al., 2001). This technique was capable of
providing information on mine tailing extent and showed promise for reducing ambiguity
about interpreting mine tailing distribution and alterations in composition over time.
Rare earth element (REE) fingerprinting was utilized to identify sources of acidic
drainage and to better understand water-rock interactions in the Durham basin
(England) (Worall and Pearson, 2001). Czaja (2001) prepared an account of the
influence of mining and hydrological transformations in Upper Silesia (Poland) from the
fifteenth to nineteenth centuries and described changes in environmental pollution
relating to mining activity.
The potential for long-term pollution from an open cast lignite mine in Germany
(the Janschwalde dump) was evaluated using a three-dimensional geochemical model
to calculate the pyrite oxidation in different parts of the mine (Rolland et al., 2001).
Another predictive modeling study was performed at the Janschwalde dump and
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Copyright © 2002 Water Environment Federation. Water Environment Research, Volume 74, Number 5
coupled transport phenomena and a geochemical equilibrium model to simulate redox

reactions, mineral dissolution and precipitation, and cation exchange in the groundwater
zone (Hoth et al., 2001). A hydrochemical model was developed and applied at three
waste mine rock sites to assess the potential threat of mining-related pollution (Banwart
and Malmstrom, 2001). The authors attempted to estimate the amount of neutralization
capacity present as calcite or magnesium silicate; however, due to the estimated length
of time required to model acid generation (on the order of centuries), the model
predictions developed had a high degree of uncertainty associated with them. A
reactive transport model was used to evaluate geochemical reactions in porewater
following closure of a former uranium mine (Konigstein mine in Sasony, Germany) (Bain
et al., 2001). Dumpleton et al. (2001) conducted a risk evaluation for groundwater
contamination below a concealed section of the South Nottinghamshire Coalfield
(England) using 3-D visualization and predictive modeling. The authors identified the
potential for groundwater contamination from the site for about 20 years after the end of
dewatering operations. An investigation on the impact of regional groundwater flow on
water quality in a post-mining lake indicated that there was a high probability that the
lake (Lake Senftenberg, Germany) would be subject to acidification reactions by as
early as 2010 (Werner et al., 2001). Razowska (2001) reports changes in groundwater
chemistry resulting from the flooding of abandoned iron mines (in southern Poland) and
developed a model to identify the impact of hydrological and hydrochemical processes
on groundwater contamination. The author concluded that without remedial action, the
residual pollution of groundwater in the flooded mines may persist for several centuries.
Tiwary (2001) provided a review of the environmental impact of coal mining on
water quality and described water quality characteristics of coal mining-impacted
systems and management strategies to minimize further pollution. Aston (2001)
prepared a review of water pollution at abandoned mines sites, factors affecting acid
mine drainage formation, and techniques that are applicable for reclaiming mined land.
The impact of mining on water quality was studied at two sites in Korea and the
influence of mineralogy and subsequent dilution were studied (Kang et al., 2001; Yu and
Heo, 2001; and Kim and Chon, 2001). Factors affecting the reactivity and acidification
potential of pyrite were studied with respect to sulfide impurities (Cruz et al., 2001) and
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sediment-specific properties such as cation exchange capacity and silica weathering

potential (Ludwig and Balkenhol, 2001). A site assessment comparing pre- and post-
reclamation conditions at a coal mine in Indiana (Green Valley, USA) indicated that
ferrous iron sulfate aqueous species were in equilibrium with solid iron compounds,
thereby presenting a continuing challenge to water quality (Brake et al., 2001a). Stuben
et al. (2001) conducted a monitoring program for heavy metals and arsenic and
characterized the mineralogical and chemical nature of the waste mining material. The
study identified particulate emissions from the boundary of the tailing piles as a
continuous source of pollution.
The occurrence of arsenic, copper, and zinc at a coal mine (Wangaloa, New
Zealand) was studied and mobilization of these metals over several seasons was
attributed to low pH mineral leaching (Black and Craw, 2001). An analysis of redox and
pH conditions in the sediments of an acidic mining lake (in the Lusatian region of
Germany) identified the importance of different iron compounds in the physico-chemical
stability at different values of pH (Batchman et al., 2001). The influence of subzero
temperatures on mineral oxidation was studied using a field-scale experimental program
and the lower temperatures were found to result in a substantially lower mineral
oxidation rate compared to temperatures greater than 30oC (Meldrum et al., 2001). A
one-dimensional soil water and heat model was calibrated and tested at an arctic site.
Model results were in good agreement with experimental data indicating that subzero
temperature conditions did exist in covered mine tailings (Kyhn and Elberling, 2001).
Furthermore, the generation of acidity was quantified under subzero conditions by
monitoring oxidation products and oxygen consumption in situ (Elberling, 2001). Bell et
al. (2001) reported on the environmental impacts associated with an abandoned mine in
the Witbank Coalfield (South Africa) and identified the deterioration of aquatic flora and
fauna in a nearby stream. Craw (2001) studied the environmental impacts of mineral
deposits in New Zealand and developed a relationship between metal release pathways
and factors such as tectonic setting, mineralogy, and climate.
PROTECTION, PREVENTION, AND RESTORATION
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Geological mapping and overburden data were used and analyzed by a modeling
program to identify areas of coal reserves that could be remined for the purpose of
improving water quality (Smith and Skema, 2001). A flue gas desulfurization byproduct
was used as a material for a mine seal due to its low hydraulic conductivity and high
alkalinity (Rudisell et al., 2001). Results of the study indicate that the seal has retained
water within the mine complex, resulting in decreased contaminant loads to receiving
waters. The effectiveness of bentonite as a barrier for containing acidic drainage was
assessed and results indicated that permeation of the bentonite by acid mine drainage
resulted in an increase in the hydraulic conductivity by more than an order of magnitude
(Kashir and Yanful, 2001). An investigation on the long term water quality trends at a
sealed, partially flooded underground mine was conducted and the authors reported an
increase in mine water pH from 2.7 to 5.3, a decrease in conductivity from 2700 to 600
S/cm, and a dissolved oxygen level less than 2% saturation (Stoertz et al., 2001).
Pyrite-containing mine waste was treated with phosphate or silica solutions to minimize
and control pyrite oxidation by creating an impermeable coating that prevented pyrite
oxidation (Evangelou, 2001). Field test plots of waste mine material amended with
alkaline paper mill waste exhibited lower acidity and metal concentrations in leachate
samples than control cells without the treatment, indicating that adding alkaline paper
mill waste either mixed with mine material or as a cover could be an effective technique
for minimizing mineral oxidation reactions (Chtaini et al., 2001). To improve the
groundwater quality in tailing piles and dumps, the addition of crushed limestone or a
mixture of limestone and fly ash was evaluated (Wisotzky and Obermann, 2001). Land
contaminated with lead and zinc processing wastes was reclaimed using
phytostabilization, which was deemed to be the most suitable management approach
for the area (Leteinturier et al., 2001). Frazer (2001) provided a review of the extent of
acid mine drainage in the United States and throughout the world and described
techniques prevent acid drainage from occurring and treat acidic drainage before it
enters a receiving stream.
TOXICITY ASSESSMENT
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An integrative assessment of the toxic influence of mine drainage on aquatic

