ENERGETICS

Enthalpy Changes
Exothermic and endothermic reactions

Chemical reactions can either release energy to their surroundings, exothermic, or energy
can be transferred to them from the surroundings, endothermic.

Energy-level profile diagrams.

Endothermic: Exothermic:

Exothermic reactions are most common, however, an important example of an endothermic

reaction is photosynthesis in plants, where the energy supplied is from sunlight.

Law of conservation of energy: Energy cannot be destroyed or created but only transferred
from one form to another. The total energy of a system of reacting chemicals and
surroundings remains constant.

Enthalpy change
Enthalpy change is the term used to describe the energy exchange that takes place with the
surroundings at a constant pressure and is given the symbol ΔH.

Enthalpy is the total energy content of the reacting materials. It is given the symbol, H.

ΔH = ΔH products - ΔH reactants

The units are kilojoules per mole (kJmol-1)

Note: For exothermic reaction

∆𝑯 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒊𝒔 𝒏𝒆𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒘𝒉𝒊𝒍𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒊𝒄 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 ∆𝑯 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒊𝒔 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆
 Standard enthalpy changes: standard conditions
If we are to compare the enthalpy changes of a various reactions we must use standard
conditions, such as known temperatures, pressures, amounts and concentrations of
reactants or products.

The standard conditions are:

• A pressure of 101.325 kilopascals (101325 Pa)

• A temperature of 298K (25oC)
• Reactants and products in physical states, normal for the above conditions.
• A concentration of 1.0mol dm-3 for solutions.

The o sign indicates standard conditions.

Standard enthalpy change of reaction ΔHor

The standard enthalpy change of reaction is the enthalpy change when the amounts of
reactants shown in the equation for the reaction, react under standard conditions to give
the products in their standard states.

Standard enthalpy change of formation (ΔHof)

The standard enthalpy change of formation is the enthalpy change when one mole of a
compound is formed from its elements under standard conditions; both compound and
elements are in standard states.

Following equation represent the ΔHof of sodium chloride, magnesium oxide, butane
and ethanol
1
Na(s) + Cl2(g) NaCl(s)
2

1
Mg(s) + O2(g) MgO(s)
2

4C(s) + 5H2(g) C4H10(g)

1
2C(s) + 3H2(g) + 𝑂2 C2H5OH(l)
2

Standard enthalpy change of combustion (ΔHoc)

The standard enthalpy change of combustion is the enthalpy change when one mole of an
element or compound reacts completely with oxygen under standard conditions.

Following equations represent the ΔHoc of carbon and butane.

C(s) + 𝑂2(𝑔) CO2(g)

 13
C4H10(g) 𝑂2 4CO2 + 5H2O
2

Standard enthalpy change of Atomisation

The standard enthalpy change of formation is the enthalpy change when one mole of a
gaseous atom is formed from its elements under standard conditions.

Following equation represent the ∆𝐻𝑎𝑡𝑚 of sodium, aluminium, fluorine and iodine.

Na(s) Na(g)

Al(s) Al(g)
1
F2(g) F(g)
2

1
I2(s) I(g)
2

Measuring Enthalpy Changes

Enthalpy changes of combustion
The type of apparatus used in the laboratory is shown below:

The following measurements are taken:

1. Mass of cold water (g)

2. Temperature rise of the water (K)
3. The loss of mass of the fuel (g)

We know that it takes 4.2J of energy to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1K. This is
called the specific heat capacity of water, c, and has a value of 4.2Jg-1K-1.
Hence, energy transferred can be calculated using:

Energy transfer (q) = mcΔT (joules)

𝒒
(Enthalpy change) ∆𝑯 =
𝒏

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Enthalpy changes of reactions

The apparatus required is different to that used in measurements of combustion, since we are not
burning a fuel.

In these experiments you need to:

1. Use a polystyrene cup to act as an insulating vessel.

2. Add known amounts of reactants and stir
3. Measure temperature change using at thermometer that reads to at least 0.2oC
accuracy.
4. Calculate energy transfer using: Energy transfer(q) = mcΔT (joules)

CALCULATION OF ENTHALPY CHANGE OF REACTIONS

Method 1:

If combustion data is given to you then following formula will use in order to
calculate the enthalpy change of given reaction.

