Drugs and Medicines

WHAT IS DRUG??
Any substance, other than food, used in the prevention,

diagnosis, all aviation or treatment of a disease is called a
drug. A drug may also be defined as a chemical which, when
taken in some way after the body function. Drug is also
known as a medicine. Generally, the term drugs applied to
any stimulating or depressing substance that can be
habituating or addictive.
CONTENTS PAGE NUMBER
Introduction 1
Meaning of addiction 2
Classification of drugs 3
Structure of some mentioned drugs 4-5
Combination of drugs and alcohols 6
How drug addiction begins 7
Social disease- smoking, drinking, drugs and alcohols 8
Tobacco 9
Other harmful components of tobacco smoke 10
Alcohol 11
Bibliography 12
Thank you 13
Addiction is the habitual, psychological and physiological
dependence on a substance or practice. Which is beyond
voluntary control. A person who is habituated to a substance
or a practice, especially a harmful one, is called an addict.
Drugs are prescribed by physicians for the prevention or

treatment of diseases, or for increasing the physical and
mental performance and are withdrawn as soon as the
desired effect is achieved. Repeated use of certain drugs on
a periodic or continuous basis may make the body
dependence. Such drugs are called psychotropic rugs. They
act on the brain and alter behaviour, consciousness and
capacity of perception. Hence, they are also termed mood-
altering drugs. Some people start taking drugs without
medical advise due to one reason or the other and become
drugs dependent.
TYPE OF DRUGS EXAMPLES EFFECTS
1. Sedatives and Barbiturates, Depress CNS
Tranquillizers Benzodiazepines activity give feeling
ofcalmness,
relaxation,
drowsiness.
2. Opiate Narcotics Opium, morphine, Suppress brain

codeine, heroin activity,
relaxed pain.
3.Stimulants Amphetamines, Make a person more

Caffeine, cocaine wakeful,alert and
active, cause
excitement.
4.Hallucinogens LSQ, Mescalin, Alter thoughts,

psilocybin, Ganja, feeling and
chares, Hashish perceptions.
1. Sedatives and Tranquillizers :-
Barbiturates Benzodiazepines
2. Opiate Narcotics:-
MORPHINECODEINE
3. Stimulants :-
CAFFEINE COCAINE
4. Hallucinogens:-
MESCALIN PSILOCYBIN
Some addicts use mixtures of drugs to have immediate ‘kid’
or ‘charge’. Simultaneous use of drug and alcohol may
produce dangerous effects, including death. When
barbiturates and alcohol are taken together, each doubles the
effect of the other. A mixture of cocaine and heroin called
speed ball, gives spontaneous kick of cocaine and prolonged
pleasure of heroin.
Combination Effect
1. Alcohol + Barbiturates. Markedly increased depressant effect.
2. Alcohol + Antihistamines. Marked drowsiness.
3. Alcohol + Valium. Dramatically increases sedative effect.
4. Alcohol + Marijuana or Hashish. Decreased coordination increased

reaction timeimpaired judgement.
5. Alcohol + Aspirin. Increased changes of damage to gastric

mucosa.
How drug addiction Begins ?
There are many factors that lead people to drug addiction.
1. Curiosity : Frequent references to drugs by public media create curiosity

for having a personal experience of the drugs.
2. Friend’s pressure : Frequent appreciation of drug experience by friends

allures others to start the use of drugs.
3. Frustration and Depression : Some people start taking drugs to get relief
from frustration and depression.
4. Desire for More Work : Students sometimes take drugs to keep awake
the whole night to prepare for examination. It is not desirable as it may cause
mental breakdown.
5. Looking for a Different World : A wrong notion that the drugs open up a
new world tempts some young octers to start taking-drugs.
6. Relief from Pain : A prolonged use of pain-relieving drugs with

physician’s advise at times leads to addiction.
7. Family History : Children may take to drugs by seeing their elders in

the family.
8. Excitement and Adventure : The young take to drugs to satisfy their

instinct for excitement and adventure.
Social Disease - Smoking, Drinking and Use of Drugs
Smoking and drinking and use of drugs frequently or
regularly are social diseases. They adversely affect the health
of the addicts and the society. Young people take to these
habits for fun, show off or curiosity, as an adventure or
feeling of freedom, or as a gesture of defiance against the
elders who themselves indulge in these activities but check
the youngsters. Other factors that make people take to these
vices are inability to face problems of life indifference shown
by members of the family, and encouragement or pressure by
friends. Temporary escape from the life problems and mental
relaxation felt on taking the drugs in the beginning increase
persons interest in them. Soon they become habitual and find
in difficult to leave. The daily dose to get the desired effect
increases with time.
As in other countries, the menace of drug addiction is
spreading in India also. A large number of our young men
and women have taken to intoxicants. About 87.6 per cent
drug addicts are between the ages of 14 and 25 years.
Tobacco
Sources :
It is a native of South Africa, where the Red Indian first started smoking. Now
the tobacco plant has spread the world over. It has large, quote to lanceloate
leaves and terminal clusters of tubular, white or pink flowers.
Modes of Use :
Tobacco is used for smoking, chewing and snuffing. Its main stimulating
component is poisonous volatile alkaid nicotine, which causes addiction.
Nicotine synthesis occurs in the roots of the plant but it is stored in the leaves.
The leaves contain 2 to 8% nicotine. Inhaling tobacco smoke from cigars,
cigarettes, biddies, pipes and hubble-bubble is called smoking. Cigar is a roll of
tobacco leaf. Cigarette is cut tobacco wrapped in paper. Bidi is tobacco
wrapped. In a piece of leaf.
Tobacco smoke is drawn directly from pipe and through water is hubble-bubble.
Smoking may give some temporary relief to the strained nerves but in the long
run it proves a dangerous health hazard. The quantity of nicotine contained in
one cigar may prove fatal if injected intravenously into a person. When smoked
only 10% of the smoke is inhaled. Hence, no immediate ill effect is observed.
Smokers may develop a physiological craving for nicotine and then they cannot
give up smoking.
Effect of Nicotine :
Nicotine is a low concentration.