organisms was studied using ten parameters that were directly related to acid mine
drainage and an ecotoxicological rating (ETR) was developed to identify and diagnose
at-risk sites (Cherry et al., 2001). Twelve of 15 sampling stations affected by acidic
drainage were categorized as “severely stressed” and therefore deserving of a high
priority placement for restoration. Another study reported that aluminum contamination
at near neutral pH resulted in acute toxicity response for Ceriodaphnia dubia and that
the presence of iron could lower the toxic influence of other metals such as aluminum,
copper, and zinc (Soucek et al., 2001). A field experiment demonstrated the adverse
effect of acid mine drainage inflow on phytoplankton mortality (a decrease in numbers
by a factor of 2-5) in a natural reservoir (Bortnikova et al., 2001). Twenty-eight streams
were sampled seasonally in the Hocking River drainage basin (Ohio, USA) to identify
the influence of acid mine drainage on macroalgal communities (Verb and Vis, 2001).
The authors reported that they were unable to utilize the macroalgal community to
detect differences among reclaimed sites and clean streams; however, two taxa
(Klebsormidium rivulare and Microspora tumidula) did appear to be useful assessors of
acid mine drainage impact. The influence of pollution from a disused coal mine on two
Coleoptera families (Hydraenidae and Elmidae) was assessed at the assemblage level
by studying basic community parameters (Garcia-Criado and Fernandez-Alaez, 2001);
however, the authors report that these families are not specific indicators for coal
mining-associated drainage since their response to other types of pollution was similar.
Stevens et al. (2001) studied the metal content of algal mats taken from acid
mine drainage waters in southeastern Ohio (USA) and reported that metal assays of
algal mats may be a good indicator for iron concentration in water but not for aluminum,
zinc, or manganese. High concentrations of sulfate were found to have an adverse
effect on growth of a benthic photosynthetic protozoan (Euglena mutabilis) in acid mine
drainage contaminated stream originating from an abandoned coal mine (Brake et al.,
2001b). However, the researchers observed that E. mutabilis had a high tolerance for
elevated total dissolved solids (TDS) and acid conditions (as low as pH 1.7) and may be
capable of naturally mitigating poor water quality by sequestering iron (Brake et al.,
2001c). To quantify the effects of acidic drainage on macroinvertebrate assemblages in
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Rocky Mountain streams, Griffith et al. (2001) used redundancy analysis (RDA) and
canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) to assess relationships among the chemical
and physical characteristics of drainage water and macroinvertebrate community size.
The influence of acidic mine drainage on leaf litter in receiving streams was shown in
laboratory studies to decrease the rate of littoral breakdown, which was attributed to the
absence of shredders (Siefert and Mutz, 2001). Niyogi et al. (2001) conducted a similar
study of litter breakdown in a mountain stream and estimated the litter breakdown rates
from changes in mass of willow leaves in litterbags. The investigators found that the
biomass of shredding invertebrates was negatively related to the concentration
dissolved zinc and deposition of metal oxides and that microbial respiration was
positively related to the concentrations of nutrients. The toxic effect of heavy metals to
acetate-utilizing cultures of sulfate-reducing bacteria was studied in an effort to identify
the optimal operating conditions for sulfate-reducing treatment systems (Utgikar et al.,
2001). The authors report that dissolved metal concentrations were effective as
indicators of the effect of heavy metals.
To identify the effect of acidic drainage on fish and insects, Saiki et al. (2001)
tested copper, cadmium, and zinc concentrations in juvenile Chinook salmon and
selected aquatic insects in the upper Sacramento River (California, USA). The results
of the study demonstrated that the dry-weight concentrations of copper, cadmium, and
zinc were generally greater in salmon and insects obtained from the study site than from
reference sites. The toxicity of acid mine drainage entering a stream was identified by
placing bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) at the confluence of a neutral stream and a
stream contaminated with acid mine drainage (Henry et al., 2001). The study
concluded that aluminum precipitation on the gills of the bluegill was more rapid than
iron accumulation and that mixing zones could be more toxic to fish than equilibrated
zones. Duis (2001) studied the toxic effect of acid mine drainage on the early life
stages of tench (Tinca tinca) and reported that at pH less than 5.5, tench embryos were
not able to survive.
The influence of limestone treatment was studied with respect to physiology and
behavior of stonefly nymphs and no significant difference was observed between
nymphs exposed to treated effluents and those exposed to non-polluted controls (Cole
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et al., 2001a). Limestone neutralization of acid mine drainage was also found to
significantly decrease metal toxicity in brook charr compared to untreated drainage
water despite the presence of moderate manganese concentrations (3-4 mg/L) in the
limestone-treated water (Cole et al., 2001b). Another study tested blood physiological
variables as well as behavior in fish exposed to limestone-neutralized acid mine
drainage (Ross et al., 2001). The authors report that while elevated levels of carbon
dioxide or bicarbonate can lead to some behavior abnormalities in fish, the overall risk
associated with limestone neutralization are minimal. Grout and Levings (2001) studied
the effects of acid mine drainage from an abandoned copper mine on the growth of
transplanted blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) and observed that the mine effluent had a
deleterious impact on mussel survival. A study of metal toxicity in plants (Mimulus
guttatus) indicated that the acquisition of multiple metal tolerance in this species was
due to independent genetic mechanisms for specific metals and was not associated
with tolerance to nickel (Tilstone and Macnair, 2001).
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND TRANSPORT
Microscale measurements of oxygen in laboratory studies were compared to in