∆𝑯 = ∑ ∆𝑯𝑪 (𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕) − ∑ ∆𝑯𝑪 (𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕)

Method 2:

If formation data is given to you then following formula will use in order to calculate
the enthalpy change of given reaction.

∆𝑯 = ∑ ∆𝑯𝒇 (𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕) − ∑ ∆𝑯𝑪 (𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕)

 Hess's Law
Energy cycles
Consider the reaction:

A + B →C + D

Here we are only observing one possible reaction route from the reactants A and B to the
products C and D. In fact there may be more than one possible route for this reaction to
take.

Statement of Hess’s Law

According to the German scientist Hess, the total enthalpy change for a chemical reaction
is independent of the route by which the reaction takes place.

If we take the example above then the enthalpy change of route 1 would equal the total of
the enthalpy changes for route 2:

ΔH1 = ΔH2 + ΔH3 + ΔH4

Application of Hess' law

The best way to calculate this is to use different routes as shown. Where we cannot
measure enthalpy changes directly Hess' law is of great use.

Consider the following example for the formation of methane from carbon and
hydrogen:
We are unable to perform this reaction in the laboratory but we can use the values for the
enthalpy of combustion for the elements and compound. (Note: O2 (g) is included on both
sides of the equation in order to balance the equations. Its presence does not affect the
enthalpy change.)

ΔH2 = ΔHc o Carbon (Graphite) = -393.5 kJmol-1

ΔH3 = ΔHc o Hydrogen = -285.8 kJmol-1

ΔH4 = ΔHc o Methane = -890.3 kJmol-1

We can also use Hess's law to help calculate the average bond energy for C-H in methane:

ΔH2 = -74.8 kJ mol-1 ΔH3 = +715 kJ mol-1 ΔH4 = +218 kJ mol-1

ΔH1 = ΔH3 + 4ΔH4 - ΔH2

ΔH1 = +715 + 4(218) - (-74.8) = + 1661.8 kJ mol-1

4 C-H bonds in methane therefore:

1 C-H bond = 1661.8/4 = +415.3 kJ mol-1

ENERGETICS Paper 1
1. The following energy cycle represents the enthalpy changes in the formation of carbon
dioxide from its constituent elements in their standard states. What substances are present
at level Y in this diagram?

A C(g) + 2O(g) B C(g) + O2(g) C C(s) + O2(g) D

CO2(g)

2. At 600 °C oxides of nitrogen react with unburnt hydrocarbons in a catalytic converter in

a car exhaust. The equation using methane as representative of a hydrocarbon molecule
would be as follows.
4NO + CH4 2N2 + CO2 + 2H2O
Which statement is likely to be true about the energy change of this reaction?
A It is endothermic as heat energy is converted into chemical energy.
B It is exothermic as a high temperature is required.
C It is exothermic as the triple bond N O is broken.
D It is exothermic as the products have large negative enthalpy changes of formation.
D It is exothermic as the products have large negative enthalpy changes of formation.

3. The standard enthalpy changes of formation of HCl and HI are –92 kJ mol–1 and +26 kJ
mol–1 respectively. Which statement is most important in explaining this difference?
A Chlorine is more electronegative than iodine.
B The activation energy for the H2/Cl2 reaction is much less than that for the H2/I2 reaction.
C The bond energy of HI is smaller than the bond energy of HCl.
D The bond energy of I2 is smaller than the bond energy of Cl2.

4. Gaseous phosphorus pentachloride can be decomposed into gaseous phosphorus

trichloride and chlorine by heating. The table below gives the bond energies.

What is the enthalpy change in the decomposition of PCl5 to PCl3 and Cl2?

5. The ‘flash’ produced by nineteenth century photographers to take indoor photographs

was
obtained from the following reaction.

The standard enthalpy changes of formation are given below.

What is the standard enthalpy change of the ‘flash’ reaction?

A –3(–602) + (–437) – (–391) B (–602) + (–437) – (–391)
C 3(–602) + (–437) – (–391) D (–602) + 3(–437) – 3(–391)

6. Why does the exothermic reaction

not occur spontaneously?

A A tetrahedral configuration is always more stable than a planar one.
B Diamond has only strong covalent bonds whereas graphite has both covalent bonds and van der Waals’
forces.
C The change from diamond to graphite has a high activation energy.
D The density of graphite is less than that of diamond.
7. One explanation of the explosion at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in 1986 is that
the graphite reactor overheated and reacted with the cooling water according to the
following equation.