(i) Stimulates conduction of nerve impulses.
(ii) Relaxes the muscles.
(iii) Releases adrenaline, increasing heart beat rate and pressure.
(iv) Increased blood pressure due to smoking chances the risk of heart diseases.
(v) Retards foetal growth in expecting mothers and
(vi) Causes tobacco addiction. High concentration of nicotine paralyses nerve cells.
Other Harmful components of Tobacco Smoke :
Besides the poisonous nicotine, the tobacco smoke contains carbon-

monoxide, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and tar.
Other Effects :
(i) Smoking effects economy :
A smoker not only waste money, but also runs risk of burns and fires.
(ii) Smoking mars personality :
Teeth may become stained. Lips may get discoloured and breath becomes foul.
A person with a cigarette hanging from the mouth look odd.
(iii) Smoking is annoying to others :
Cigarette smoke is quite annoying to non-smokers. It may prove even more

harmful to them. A smoker should avoid smoking. When in the company of
non smokers. A smoker makes the person nearby persons passive smokers
through inhaling smoke released by him.
Sources :
Ethyl alcohol, or ethanol, flammable, colourness liquid having a penetrating

odour and burning taste. It is one of the products of the distillation of fermented
grains, fruit juices and starches with the help of yeast enzymes. It is the
principal constituent and the in toxicating principle of wines.
Modes of Use :
Alcohol is taken in low concentration, as the beer, toddy and wine and in
relatively high concentration as arrack, brandy, whisky, rum, gin, vodka etc.
Addition :
Addition to alcohol is called alcoholism. Alcoholics are found in all society

section of society. Alcohol causes intoxication and thus, acts as a poison. They
drinkers begin with small doses, but may of them soon start consuming large
doses and become addicts. By the time they realize that drinking in adversely
affecting them, it is too late to give it up.
Why People Take to Drinking :
The drinkers offer one or more of the following reasons for starting drinking.(i)
Social pressure (ii) desire for excitement (iii) feeling of independence (iv) Liking
of taste (v) desire to escape from such realities of life as disappointments and
failures and (vi) desire to offset the hardships and monotony of daily life.
What Happens when Alcohol gets in stomach :

Alcohol is quickly absorbed in the stomach and upper part of small intestine and
reaches all the tissues in minutes. Its oxidation starts at once and a large amount of
heat in produced. Since heat is not needed in the body, it is taken up by the blood
and carried to the skin for dissipation. Since the receptors of heat are located in the
skin, the rush of blood to the skin gives a false impression of warmth in the body.
The blood supply of internal organs is greatly reduced resulting in fall of
temperature in them. Energy released by alcohol is not used in any life process.
Rather the energy derived from food is used up in ridding the body of excess heat
To make this project we have taken source from a book
“CHEMISTRY ABC” and “CHEMISTRY NCERT”. I have taken
help of internet also.
And taken help of our chemistry teacher
Mr. Rajiv Ranjan Sir

We would like to thank our chemistry sir Mr. Rajiv
Ranjan Sir who provided us this opportunity to
make a project on “Drugs and Medicines” which
really helped us to understand the concepts of
various drugs and its uses.

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WHAT IS DRUG??

Any substance, other than food, used in the prevention,

Structure of some mentioned drugs 4-5

Combination of drugs and alcohols 6

How drug addiction begins 7

Social disease- smoking, drinking, drugs and alcohols 8

Other harmful components of tobacco smoke 10

Drugs are prescribed by physicians for the prevention or

2. Opiate Narcotics Opium, morphine, Suppress brain

3.Stimulants Amphetamines, Make a person more

4.Hallucinogens LSQ, Mescalin, Alter thoughts,

1. Alcohol + Barbiturates. Markedly increased depressant effect.

2. Alcohol + Antihistamines. Marked drowsiness.

3. Alcohol + Valium. Dramatically increases sedative effect.

4. Alcohol + Marijuana or Hashish. Decreased coordination increased

5. Alcohol + Aspirin. Increased changes of damage to gastric

There are many factors that lead people to drug addiction.

1. Curiosity : Frequent references to drugs by public media create curiosity

2. Friend’s pressure : Frequent appreciation of drug experience by friends

6. Relief from Pain : A prolonged use of pain-relieving drugs with

7. Family History : Children may take to drugs by seeing their elders in

8. Excitement and Adventure : The young take to drugs to satisfy their

Nicotine is a low concentration.

Besides the poisonous nicotine, the tobacco smoke contains carbon-

(i) Smoking effects economy :

(ii) Smoking mars personality :

(iii) Smoking is annoying to others :

Cigarette smoke is quite annoying to non-smokers. It may prove even more

Ethyl alcohol, or ethanol, flammable, colourness liquid having a penetrating

Addition to alcohol is called alcoholism. Alcoholics are found in all society

Why People Take to Drinking :

What Happens when Alcohol gets in stomach :

Mr. Rajiv Ranjan Sir

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