situ profiles in an effort to identify the effectiveness of maintaining subaqueous
conditions in waste mine pits for controlling pyrite oxidation (Elberling and Damgaard,
2001). McGuire et al. (2001) used near-infrared Raman imaging microscopy to map
elemental sulfur on pyrite and arsenopyrite and found that elemental sulfur was present
in isolated patches on the mineral surface with diameters of approximately 10
micrometers. The fate, transport, and speciation of metals leaching from an abandoned
gold and silver mine were identified using geochemical modeling techniques and anodic
stripping voltammetric analysis (Yun et al., 2001). A coupled multi-component reactive
mass transport model was developed and applied to predict the natural attenuation of a
metal-laden groundwater plume originating from a uranium mill tailings site in the
western US (Zhu and Burden, 2001). The results of model simulations under field
conditions indicated that mineralogical compositions are an essential component of
models to ensure that an accurate prediction of contaminant fate and transport is
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obtained. Lefebvre et al. (2001a and 2001b) developed a multiphase conceptual model
and applied a numerical simulation to represent the interaction of the multiple reactions
within a waste mine rock environment and utilized simulation results to predict the
effectiveness of control measures (application of a membrane barrier and layering of
tailings). Metal release from a copper mine in Italy (the Vigonzano mine) was
investigated by analyzing waste mine materials, surrounding surface soils, sediment
samples, and stream water (Dinelli and Tateo, 2001). The researchers report that the
alkaline character of ultramafic rock in the area limited the transport of metal
contamination from the mine. A multi-component reactive transport model
(REACTRAN2D) was used to simulate the transport of reactive species in saturated and
unsaturated groundwater systems affected by acid mine drainage (Gao et al., 2001).
The influence of physical and chemical heterogeneity associated with pyritic overburden
on solute leaching and the subsequent transport in a tailings pile were tested and
modeled for mineral systems with different relative sulfide content (Gerke et al., 2001).
Suspended particles associated with iron were found to significantly influence the
geochemical reactions in mountain streams and represented a potential source or sink
for phosphorus (Sullivan and Drever, 2001a). The influence of mine drainage on the
spatial and temporal (on both daily and seasonal scales) geochemistry of a high-
elevation mountain stream was studied and order of magnitude changes in geochemical
species were observed due to variations in stream dilution and precipitation of solids
(Sullivan and Drever, 2001b). Brooks et al. (2001) identified annual patterns for zinc
concentrations in mine drainage-impacted streams affected by snowmelt and reported
that a portion of the zinc flushed during snowmelt events was retarded (compared to
sulfate). The authors attributed this to interaction with cation exchange sites in soil and
sediment. The influence of pH on precipitation and dissolution of iron hydroxides,
photoreduction of dissolved iron and hydrous iron oxides, and oxidation of ferrous iron
was studied in an acid mine drainage-impacted mountain stream and diel changes in
iron species were characterized with a reactive solute transport model (McKnight et al.,
2001). In an effort to develop a predictive relationship between geochemical
parameters in mining polluted rivers, Gundersen and Steinnes (2001) sampled eight
rivers in Norway for metal concentration (copper, zinc, cadmium, and aluminum),
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alkalinity, pH, and river discharge. Results of the study indicated that the dissolved
fractions of zinc, cadmium, and aluminum showed a negative correlation with river
discharge (i.e., they were low at high magnitudes of discharge) whereas copper
speciation was more directly influenced by the river pH. Cobalt and copper
geochemistry in the Kafue River (Zambia) was studied over a one year period
(Pettersson and Ingri, 2001). The authors report that the highest dissolved
concentrations of copper and iron were measured during periods of high water
discharge from the abandoned mine site, suggesting that washout of leached
weathering products from spoil heaps was a dominant factor in metal release.
A study of the hydrogeochemistry of mine, surface, and groundwater from a
mining-impacted creek (Korea) indicated that although the mine drainage contained
metals at concentrations tens to hundreds of times greater than the unpolluted surface
or groundwater, the majority of toxic metal pollutants were removed during precipitation
of aluminum and iron oxyhydroxides (Lee et al., 2001). In an effort to quantify
subsurface mine drainage inflow to Little Cottonwood Creek (Utah, USA), Kimball et al.
(2001) conducted a tracer injection and synoptic sampling study. Results of the
investigation indicated that inflow of acid mine drainage resulted in the formation of
colloidal mineral solids which adsorbed and accumulated on the streambed. To
quantify the effects of bacterially-induced mineralization of schwertmannite and jarosite
in sulfuric acid spring water, Kawano and Tomita (2001) conducted laboratory
incubation experiments to determine iron oxidation rates in the presence and absence
of bacteria. The study concluded that the iron oxidation rates for Fe2+ were 5.3 x 103 to
7.2 x 103 times greater in microbe-containing systems than abiotic systems, suggesting
that formation of the iron minerals is promoted by bacterially-mediated iron oxidation.
In an effort to model metal adsorption in sulfate-rich waters and better
understand the influence of adsorption reactions on metal speciation in acid mine
drainage, Swedlund and Webster (2001) conducted laboratory experiments to calculate
intrinsic adsorption constants for copper and zinc sorption to ferrihydrite and
schwertmannite. The authors report that metal adsorption could be accurately modeled
for both copper and zinc in the presence of ferrihydrite and schwertmannite. The
influence of dissolved ferrous iron (Fe2+) in acid mine drainage on the reductive
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dissolution of MnO2 was investigated using a flow through reaction cell and synchrotron
X-ray absorption spectroscopy (Villinski et al., 2001). The authors observed a decrease
in the rate of manganese oxidation during the course of experiments and attributed this
to the formation of an intermediate, solid-phase complex on the mineral surface.
Microcosm experiments were performed with sediment samples obtained from a coal
mining-impacted lake to study the microbially-mediated release of sulfur under anoxic
conditions (Kusel et al., 2001). Results suggested that acid-tolerant sulfate-reducing
bacteria played an important role in the anoxic cycling of sulfur and that pH was an
important controlling factor.
REMOVAL TECHNOLOGIES
A zeolitic material synthesized from coal fly ash was evaluated for heavy metal
removal from acid mine drainage waters (Moreno et al., 2001). The treated effluent
contained 0.1 mg/L or less for zinc, copper, manganese, lead, and cadmium with
removal of iron possible down to 0.8 mg/L. Both precipitation and cation exchange
were identified as the dominant removal mechanisms. Canty and Everett (2001)
conducted a physical and chemical evaluation of coal combustion byproducts (CCBs)
for treatment of metal-laden, acidic drainage water. The authors report that CCBs with
a high alkaline content, nonsetting characteristics, and a low content of exchangeable
toxic constituents may be effective for treating acid mine drainage streams. Morgan et
al. (2001) studied a one step ferrite process for treating iron and heavy metals in acid
drainage. Removal efficiencies up to 99.9% for iron were reported with production of a
solid product with good settling characteristics (sludge volume index, SVI, of 8 mL/g).
An investigation of copper adsorption on olivine concluded that the mineral has a high
acid buffer capacity and is an effective adsorbent for copper present in acidic drainage
(Kleiv et al., 2001). Underground mine water was found to have a deleterious effect on
the performance of a floatation process operating at a copper mine; however, by
adjusting the location of quicklime addition to the process, minimization of the negative
effects was achieved (Ng’andu, 2001).
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A study of the factors affecting alkalinity generation by successive alkalinity-