What are possible reasons why the forward reaction is more likely to occur at high
temperature?
1 Hydrogen and carbon monoxide do not react at high temperature.
2 At lower temperature, the position of equilibrium lies too far to the left.
3 The energy of activation is high.
A. 1,2 and 3 are correct B. 1 and 2 only are correct C. 2 and 3 only are correct D. 1 only is
correct

8. The standard enthalpy changes of formation of iron(II) oxide, FeO(s), and aluminium
oxide, Al2O3(s), are –266 kJ mol–1 and –1676 kJ mol–1 respectively.
What is the enthalpy change under standard conditions for the following reaction?

9. Four reactions of the type shown are studied at the same temperature.

Which is the correct reaction pathway diagram for the reaction that would proceed most rapidly and with
good yield?

10. The conversion of graphite has only a small positive value of ∆H.

However, the production of synthetic diamonds using this reaction is very difficult. Which
statements help to explain this?
1 The activation energy of the reaction is large.
2 An equilibrium exists between diamond and graphite.
3 Only exothermic reactions can be made to occur readily.
A. 1,2 and 3 are correct B. 1 and 2 only are correct C. 2 and 3 only are correct D. 1 only is
correct

11. The diagram illustrates the energy changes of a set of reactions.

Which of the following statements are correct?

1 The enthalpy change for the transformation U → R is + 42 kJ mol–1 .
2 The enthalpy change for the transformation T → S is endothermic.
3 The enthalpy change for the transformation R → T is – 33 kJ mol–1 .
A. 1,2 and 3 are correct B. 1 and 2 only are correct C. 2 and 3 only are correct D. 1 only is
correct

12. Iodine trichloride, ICl3, is made by reacting iodine with chlorine.

By using the data above, what is the enthalpy change of the formation for solid iodine
trichloride?
A –60 kJ mol–1 B –74 kJ mol–1 C –81 kJ mol–1 D –162 kJ mol–1

13. Which of the enthalpy changes of the following reactions can only be obtained by application of
Hess’ Law?
1 The hydration of anhydrous copper sulphate to form crystals of CuSO4.5H2O.
2 The formation of methane from its elements.
3 The combustion of glucose, C6H12O6.
A. 1,2 and 3 are correct B. 1 and 2 only are correct C. 2 and 3 only are correct D. 1 only is
correct

14.

–1
What is the enthalpy change of reaction, ΔH o, of 2SO2(g) + O2(g) → 2SO3(g)?

15. The table shows the enthalpy change of neutralisation per mole of water formed, ΔH,
for various acids and bases.
What are P, Q and R?

16. In the conversion of compound X into compound Z, it was found that the reaction
proceeded by way of compound Y, which could be isolated. The following steps were
involved.

Which reaction profile fits these data?

17. Hydrazine, N2H4, is widely used as a rocket fuel because it reacts with oxygen as shown,
producing ‘environmentally friendly’ gases.
N2H4(l) + O2(g) → N2(g) + 2H2O(g) ΔH = –534 kJ mol–1
Despite its use as a rocket fuel, hydrazine does not spontaneously burn in oxygen.
Why does hydrazine not burn spontaneously?
1 The activation energy is too high.
2 The N≡N bond is very strong.
3 Hydrazine is a liquid.
A. 1,2 and 3 are correct B. 1 and 2 only are correct C. 2 and 3 only are correct D. 1 only is
correct

18. For which equation is the enthalpy change correctly described as an enthalpy change of
formation?
A 2NO(g) → N2(g) + O2(g) B 2CO(g) + O2(g) → 2CO2(g)
C H2O(l) + NaCl(s) → NaCl(aq) D K(s) + Mn(s) + 2O2(g) →
KMnO4(s)
19. Given

What is the change in enthalpy, ΔHo, for the following reaction?

CO2(g) + H2(g) → CO(g) + H2O(g)
A –525 kJ mol –1 B –41 kJ mol–1 C +41 kJ mol–1 D +525 kJ mol–1

20. An exothermic chemical reaction proceeds by two stages.

The activation energy of stage 1 is 50 kJ mol–1. The overall enthalpy change of reaction is –100 kJ
mol–1.
Which diagram represents the reaction pathway for this reaction?