producing systems (e.g., limestone drains) found that the residence time within the
treatment system and the influent concentration of iron acidity both exhibited a strong
positive correlation with alkalinity generation (Jage et al., 2001). Mohan and Chander
(2001) utilized activated carbon adsorption to recover metals present in acid mine
drainage and reported that the Langmuir isotherm model fit the data better in single
component systems but the Freundlich isotherm was a better model in multi-component
systems. Bunce et al. (2001) studied the electrochemical treatment of acidic ferrous
sulfate and copper sulfate solutions and observed near-quantitative removal of iron
when air was sparged into the catholyte effluent, which led to iron precipitation outside
the electrochemical cell. Electrochemical peroxidation of metal-rich streams was
studied and the effects of pH, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and electric current process
times on metal removal efficiency were identified (Arienzo et al., 2001). The authors
reported optimal operating conditions at pH 6.0, a H2O2 concentration of 100 mg/L, and
a process time of 3 minutes.
A constructed wetland was tested for its efficiency in treating acid mine drainage
entering Slippery Rock Creek (Pennsylvania, USA) (Brenner, 2001). It was estimated
that since the initial wetland construction in 1995, 39% of the acidity in the mine
drainage was removed and approximately 192 kg of alkalinity was added. Sikora et al.
(2001) developed design criteria for removing manganese using subsurface wetlands.
The authors reported that manganese removal was higher in limestone than gravel and
was likely influenced by the higher pH in the limestone system (6.9) compared to the
gravel system (5.5). Oxygen levels between 3 to 5 mg/L were required for favorable
manganese removal. Lead and zinc removal (90% and 72%, respectively) from
neutralized mine effluent was reported in a laboratory-scale constructed wetland system
(Song et al., 2001). Whole effluent toxicity tests using undiluted wetland effluent with
fathead minnows and Daphnia magnia resulted in 100% survival of both types of
organisms. A seasonal study was conducted to measure the retention and
transformation of both dissolved and particulate iron and manganese in a constructed
wetland (Goulet and Pick, 2001a). Results indicated that the wetland mediated
transformation of dissolved iron and manganese to particulate species from spring to
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fall; however, during the winter, dissolved iron and manganese were released. Diel
changes in iron concentration in a subsurface wetland were measured, with the lowest
iron concentrations measured during the day and higher concentrations at night (Goulet
and Pick, 2001b). As a result of these variable conditions, the authors suggest that
wetland performance can be overestimated when based solely on samples collected
during the day. The presence of cattails (Typha latifolia) was found to have no
significant effect on the accumulation and partitioning of metals in the surficial
sediments of a subsurface flow constructed wetland (Goulet and Pick, 2001c). Metal
retention in a constructed wetland was evaluated by measuring metal content of a
common pond snail (Helisoma trivolvis) (Goulet et al., 2001a). The authors report that
in general, metal concentrations in snails at the downstream end of the wetland were
higher than those near the inlet and suggested that the higher concentration of metal
particulates at downstream locations facilitated metal uptake from the metal
precipitates. A comparison of heavy metal accumulation in a natural and constructed
wetland receiving acid mine drainage indicated that loading rates and removal
efficiencies for most metals were generally higher in constructed wetlands than natural
systems (Mays and Edwards, 2001). Goulet et al. (2001b) studied the applicability of
the first order removal model for metal retention in a constructed wetland and reported
that the model was inadequate to predict metal retention on a seasonal basis. The
authors proposed that models incorporate both a temperature and hydrological variable
to account for seasonal changes.
BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND TREATMENT
A full-scale rotating biological contactor was used with Thiobacillus ferrooxidans

(an iron-oxidizing microorganism) to oxidize ferrous iron in mine drainage water (Nikolov
et al., 2001). While the efficiency of the system was reported to decrease with
increasing volumetric loading rates, the authors commented on the promise of the
technology. Sand-immobilized T. ferrooxidans cells were studied in repeated batch and
continuous flow packed bed bioreactors for treating acid mine drainage (Wood et al.,
2001). At a dilution rate of 0.64 hr-1, between 95-99% of the influent ferrous iron was
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oxidized, equivalent to an iron oxidation rate of 0.31-0.33 g/L-hr. Another study

evaluated the use of microorganisms for ferrous iron oxidation as a pre-treatment
strategy for metal recovery from mine drainage (Sandstrom and Mattsson, 2001). The
pilot plant achieved a steady state rate of 750 mg/L-hr with an initial ferrous iron
concentration of 3.5 g/L, a pH of 1.8, a flow rate of 330 L/hr, and a temperature of 35oC.
Mazuelos et al. (2001) studied the influence of pH, temperature, particle size, support
material, and air distribution on ferric iron production in a packed bed bioreactor
inoculated with T. ferrooxidans and Leptospirillum ferrooxidans. The study reported
maximum iron oxidation rates of 11.1 g/L-hr and emphasized the importance of the type
of air diffuser since poor oxygen transfer can limit the iron-oxidizing activity of the
system.
A mixed culture of sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) that was isolated from the
bottom of a pyritic tailing pond was evaluated for its capacity to bioremediate acid mine
drainage (Garcia et al., 2001). Copper and iron were successfully removed and the
microbial culture was able to remove up to 9,000 ppm of sulfate at pH > 4. Harris and
Ragusa (2001) used decompostable plant material and soil (non-lime) in a continuous
flow bioreactor to pre-treat acid mine drainage prior to use in sulfate-reducing
conditions. The authors reported increases in pH and decreases in the concentration of
soluble iron, aluminum, and sulfate. Kolmert and Johnson (2001) used SRBs
immobilized on porous glass beads to remediate acidic mine water and evaluated the
process efficiency using different carbon and energy sources. Typical conversion rates
of 0.25-0.30 g/L-day were achieved with the bioreactors operating at a pH = 4. A
laboratory pilot-scale SRB bioreactor fed with a H2/CO2 mixture was used to treat acid
mine drainage in an effort to recover dissolved metals (Foucher et al., 2001). The
system was capable of selectively recovering copper and zinc at pH = 2.5 and 3.5,
respectively. Ristow and Hansford (2001) modeled a falling sludge bed reactor fed with
primary settled sewage for sulfate reduction of acid mine drainage streams. The
authors identified hydrolysis of particulate organic matter as the rate-limiting step in the
process and commented on the importance of monitoring sulfide inhibition during
treatment. The microbial ecology of iron-rich wetland sediments receiving acid mine
drainage was assessed using gel probes that were inserted into sediment (Edenborn
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and Brickett, 2001). Results from field testing of the gel probes resulted in significantly
different depth profiles from the SBR activity measured in situ. The authors reported
that selective use of the substrate material might account for the observed differences.
Conductivity measurements were correlated to SRB activity in fed-batch column
reactors treating acid mine drainage, with increases in conductivity observed during
treatment (Lyew and Sheppard, 2001). Benner et al. (2001) developed a model to
identify and predict preferential flow in reactive barriers used to treat metal-containing,
acidic drainage water. Model simulations indicated that the impact of heterogeneities in
the hydraulic conductivity (K) were a function of their location and distribution within the
barrier and more localized high K zones resulted in greater preferential flow.
Hallberg and Johnson (2001) compiled a review describing the biodiversity of
acidophilic prokaryotes in acidic environments. The authors examined the
characteristics of the different acidophiles identified to date and discussed novel
microbial cultures and their potential impact on acid generation reactions. In an effort to
study the microbial ecology of acid mine drainage environments and identify active
microbial species, Bond and Banfield (2001) developed and used oligonucleotide
probes and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) techniques. In another study,
bacteria in acid mine drainage were monitored by reverse sample genome probing and
strains showing homology with T. ferrooxidans and Thiobacillus acidophilus were found
to be a major component of the microbial community (Leveille et al., 2001). This
enabled the authors to study the abundance and distribution of organisms, including
novel and uncultivated taxa, and better understand the specific influence of each group
on the catalysis of acid-producing reactions. The structure and diversity of microbial
mats in an acidic (pH 3.1) thermal (ca. 60oC) spring in Yellowstone National Park
(Wyoming, USA) was investigated (Jackson et al., 2001). Based on the experimental
results, the authors report that uncultured members of the Archaea microbial domain
may contribute to arsenite oxidation in the acidic hot springs. Provencio and Polyak
(2001) report the finding of iron oxide-rich filaments in a Lechuguilla Cave (New Mexico,
USA) and suggest that the samples represent fossilized, acidophilic iron-oxidizing
bacteria. The influence of acidophilic, iron-oxidizing microorganisms on iron-silicate
dissolution and subsequent solution neutralization was studied using model
14
chemolithotrophic bacteria and an iron-containing silica mineral, fayalite (Santelli et al.,

2001). Results of the study indicated that microorganisms can significantly reduce the
rate at which silicate hydrolysis reactions neutralize acidic solutions. The mechanism
associated with this phenomenon was reported to be related to the interaction of the
ferric iron byproduct of microbial metabolism with the mineral surface.
Eric A. Marchand is an assistant professor in the Department of Civil Engineering

at the University of Nevada, Reno. Correspondence should be addressed to Eric A.
Marchand, Department of Civil Engineering, Mail Stop 258, Reno, NV 89557-0152 or
sent via e-mail to marchand@unr.edu.
REFERENCES
Arienzo M.; Chiarenzelli J.; and Scrudato R. (2001) Remediation of Metal-Contaminated

Aqueous Systems by Electrochemical Peroxidation: An Experimental
Investigation. J. Haz. Materials, 87, 1-3, 187.
Aston R.L. (2001) Water Pollution by Abandoned Mine Sites; Acid Mine Drainage;
Mined Land Reclamation. Min. Res. Eng., 10, 1, 85.
Bachmann T.M.; Friese K.; and Zachmann D.W. (2001) Redox and pH Conditions in the
Water Column and in the Sediments of an Acidic Mining Lake. J. Geochem.
Explor., 73, 2, 75.
Bain J.G.; Mayer K.U.; Blowes D.W.; Frind E.O.; Molson J.W.H.; Kahnt R.; and Jenk U.
(2001) Modelling the Closure-Related Geochemical Evolution of Groundwater at
a Former Uranium Mine. J. Contam. Hydrol., 52, 1-4, 109.
Banwart S.A., and Malmstrom M.E. (2001) Hydrochemical Modelling for Preliminary
Assessment of Minewater Pollution. J. Geochem. Explor., 74, 1-3, 73.
Bell F.G.; Bullock S.E.T.; Halbich T.F.J.; and Lindsay P. (2001) Environmental Impacts
Associated with an Abandoned Mine in the Witbank Coalfield, South Africa. Int. J.
15
Coal Geol., 45, 2-3, 195.
Benner S.G.; Blowes D.W.; and Molson J.W.H. (2001) Modeling Preferential Flow in
Reactive Barriers: Implications for Performance and Design. Ground Water, 39,
3, 371.
Black A., and Craw D. (2001) Arsenic, Copper and Zinc Occurrence at the Wangaloa
Coal Mine, Southeast Otago, New Zealand. Int. J. Coal Geol., 45, 2-3, 181.
Bond P.L., and Banfield J.F. (2001) Design and Performance of rRNA Targeted
Oligonucleotide Probes for In Situ Detection and Phylogenetic Identification of
Microorganisms Inhabiting Acid Mine Drainage Environments. Microb. Ecol., 41,
2, 149.
Bortnikova S.B.; Smolyakov B.S.; Sidenko N.V.; Kolonin G.R.; Bessonova E.P.; and
Androsova N.V. (2001) Geochemical Consequences of Acid Mine Drainage into
a Natural Reservoir: Inorganic Precipitation and Effects on Plankton Activity. J.
Geochem. Explor., 74, 1-3, 127.
Brake S.S.; Connors K.A.; and Romberger S.B. (2001a) A River Runs Through it:
Impact of Acid Mine Drainage on the Geochemistry of West Little Sugar Creek
Pre- and Post- Reclamation at the Green Valley Coal Mine, Indiana, USA.
Environ. Geol., 40, 11-12, 1471.
Brake S.S.; Dannelly H.K.; Connors K.A.; and Hasiotis S.T. (2001b) Influence of Water
Chemistry on the Distribution of an Acidophilic Protozoan in an Acid Mine
Drainage System at the Abandoned Green Valley Coal Mine, Indiana, USA. Appl.
Geochem., 16, 14, 1641.
Brake S.S.; Dannelly H.K.; and Conners K.A. (2001c) Controls on the Nature and
Distribution of an Alga in Coal Mine-Waste Environments and its Potential Impact
on Water Quality. Environ. Geol., 40, 4-5, 458.
Brenner F.J. (2001) Use of Constructed Wetlands for Acid Mine Drainage Abatement
and Stream Restoration. Wat. Sci. Technol., 44, 11-12, 449.
16
Brooks P.D.; McKnight D.M.; and Bencala K.E. (2001) Annual Maxima in Zn
Concentrations during Spring Snowmelt in Streams Impacted by Mine Drainage.
Environ. Geol., 40, 11-12, 1447.
Bunce N.J.; Chartrand M.; and Keech P. (2001) Electrochemical Treatment of Acidic
Aqueous Ferrous Sulfate and Copper Sulfate as Models for Acid Mine Drainage.
Wat. Res., 35, 18, 4410.
Canty G.A., and Everett J.W. (2001) Physical and Chemical Evaluation of CCBs for
Alternative Uses. J. Energy Eng.-ASCE, 127, 3, 41.
Cherry D.S.; Currie R.J.; Soucek D.J.; Latimer H.A.; and Trent G.C. (2001) An
Integrative Assessment of a Watershed Impacted by Abandoned Mined Land
Discharges. Environ. Pollut., 111, 3, 377.
Chtaini A.; Bellaloui A.; Ballivy G.; and Narasiah S. (2001) Field Investigation of
Controlling Acid Mine Drainage using Alkaline Paper Mill Waste. Wat. Air Soil
Pollut., 125, 1-4, 357.
Cole M.B.; Arnold D.E.; and Watten B.J. (2001a) Physiological and Behavioral
Responses of Stonefly Nymphs to Enhanced Limestone Treatment of Acid Mine
Drainage. Wat. Res., 35, 3, 625.
Cole M.B.; Arnold D.E.; Watten B.J. and Krise W.F. (2001b) Hematological and
Physiological Responses of Brook Charr, to Untreated and Limestone-
Neutralized Acid Mine Drainage. J. Fish Biol., 59, 1, 79.
Craw D. (2001) Tectonic Controls on Gold Deposits and their Environmental Impact,
New Zealand. J. Geochem. Explor., 73, 1, 43.
Cruz R.; Bertrand V.; Monroy M.; and Gonzalez I. (2001) Effect of Sulfide Impurities on
the Reactivity of Pyrite and Pyritic Concentrates: A Multi-Tool Approach. Appl.
Geochem., 16, 7-8, 803.
Czaja S. (2001) Mining and Hydrological Transformations in Upper Silesia from the
17
Fifteenth to the Nineteenth Century. Geog. J., 167, 57.
Dinelli E., and Tateo F. (2001) Factors Controlling Heavy-Metal Dispersion in Mining
Areas: The Case of Vigonzano (Northern Italy), a Fe-Cu Sulfide Deposit
Associated with Ophiolitic Rocks. Environ. Geol., 40, 9, 1138.
Duis K. (2001) Toxicity of Acidic Post-Mining Lake Water to Early Life Stages of Tench,
Tinca Tinca (Cyprinidae). Wat. Air Soil Pollut., 132, 3-4, 373.
Dumpleton S.; Robins N.S.; Walker J.A.; and Merrin P.D. (2001) Mine Water Rebound
in South Nottinghamshire: Risk Evaluation using 3-D Visualization and Predictive
Modelling. Quart. J. Eng. Geol. Hydrogeol., 34, 307.
Edenborn H.M., and Brickett L.A. (2001) Bacteria in Gel Probes: Comparison of the
Activity of Immobilized Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria with In Situ Sulfate Reduction
in a Wetland Sediment. J. Microbiol. Meth., 46, 1, 51.
Elberling B. (2001) Environmental Controls of the Seasonal Variation in Oxygen Uptake

in Sulfidic Tailings Deposited in a Permafrost-Affected Area. Wat. Res. Res., 37,
1, 99.
Elberling B., and Damgaard L.R. (2001) Microscale Measurements of Oxygen Diffusion
and Consumption in Subaqueous Sulfide Tailings. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta,
65, 12, 1897.
Evangelou V.P. (2001) Pyrite Microencapsulation Technologies: Principles and