21. Skiers trapped by snowstorms use heat packs to keep warm. The heat may be
generated by the
reaction below.
4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) → 2Fe2O3(s) ; ΔHO = –1648 kJ
What is the standard enthalpy change of formation of iron(III) oxide?
A 0 kJ mol–1 B –824 kJ mol–1 C –1648 kJ mol–1 D –3296 kJ
mol –1

22. Slaked lime, Ca(OH)2, may be made from limestone, CaCO3.

On heating in a lime kiln at 1000 °C, limestone decomposes as follows.
reaction 1 CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g)
Water is then reacted with calcium oxide, CaO, as follows.
reaction 2 CaO(s) + H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(s)
What are the enthalpy changes of these reactions?
23. Nitrogen and oxygen react in a hot car engine to form nitrogen monoxide which is a
serious pollutant in our cities and in the countryside. However, nitrogen and oxygen do not
react at room temperature.

Which statements help to explain why nitrogen and oxygen do not react at room
temperature?
1 The reaction is endothermic.
2 A high activation energy is required.
3 Nitrogen has a high bond energy.
A. 1,2 and 3 are correct B. 1 and 2 only are correct C. 2 and 3 only are correct D. 1 only is
correct

24. Which statements are correct about the activation energy of a reaction?
1 It is different for the forward and back reactions in an exothermic process.
2 It is low for a reaction that takes place slowly.
3 It is unaffected by the presence of a catalyst.
A. 1,2 and 3 are correct B. 1 and 2 only are correct C. 2 and 3 only are correct D. 1 only is
correct

25. For which equation does the enthalpy change correspond to the enthalpy change of
atomisation of iodine?
A ½ I2(s) → I(s) B ½ I2(s) → I(g) C I2(g) → 2I(g) D I2(s) → 2I(g)

26. Titanium occurs naturally as the mineral rutile, TiO2. One possible method of extraction
of
titanium is to reduce the rutile by heating with carbon.
TiO2(s) + 2C(s) → Ti(s) + 2CO(g)
The standard enthalpy changes of formation of TiO2(s) and CO(g) are –940 kJ mol–1 and –110
kJ mol–1 respectively. What is the standard enthalpy change of this reaction?
A –830 kJ mol–1 B –720 kJ mol–1 C +720 kJ mol–1 D +830 kJ mol–1

27. Red lead oxide, Pb3O4, is used in metal priming paints. It can be made by heating PbO in
air.
6PbO(s) + O2(g) → 2Pb3O4(s)
Which two values are needed to calculate the enthalpy change for this reaction?
A enthalpy change of combustion of lead and enthalpy change of formation of Pb3O4
B enthalpy change of combustion of PbO and enthalpy change of formation of Pb 3O4
C enthalpy change of formation of PbO and enthalpy change of atomisation of O 2
D enthalpy change of formation of PbO and enthalpy change of formation of Pb3O4

28. The diagram represents the reaction pathway for the following reaction.
W(g) + X(g) → Y(g) + Z(g)

What statement can be made about the reverse reaction, Y(g) + Z(g) → W(g) + X(g)?
A It will have a larger activation energy and a positive ΔH.
B It will have a larger activation energy and a negative ΔH.
C It will have a smaller activation energy and a positive ΔH.
D It will have a smaller activation energy and a negative ΔH.

29. Hydrogen peroxide slowly decomposes into water and oxygen. The enthalpy change of
reaction can be calculated using standard enthalpies of formation.

Using a Hess cycle, what is the enthalpy change of reaction for this decomposition?
2H2O2(l) → 2H2O(l) + O2(g)
A +98 kJ mol–1 B −98 kJ mol–1 C −196 kJ mol–1 D −947.2
kJ mol –1

30. For which reactions does the value of ΔHo represent both a standard enthalpy change
of combustion and a standard enthalpy change of formation?
1 C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g)
2 2C(s) + O2(g) → 2CO(g)
1
3 CO(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g)
A. 1,2 and 3 are correct B. 1 and 2 only are correct C. 2 and 3 only are correct D. 1 only is
correct

31. The first stage in the industrial production of nitric acid from ammonia can be
represented by the following equation.

Using the following standard enthalpy change of formation data, what is the value of the
standard
enthalpy change, ΔHo, for this reaction?
A +905.2 kJ mol–1 B –105.4 kJ mol–1 C –905.2 kJ mol–1 D –1274.0 kJ mol–1

32. PCl5 dissociates as follows.

PCl5(g) → PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)
The extent of dissociation is 13 % at 160 °C and 100 % at 300 °C.
Which pair of statements about this formation of PCl3 is correct?

33. Four reactions of the type shown are studied at the same temperature.
X (g) + Y (g) → Z (g)
Which is the correct reaction pathway diagram for the reaction that would proceed most
rapidly and with the highest yield?

34. Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.

The elements radon (Rn), francium (Fr) and radium (Ra) have consecutive proton numbers in
the Periodic Table. What is the order of their first ionisation energies?
35. Some bond energy values are listed below.

These bond energy values relate to the following four reactions.

P Br2 → 2Br Q 2Cl → Cl2
R CH3 + Cl → CH3Cl S CH4 → CH3 + H
What is the order of enthalpy changes of these reactions from most negative to most
positive?
AP→Q→R→S BQ→R→S→P CR→Q→P→S DS→P→
Q→R

36. Given the following enthalpy changes,

What is the standard enthalpy change of formation of iodine trichloride, ICl3(s)?

A +176 kJ mol–1 B –88 kJ mol–1 C –176 kJ mol–1 D –214 kJ
mol –1

37. Enthalpy changes of combustion can be used to determine enthalpy changes of

formation. The following equation represents the enthalpy change of formation of butane.
4C(s) + 5H2(g) → C4H10(g)
By using the following standard enthalpy of combustion data, what is the value of the
standard enthalpy change of formation, , for this reaction?
A –5883 kJ mol–1 B –129 kJ mol–1 C +129 kJ mol–1 D +2197 kJ
mol–1

38. In a calorimetric experiment 1.60 g of a fuel is burnt. 45 % of the energy released is

absorbed by 200 g of water whose temperature rises from 18 °C to 66 °C. The specific heat
capacity of water is 4.2 J g–1 K–1. What is the total energy released per gram of fuel burnt?
A 25 200 J B 56 000 J C 89 600 J D 143 360
J

39. The equation below represents the combination of gaseous atoms of non-metal X and
of hydrogen to form gaseous X2H6 molecules.
2X(g) + 6H(g) → X2H6(g) ΔH = –2775 kJ mol–1
The bond energy of an X–H bond is 395 kJ mol–1. What is the bond energy of an X–X bond?
A – 405.0 kJ mol–1 B – 202.5 kJ mol–1 C +202.5 kJ mol–1 D +405.0
kJ mol –1

40. 50 cm3 of 2.50 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid was placed in a polystyrene beaker of
negligible heat capacity. Its temperature was recorded and then 50 cm3 of 2.50 mol dm–3
NaOH at the same temperature was quickly added, with stirring. The temperature rose by
17 °C.
The resulting solution may be considered to have a specific heat capacity of 4.2 J g–1 K–1.

What is an approximate value for the molar enthalpy change of neutralisation of

hydrochloric acid
and sodium hydroxide from this experiment?

41. Hydrazine, N2H4, is widely used as a rocket fuel because it reacts with oxygen as shown,
producing ‘environmentally friendly’ gases.
N2H4(l) + O2(g) → N2(g) + 2H2O(g) ΔH = –534 kJ mol–1
Despite its use as a rocket fuel, hydrazine does not burn spontaneously in oxygen. Which
statement explains why hydrazine does not burn spontaneously?
A Hydrazine is a liquid. B The activation energy is too high.
C The N N bond is very strong. D The reaction is exothermic.