Potential Field Application. Ecol. Eng., 17, 2-3, 165.
Foucher S.; Battaglia-Brunet F.; Ignatiadis I.; and Morin D. (2001) Treatment by Sulfate-
Reducing Bacteria of Chessy Acid-Mine Drainage and Metals Recovery. Chem.
Eng. Sci., 56, 4, 1639.
Frazer L. (2001) Probing the Depths of a Solution for Acid Mine Drainage. Environ.
Health Perspec., 109, 10, A486.
18
Gao H.; Vesovic V.; Butler A.; and Wheater H. (2001) Chemically Reactive
Multicomponent Transport Simulation in Soil and Groundwater: 2. Model
Demonstration. Environ. Geol., 41, 3-4, 280.
Garcia C.; Moreno D.A.; Ballester A.; Blazquez M.L.; and Gonzalez F. (2001)
Bioremediation of an Industrial Acid Mine Water by Metal-Tolerant Sulphate-
Reducing Bacteria. Min. Eng., 14, 9, 997.
Garcia-Criado F., and Fernandez-Alaez M. (2001) Hydraenidae and Elmidae

Assemblages (Coleoptera) from a Spanish River Basin: Good Indicators of Coal
Mining Pollution? Archiv Fur Hydrobiol., 150, 4, 641.
Gerke H.H.; Molson J.W.; and Frind E.O. (2001) Modelling the Impact of Physical and
Chemical Heterogeneity on Solute Leaching in Pyritic Overburden Mine Spoils.
Ecol. Eng., 17, 2-3, 91.
Goulet R.R., and Pick F.R. (2001a) Changes in Dissolved and Total Fe and Mn in a
Young Constructed Wetland: Implications for Retention Performance. Ecol. Eng.,
17, 4, 373.
Goulet R.R., and Pick F.R. (2001b) Diel Changes in Iron Concentrations in Surface-
Flow Constructed Wetlands. Wat. Sci. Technol., 44, 11-12, 421.
Goulet R.R., and Pick F.R. (2001c) The Effects of Cattails (Typha latifolia L.) on
Concentrations and Partitioning of Metals in Surficial Sediments of Surface- Flow
Constructed Wetlands. Wat. Air Soil Pollut., 132, 3-4, 275.
Goulet R.R.; Leclair E.N.; and Pick F.R. (2001a) The Evaluation of Metal Retention by a
Constructed Wetland using the Pulmonate Gastropod Helisoma trivolvis (Say).
Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 40, 3, 303.
Goulet R.R.; Pick F.R.; and Droste R.L. (2001b) Test of the First-Order Removal Model
for Metal Retention in a Young Constructed Wetland. Ecol. Eng., 17, 4, 357.
Griffith M.B.; Kaufmann P.R.; Herlihy A.T.; and Hill B.H. (2001) Analysis of
19
Macroinvertebrate Assemblages in Relation to Environmental Gradients in Rocky

Mountain Streams. Ecol. Applic., 11, 2, 489.
Grout J.A., and Levings C.D. (2001) Effects of Acid Mine Drainage from an Abandoned
Copper Mine, Britannia Mines, Howe Sound, British Columbia, Canada, on
Transplanted Blue Mussels (Mytilus edulis). Mar. Environ. Res., 51, 3, 265.
Gundersen P., and Steinnes E. (2001) Influence of Temporal Variations in River

Discharge, pH, Alkalinity and Ca on the Speciation and Concentration of Heavy
Metals in Some Mining Polluted Rivers. Aqua. Geochem., 7, 3, 173.
Hallberg K.B., and Johnson D.B. (2001) Biodiversity of Acidophilic Prokaryotes. In

Advances in Applied Microbiology (vol 49). A. Laskin; J.W. Bennett; and G. Gadd
(Eds.), Academic Press, San Diego, 37.
Harris M.A., and Ragusa S. (2001) Bioremediation of Acid Mine Drainage Using
Decomposable Plant Material in a Constant Flow Bioreactor. Environ. Geol., 40,
10, 1192.
Henry T.B.; Irwin E.R.; Grizzle J.M.; Brumbaugh W.G.; and Wildhaber M.L. (2001) Gill
Lesions and Death of Bluegill in an Acid Mine Drainage Mixing Zone. Environ.
Toxicol. Chem., 20, 6, 1304.
Hoth N.; Wagner S.; and Hafner F. (2001) Predictive Modelling of Dump Water Impact
on the Surroundings of the Lignite Dump Site Janschwalde (Eastern Germany).
J. Geochem. Explor., 73, 2, 113.
Jackson C.R.; Langner H.W.; Donahoe-Christiansen J.; Inskeep W.P.; and McDermott
T.R. (2001) Molecular Analysis of Microbial Community Structure in an Arsenite-
Oxidizing Acidic Thermal Spring. Environ. Microbiol, 3, 8, 532.
Jage C.R.; Zipper C.E.; and Noble R. (2001) Factors Affecting Alkalinity Generation by
Successive Alkalinity-Producing Systems: Regression Analysis. J. Environ.
Qual., 30, 3, 1015.
20
Kang J.K.; Song Y.; Moon J.W.; and Moon H.S. (2001) Water Quality Impact of Mining
in the Wolmyoung Area of Korea, and its Short-Term Changes. Wat. Air Soil
Pollut., 129, 1-4, 349.
Kashir M., and Yanful E.K. (2001) Hydraulic Conductivity of Bentonite Permeated with
Acid Mine Drainage. Can. Geotech. J., 38, 5, 1034.
Kawano M., and Tomita K. (2001) Geochemical Modeling of Bacterially Induced

Mineralization of Schwertmannite and Jarosite in Sulfuric Acid Spring Water.
Amer. Mineralog., 86, 10, 1156.
Kim J.Y., and Chon H.T. (2001) Pollution of a Water Course Impacted by Acid Mine
Drainage in the Imgok Creek of the Gangreung Coal Field, Korea. Appl.
Geochem., 16, 11-12, 1387.
Kimball B.A.; Runkel R.L.; and Gerner L.J. (2001) Quantification of Mine-Drainage
Inflows to Little Cottonwood Creek, Utah, using a Tracer-Injection and Synoptic-
Sampling Study. Environ. Geol., 40, 11-12, 1390.
Kleiv R.A.; Shao L.; Sandvik K.L.; Wu W.; and Song C.Y. (2001) Study on Copper
Adsorption on Olivine. J. Univ. Sci. Technol. Beijing, 8, 1, 1.
Kolmert A., and Johnson D.B. (2001) Remediation of Acidic Waste Waters using
Immobilised, Acidophilic Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria. J. Chem. Technol.
Biotechnol., 76, 8, 836.
Kusel K.A.; Roth U.; Trinkwalter T.; and Peiffer S. (2001) Effect of pH on the Anaerobic
Microbial Cycling of Sulfur in Mining-Impacted Freshwater Lake Sediments.
Environ. Exper. Bot., 46, 3, 213.
Kyhn C., and Elberling B. (2001) Frozen Cover Actions Limiting AMD From Mine Waste
Deposited on Land in Arctic Canada. Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 32, 2-3, 133.
Lee C.H.; Lee H.K.; and Lee J.C. (2001) Hydrogeochemistry of Mine, Surface and
Groundwaters from the Sanggok Mine Creek in the Upper Chungju Lake,
21
Republic of Korea. Environ. Geol., 40, 4-5, 482.
Lefebvre R.; Hockley D.; Smolensky J.; and Gelinas P. (2001a) Multiphase Transfer
Processes in Waste Rock Piles Producing Acid Mine Drainage 1: Conceptual
Model and System Characterization. J. Contam. Hydrol., 52, 1-4, 137.
Lefebvre R.; Hockley D; Smolensky J.; and Lamontagne A. (2001b) Multiphase Transfer
Processes in Waste Rock Piles Producing Acid Mine Drainage 2. Applications of
Numerical Simulation. J. Contam. Hydrol., 52, 1-4, 165.
Leteinturier B.; Laroche J.; Matera, J.; and Malaisse, F. (2001) Reclamation of
Lead/Zinc Processing Wastes at Kabwe, Zambia: A Phytogeochemical
Approach. South African J. Sci., 97, 11-12, 624.
Leveille S.A.; Leduc L.G.; Ferroni G.D.; Telang A.J.; and Voordouw G. (2001)
Monitoring of Bacteria in Acid Mine Environments by Reverse Sample Genome
Probing. Can. J. Microbiol., 47, 5, 431.
Ludwig B., and Balkenhol R. (2001) Quantification of the Acidification Potential of Pyrite
Containing Sediment. Acta Hydrochim. Hydrobiol., 29, 2-3, 118.
Lyew D., and Sheppard J. (2001) Use of Conductivity to Monitor the Treatment of Acid
Mine Drainage by Sulphate-Reducing Bacteria. Wat. Res., 35, 8, 2081.
Mays P.A., and Edwards G.S. (2001) Comparison of Heavy Metal Accumulation in a
Natural Wetland and Constructed Wetlands Receiving Acid Mine Drainage. Ecol.
Eng., 16, 4, 487.
Mazuelos A.; Palencia I.; Romero R.; Rodriguez G.; and Carranza F. (2001) Ferric Iron
Production in Packed Bed Bioreactors: Influence of pH, Temperature, Particle
Size, Bacterial Support Material and Type of Air Distributor. Min. Eng., 14, 5, 507.
McGuire M.M.; Jallad K.N.; Ben-Amotz D.; and Hamers R.J. (2001) Chemical Mapping
of Elemental Sulfur on Pyrite and Arsenopyrite Surfaces using Near-Infrared
Raman Imaging Microscopy. Appl. Surf. Sci., 178, 1-4, 105.
22
McKnight D.M.; Kimball B.A.; and Runkel R.L. (2001) pH Dependence of Iron
Photoreduction in a Rocky Mountain Stream Affected by Acid Mine Drainage.
Hydrolog. Proc., 15, 10, 1979.
Meldrum J.L.; Jamieson H.E.; and Dyke L.D. (2001) Oxidation of Mine Tailings from
Rankin Inlet, Nunavut, at Subzero Temperatures. Can. Geotech. J., 38, 5, 957.
Mohan D., and Chander S. (2001) Single Component and Multi-Component Adsorption
of Metal Ions by Activated Carbons. Coll. Surf. Physico. Eng. Aspects, 177, 2-3,
183.
Moreno N.; Querol X.; Ayora C.; Alastuey A.; Fernandez-Pereira C.; and Janssen-
Jurkovicova M. (2001) Potential Environmental Applications of Pure Zeolitic
Material Synthesized from Fly Ash. J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE, 127, 11, 994.
Morgan B.E.; Loewenthal R.E.; and Lahav O. (2001) Fundamental Study of a One-Step
Ambient Temperature Ferrite Process for Treatment of Acid Mine Drainage
Waters. Wat. SA, 27, 2, 277.
Ng'andu D.E. (2001) The Effect of Underground Mine Water on Performance of the
Mufulira Flotation Process. J. South African Inst. Min. Metal., 101, 7, 367.
Nikolov L.; Karamanev D.; Dakov L.; and Popova V. (2001) Oxidation of Ferrous Iron by
Thiobacillus ferrooxidans in a Full-Scale Rotating Biological Contactor. Environ.
Prog., 20, 4, 247.
Niyogi D.K.; Lewis W.M.; and McKnight D.M. (2001) Litter Breakdown in Mountain
Streams Affected by Mine Drainage: Biotic Mediation of Abiotic Controls. Ecol.
Applic., 11, 2, 506.
Pettersson U.T., and Ingri J. (2001) The Geochemistry of Co and Cu in the Kafue River
as it Drains the Copperbelt Mining Area, Zambia. Chem. Geol., 177, 3-4, 399.
Provencio P.P., and Polyak V.J. (2001) Iron Oxide-Rich Filaments: Possible Fossil
Bacteria in Lechuguilla Cave, New Mexico. Geomicrobiol. J., 18, 3, 297.
23
Razowska L. (2001) Changes of Groundwater Chemistry Caused by the Flooding of