42. Which reaction has an enthalpy change equal to the standard enthalpy change of
formation of propane?
A 3C(g) + 4H2(g) → C3H8(g) B 3C(g) + 8H(g) → C3H8(g)
C 3C(s) + 4H2(g) → C3H8(g) D 3C(s) + 4H2(g) → C3H8(l)

43. The standard enthalpy change for the reaction

2NF3(g) → 2N(g) + 6F(g) is ΔHo = +1668 kJ
What is the bond energy of the N–F bond?
A –556 kJ mol–1 B –278 kJ mol–1 C +278 kJ mol–1 D +556 kJ
mol –1

44. Which reaction is endothermic?

A 2HBr → H2 + Br2 B N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3
C 2SO2 + O2 → 2SO3 D SO3 + H2O → H2SO4

45. The definitions of many chemical terms can be illustrated by chemical equations. Which
terms can be illustrated by an equation that shows the formation of a positive ion?
1 first ionisation energy
2 heterolytic fission
3 enthalpy change of atomisation
A. 1,2 and 3 are correct B. 1 and 2 only are correct C. 2 and 3 only are correct D. 1 only is
correct

46. Hess’s Law can be used to calculate the average C-H bond energy in methane.

Which data values are needed in order to perform the calculation?

47. An energy profile diagram is shown.

What do the labels on the diagram represent?

48. The equation for a reaction is shown.

Which pair of descriptions is fully correct for this reaction?

49. Propanone has the molecular formula C3H6O.

The enthalpy change of combustion of hydrogen is –286 kJ mol–1.
The enthalpy change of combustion of carbon is –394 kJ mol–1.
The enthalpy change of combustion of propanone is –1786 kJ mol–1.

Using this information, what is the enthalpy change of formation of propanone?

A –1106 kJ mol–1 B –540 kJ mol–1 C –254 kJ mol–1 D +1106 kJ
mol –1

Chemical Energetic

1. A 11. D 21. B 31. C 41. B

2. D 12. C 22. B 32. A 42. C

3. C 13. B 23. A 33. C 43. C

 4. D 14. A 24. D 34. A 44. A

5. C 15. A 25. B 35. C 45. B

6. C 16. A 26. C 36. B 46. A

7. C 17. D 27. D 37. B 47. C

8. B 18. D 28. A 38. B 48. D

9. C 19. C 29. C 39. D 49. C

10. D 20. C 30. D 40. C

ENERGETICS Paper 2
1 Ethanol, C2H5OH, is a most important industrial chemical and is used as a solvent, a fuel
and an intermediate in large scale organic synthesis.
Ethanol is prepared industrially by the reaction of ethene and steam in the presence of a
catalyst.

The standard enthalpy change of the reaction can be determined by using the standard
enthalpy changes of combustion, ΔHc, at 298 K.

(a) Calculate the standard enthalpy change for the following reaction.

[
2
]
(b) (i) Define the term standard enthalpy change of combustion.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
(ii) Explain why the state symbols for water and ethanol given in the equation in (a) have
been changed from those quoted in the industrial process.

...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
(iii) Write the equation for the complete combustion of ethanol.

...................................................................................................................................
[
4
]
2 Urea, CO(NH2)2, is a naturally occurring substance which can be hydrolysed with water to
form ammonia according to the following equation.

The standard enthalpy changes of formation of water, urea, carbon dioxide and ammonia
(in aqueous solution) are given below.

Use these data to calculate the standard enthalpy change for the hydrolysis of urea.

[2]
3 (a) (i) What is meant by the standard enthalpy change of formation, ∆Hf, of a compound?
Explain what is meant by the term standard.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
(ii) Write an equation, with state symbols, for the ∆Hf of water.

...................................................................................................................................
(iii) Explain why the ∆Hf for water is identical to the standard enthalpy change of
combustion of hydrogen.

...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
[4]
(b) When calcium is placed in water, aqueous calcium hydroxide is formed and hydrogen is
given off.
(i) Write the equation for the reaction of calcium with water.

...................................................................................................................................
(ii) When 1.00 g of calcium is placed in 200 g of water, the temperature increases by 12.2 °C
when the reaction is completed. The specific heat capacity of water, c, is 4.2 J g–1K–1.
Calculate the heat released in the experiment.

(iii) Calculate the standard enthalpy change of reaction in k J mol–1 for your equation in
(b)(i).

[4]

(c) (i) State Hess’ Law.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(ii) Use Hess’ Law and your result in (b)(iii) to calculate the ∆Hf of Ca(OH)2 (aq). You also
need the ∆Hf of water which is –286 k J mol–1.

[4]
(d) Calculate the volume of hydrogen, measured at room temperature and pressure,
liberated in the experiment described in (b)(ii).