Iron Mines (Czestochowa Region, Southern Poland). J. Hydrol., 244, 1-2, 17.
Ristow N.E., and Hansford G.S. (2001) Modelling of a Falling Sludge Bed Reactor using
AQUASIM. Wat. SA, 27, 4, 445.
Rolland W.; Wagner H.; Chmielewski R.; and Grunewald U. (2001) Evaluation of the
Long Term Groundwater Pollution by the Open Cast Lignite Mine Janschwalde
(Germany). J. Geochem. Explor., 73, 2, 97.
Ross R.M.; Krise W.F.; Redell L.A.; and Bennett R.M. (2001) Effects of Dissolved
Carbon Dioxide on the Physiology and Behavior of Fish in Artificial Streams.
Environ. Toxicol., 16, 1, 84.
Rudisell M.T.; Stuart B.J.; Novak G.; Payne H.; and Togni C.S. (2001) Use of Flue Gas
Desulfurization By-Product for Mine Sealing and Abatement of Acid Mine
Drainage. Fuel, 80, 6, 837.
Saiki M.K.; Martin B.A.; Thompson L.D.; and Welsh D. (2001) Copper, Cadmium, and
Zinc Concentrations in Juvenile Chinook Salmon and Selected Fish-Forage
Organisms (Aquatic Insects) in the Upper Sacramento River, California. Wat. Air
Soil Pollut., 132, 1-2, 127.
Sandstrom A., and Mattsson E. (2001) Bacterial Ferrous Iron Oxidation of Acid Mine
Drainage as Pre-Treatment for Subsequent Metal Recovery. Int. J. Min.
Process., 62, 1-4, 309.
Santelli C.M.; Welch S.A.; Westrich H.R.; and Banfield J.F. (2001) The Effect of Fe-
Oxidizing Bacteria on Fe-Silicate Mineral Dissolution. Chem. Geol., 180, 1-4, 99.
Shang J.; Morris B.; and Howarth, P. (2001) Using Airborne Magnetic and
Electromagnetic Data to Monitor Mine Tailings in Copper Cliff, Northern Ontario.
CIM Bull., 94, 1056, 73.
Siefert J., and Mutz M. (2001) Processing of Leaf Litter in Acid Waters of the Post-
24
Mining Landscape in Lusatia, Germany. Ecol. Eng., 17, 2-3, 297.
Sikora F.J.; Behrends L.L.; Brodie G.A.; and Taylor H.N. (2000) Design Criteria and
Required Chemistry for Removing Manganese in Acid Mine Drainage using
Subsurface Flow Wetlands. Wat. Environ. Res., 72, 5, 536.
Smith M.W., and Skema V.W. (2001) Evaluating the Potential For Acid Mine Drainage
Remediation Through Remining in the Tangascootack Creek Watershed, Clinton
County, Pennsylvania. Min. Eng, 53, 2, 41.
Song Y.; Fitch M.; Burken J.; Nass L.; Chilukiri S.; Gale N.; and Ross C. (2001) Lead
and Zinc Removal by Laboratory-Scale Constructed Wetlands. Wat. Environ.
Res., 73, 1, 37.
Soucek D.J.; Schmidt T.S.; and Cherry D.S. (2001) In Situ Studies with Asian Clams
(Corbicula fluminea) Detect Acid Mine Drainage and Nutrient Inputs in Low-Order
Streams. Can. J. Fish. Aqua. Sci., 58, 3, 602.
Stevens A.E.; McCarthy B.C.; and Vis M.L. (2001) Metal Content of Klebsormidium-
Dominated (Chlorophyta) Algal Mats from Acid Mine Drainage Waters in
Southeastern Ohio. J. Torrey Botan. Soc., 128, 3, 226.
Stoertz M.W.; Hughes M.L.; Wanner N.S.; and Farley M.E. (2001) Long-Term Water
Quality Trends at a Sealed, Partially Flooded Underground Mine. Environ. Eng.
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Stuben D.; Berner Z.; Kappes B.; and Puchelt H. (2001) Environmental Monitoring of
Heavy Metals and Arsenic from Ag- Pb-Zn Mining. A Case Study Over Two
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Sullivan A.B., and Drever J.I. (2001b) Spatiotemporal Variability in Stream Chemistry in
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25
237.
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Formation with SO42- on Ferrihydrite and Schwertmannite. Appl. Geochem., 16,
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guttatus Fischer ex DC. South African J. Sci., 97, 11-12, 539.
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Management. Wat. Air Soil Pollut., 132, 1-2, 185.
Utgikar V.P.; Chen B.Y.; Chaudhary N.; Tabak H.H.; Haines J.R.; and Govind R. (2001)
Acute Toxicity of Heavy Metals to Acetate-Utilizing Mixed Cultures of Sulfate-
Reducing Bacteria: EC100 and EC50. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 20, 12, 2662.
Verb R.G., and Vis M.L. (2001) Macroalgal Communities from an Acid Mine Drainage
Impacted Watershed. Aqua. Bot., 71, 2, 93.
Villinski J.E.; O'Day P.A.; Corley T.L.; and Conklin M.H. (2001) In Situ Spectroscopic
and Solution Analyses of the Reductive Dissolution of MnO2 by Fe(II). Environ.
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Water Quality of an Old Post-Mining Lake. Ecol. Eng., 17, 2-3, 133.
Wisotzky F., and Obermann P. (2001) Acid Mine Groundwater in Lignite Overburden
Dumps and its Prevention - The Rhineland Lignite Mining Area (Germany). Ecol.
Eng., 17, 2-3, 115.
Wood T.A.; Murray K.R.; and Burgess J.G. (2001) Ferrous Sulphate Oxidation using
Thiobacillus ferrooxidans Cells Immobilised on Sand for the Purpose of Treating
Acid Mine-Drainage. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 56, 3-4, 560.
Worrall F., and Pearson D.G. (2001) The Development of Acidic Groundwaters in Coal-
26
Bearing Strata: Part I. Rare Earth Element Fingerprinting. Appl. Geochem., 16,
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Yun S.T.; Jung H.B.; and So C.S. (2001) Transport, Fate and Speciation of Heavy
Metals (Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd) in Mine Drainage: Geochemical Modeling and Anodic
Stripping Voltammetric Analysis. Environ. Technol., 22, 7, 749.
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27

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Literature Review 2002

MINERALS AND MINE DRAINAGE

This chapter reviews the literature pertaining to environmental processes that

SITE CHARACTERIZATION AND ASSESSMENT

An important initial step during remediation plan development for mining-

coupled transport phenomena and a geochemical equilibrium model to simulate redox

sediment-specific properties such as cation exchange capacity and silica weathering

PROTECTION, PREVENTION, AND RESTORATION

An integrative assessment of the toxic influence of mine drainage on aquatic

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND TRANSPORT

Microscale measurements of oxygen in laboratory studies were compared to in

A study of the factors affecting alkalinity generation by successive alkalinity-

BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND TREATMENT

A full-scale rotating biological contactor was used with Thiobacillus ferrooxidans

oxidized, equivalent to an iron oxidation rate of 0.31-0.33 g/L-hr. Another study

chemolithotrophic bacteria and an iron-containing silica mineral, fayalite (Santelli et al.,

Eric A. Marchand is an assistant professor in the Department of Civil Engineering

Arienzo M.; Chiarenzelli J.; and Scrudato R. (2001) Remediation of Metal-Contaminated

Coal Geol., 45, 2-3, 195.

Fifteenth to the Nineteenth Century. Geog. J., 167, 57.

Elberling B. (2001) Environmental Controls of the Seasonal Variation in Oxygen Uptake

Evangelou V.P. (2001) Pyrite Microencapsulation Technologies: Principles and

Garcia-Criado F., and Fernandez-Alaez M. (2001) Hydraenidae and Elmidae

Macroinvertebrate Assemblages in Relation to Environmental Gradients in Rocky

Gundersen P., and Steinnes E. (2001) Influence of Temporal Variations in River

Hallberg K.B., and Johnson D.B. (2001) Biodiversity of Acidophilic Prokaryotes. In

Kawano M., and Tomita K. (2001) Geochemical Modeling of Bacterially Induced

Republic of Korea. Environ. Geol., 40, 4-5, 482.

Razowska L. (2001) Changes of Groundwater Chemistry Caused by the Flooding of

Mining Landscape in Lusatia, Germany. Ecol. Eng., 17, 2-3, 297.

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