[2]

[Total : 14]

4 (a) (i) Explain how enthalpy changes, ΔH values, for covalent bonded molecules can be
calculated from bond energies.
...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(ii) Use bond energies from the Data Booklet to calculate ΔH for the following dissociation.
2HI(g) → H2(g) + I2(g)

[3]

5. Calculate the standard enthalpy change of formation of CS2 from the following data.
Standard enthalpy change of formation of SO2 = –298 kJ mol–1
Standard enthalpy change of formation of CO2 = –395 kJ mol–1
Standard enthalpy change of combustion of CS2 = –1110 kJ mol–1

[3]

6 .(a) The equation for the complete combustion of ethyne is given below.
Use appropriate bond energy data from the Data Booklet to calculate a value for the
enthalpy change of combustion of ethyne.

[3]

(b) The value for the standard enthalpy change of combustion of ethyne is –1300 kJ mol–1.
(i) Explain why your answer to (a) does not have the same value as the standard enthalpy
change of combustion.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................

[3]

7 Carbon, hydrogen and ethene each burn exothermically in an excess of air.

Use the data to calculate the standard enthalpy change of formation, ΔHof , in kJ mol–1, of
ethene at 298 K.
2C(s) + 2H2(g) → C2H4(g)

[3]

8
(i) Use the data below to calculate the standard enthalpy change of formation of ketene.

[6]

ΔHof = ................................. kJ
mol–1
9 Alkanes such as methane, CH4, undergo few chemical reactions. Methane will, however,
react with chlorine but not with iodine. Relevant standard enthalpy changes of formation
for the reaction of methane with chlorine to form chloromethane, CH3Cl, are given below.
 CH4 + Cl2 → CH3Cl + HCl

(ii) The corresponding reaction with iodine does not take place.

Use bond energy data from the Data Booklet to calculate a ‘theoretical value’ for ΔHreaction
for the following equation.
CH4 + I2 → CH3I + HI
(iii) Suggest why this reaction does not in fact occur.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

[5]
(b) The energy of activation for the formation of CH3Cl is 16 kJ mol–1.

Use this figure and your answer to (a)(i) to complete the reaction pathway diagram below
showing the formation of CH3Cl from CH4 and Cl2.

Show clearly the intermediate organic species and the final products.

Indicate on your sketch the relevant enthalpy changes and their values.

[4]
10 Hydrazine, N2H4, can be used as a rocket fuel and is stored as a liquid. It reacts
exothermically with oxygen to give only gaseous products.

The enthalpy change of a reaction such as that between hydrazine and oxygen may be
calculated by using standard enthalpy changes of formation.
(a) Hydrazine reacts with oxygen according to the following equation.

(i) Use the data in the table to calculate the standard enthalpy change of this reaction.

ΔH = ........................................ kJ
–1
mol
(ii) Although the above reaction is highly exothermic, hydrazine does not burn
spontaneously in oxygen.
Suggest a reason for this.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................
(iii) Suggest why using hydrazine as a rocket fuel could be regarded as being
‘environmentally friendly’.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

[4]
11. The unsaturated hydrocarbon, E, is obtained by cracking hexane and is important in the
chemical industry.
The standard enthalpy change of combustion of E is – 2059 kJ mol–1.

When 0.47 g of E was completely burnt in air, the heat produced raised the temperature of
200 g of water by 27.5 °C. Assume no heat losses occurred during this experiment.
(a) (i) Use relevant data from the Data Booklet to calculate the amount of heat released in
this experiment.

(ii) Use the data above and your answer to (i) to calculate the relative molecular mass, Mr,
of E.
[
4
]

(f) Deduce the molecular formula of E.

[
1
]
[To
tal:
7]

12 Halogenoalkanes have been widely used as aerosol propellants, refrigerants and solvents
for many years.
Fluoroethane, CH3CH2F, has been used as a refrigerant. It may be made by reacting ethene
with hydrogen fluoride.
You are to calculate a value for the C–F bond energy in fluoroethane.

(a) Use relevant bond energies from the Data Booklet, and the equation below to calculate a
value for the bond energy of the C–F bond.

C–F bond energy = .................................... kJ

–1
mol [4]
13 For some chemical reactions, such as the thermal decomposition of potassium hydrogen
carbonate, KHCO3, the enthalpy change of reaction cannot be measured directly.

In such cases, the use of Hess’ Law enables the enthalpy change of reaction to be calculated
from the enthalpy changes of other reactions.
(a) In order to determine the enthalpy change for the thermal decomposition of potassium
hydrogen carbonate, two separate experiments were carried out.

Experiment 1

30.0 cm3 of 2.00 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid (an excess) was placed in a conical flask and
the temperature recorded as 21.0 °C.
When 0.0200 mol of potassium carbonate, K2CO3, was added to the acid and the mixture
stirred with a thermometer, the maximum temperature recorded was 26.2 °C.

(b) (i) Construct a balanced equation for this reaction.

..................................................................................................................................
(ii) Calculate the quantity of heat produced in experiment 1, stating your units.

Use relevant data from the Data Booklet and assume that all solutions have the same
specific heat capacity as water.
(iii) Use your answer to (ii) to calculate the enthalpy change per mole of K2CO3.
Give your answer in kJ mol–1 and include a sign in your answer.

(iv) Explain why the hydrochloric acid must be in an excess.

..................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................
[4]
Experiment 2

The experiment was repeated with 0.0200 mol of potassium hydrogen carbonate, KHCO3.

All other conditions were the same.

In the second experiment, the temperature fell from 21.0 °C to 17.3 °C.

(c) (i) Construct a balanced equation for this reaction.

..................................................................................................................................

(ii) Calculate the quantity of heat absorbed in experiment 2.

(iii) Use your answer to (ii) to calculate the enthalpy change per mole of KHCO3.

Give your answer in kJ mol–1 and include a sign in your answer.

[
3
]

(d) When KHCO3 is heated, it decomposes into K2CO3, CO2 and H2O.

Use Hess’ Law and your answers to (b)(iii) and (c)(iii) to calculate the enthalpy change for
this reaction. Give your answer in kJ mol–1 and include a sign in your answer.

[2]

[Total: 11]

14 Methanol, CH3OH, is considered to be a possible alternative to fossil fuels, particularly for use in
vehicles.

Methanol can be produced from fossil fuels and from agricultural waste. It can also be
synthesised from carbon dioxide and hydrogen.

(a) Define, with the aid of an equation which includes state symbols, the standard enthalpy
change of formation of carbon dioxide.

Equation ............................................................................................................................
 [2]
(b) Relevant values for the reaction that synthesises methanol are given in the table.

(i) Use these values to calculate for this synthesis of methanol. Include a sign in your
answer.

= .........................kJ mol–1
(ii) Suggest one possible environmental advantage of this reaction. Explain your answer.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................
[
5
]
14 Alcohols such as methanol, CH3OH, are considered to be possible replacements for fossil
fuels because they can be used in car engines.
(a) Define, with the aid of an equation which includes state symbols, the standard enthalpy
change of combustion, for methanol at 298 K.

Equation............................................................................................................................

Definition...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
[3]

Methanol may be synthesised from carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Relevant values for this
reaction are given in the table below.
(b) Use these values to calculate for the synthesis of methanol, using the following equation.
Include a sign in your answer.

= ................kJ
mol–1
[
3
]
15 With the prospect that fossil fuels will become increasingly scarce in the future, many
compounds are being considered for use in internal combustion engines. One of these is
DME or dimethyl ether, CH3OCH3. DME is a gas which can be synthesised from methanol.

Methanol can be obtained from biomass, such as plant waste from agriculture.

(a) Define, with the aid of an equation which includes state symbols, the standard enthalpy
change of combustion, for DME at 298 K.

equation ............................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) DME may be synthesised from methanol. Relevant enthalpy changes of formation, for
this reaction are given in the table below.

Use these values to calculate for the synthesis of DME, using the following equation. Include
a sign in your answer.
2CH3OH(l) → CH3OCH3(g) + H2O(l)

= ..................... kJ
mol–1
[
3
]
16. The reaction of ethanoic acid with ethanol to form ethyl ethanoate and water is an
example of dynamic equilibrium. It is catalysed by the presence of H+ ions.

∆H = + 14kJmol–1
(a) On the axes below, draw and label a reaction pathway/energy diagram for both the
catalysed and uncatalysed reaction. Also label your diagram with the ∆H value given.

[
3
]