English (Précis & Composition)

Direct & Indirect Speech

 Introduction
 There two ways to convey a message of a person, or the
words spoken by a person to other person.
 Direct speech
We may quote the actual words of the speaker. This method is
called Direct Speech.
 Indirect speech
We may report what he said without quoting his exact words.
This method is called Indirect Speech or Reported Speech.
For Example:
They said, “we are going to cinema” (Direct speech)
They said that they were going to cinema. (Indirect speech)
 Structure
 It will be seen that in Direct Speech.
(I) The exact words of the speaker have been used.
(ii) The wordy quoted have been put within Quotation
Marks or Inverted Commas.
(iii) The first letter of the quotation begins with a capital
letter.
(iv) There is always a comma of a colon after 'said' that
introduces the spoken words.
 In Indirect Speech, the speech that is reported is not put
within inverted commas and does not begin with a capital
letter
 That has been placed before the Indirect Speech.
 Rule For The Change of Pronouns
 Pronouns of the First Person in the Reported Speech are
changed in indirect Speech to the same person as the
subject of the Reporting Verb.
 Examples
Direct-- He says to me, “I am tired."
Indirect-- He tells me that he is tired.
Direct-- He said to me, “I am faithful.
Indirect-- He told me that he was faithful
 Rule For The Change of Pronouns
 Pronouns of the Second Person in the reported speech
are changed in Indirect to the same person as the noun
or pronoun coming after the Reporting Verb. If the object
of the reporting verb is not given, the sense of the
Pronoun to be used should be carefully determined.
 Examples
Direct speech: She said to him, “you are intelligent”
Indirect speech: She said to him that he was intelligent.
Direct speech: He said to me, “you are late for the party”
Indirect speech: He said to me that I was late for the party.
 Rule For The Change of Pronouns
 Pronouns of the Third Person in the Reported Speech
remain unchanged in Indirect Speech.

 Examples.

 Direct speech: They said, “He will come”

Indirect speech: They said that he would come.
Direct speech: You said, “They are waiting for the bus”
Indirect speech: You said that they were waiting for the
bus.
 Rule of Changing the Tense

PRESENT TENSE

PRESENT SIMPLE changes into PAST SIMPLE

He said, “I write a letter” He said that he wrote a letter.

She said, “He goes to school daily” He said that she went to school daily.

They said, “We love our country” They said that they loved their country

He said, “He does not like computer” He said that he did not like computer.
 Rule of Changing the Tense

PRESENT CONTINUOUS changes into PAST CONTINUOUS

He said, “He is listening to the music” He said that he was listening to the music.

She said, “I am washing my clothes” She said that she was washing her clothes.

They said, “We are enjoying the weather” They said that they were enjoying the weather.

She said, “I am not laughing” She said that she was not laughing.
 Rule of Changing the Tense

PRESENT PERFECT changes into PAST PERFECT

She said, “He has finished his work”

She said that he had finished his work.
He said, “I have started a job”
He said that he had started a job.
I said, “She have eaten the meal”
I said that she had eaten the meal.
They said, “We have not gone to New
They said that they had not gone to New York.
York.
 Rule of Changing the Tense

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS changes into PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

He said that he had been studying since 3

He said, “I have been studying since 3 O’clock”
O’clock.
She said, “It has been raining for three days.”
She said that it had been raining for three
days.
I said, “She has been working in this office
since 2007”
I said that she had been working in this office
since 2007.
 Rule of Changing the Tense

PAST SIMPLE changes into PAST PERFECT

He said to me, “You answered correctly” He said to me that I had answered correctly.

John said, “They went to cinema” John said that they had gone to cinema.

He said, “I made a table” He said that he had made a table.

She said, “I didn’t buy a car” She said that she had not bought a car.
 Rule of Changing the Tense

PAST CONTINUOUS changes into PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

They said that they had been enjoying the

They said, “We were enjoying the weather”
weather
He said to me, “ I was waiting for you”
He said to me that he had been waiting for me.
I said, “It was raining”
I said that it had been raining.
She said, “I was not laughing”
She said that she had not been laughing.
 Rule of Changing the Tense

PAST PERFECT changes into PAST PERFECT (tense does not change)

She said, “She had visited a doctor” She said that she had visited a doctor.

He said, “I had started a business” He said that he had started a business.

I said, “She had eaten the meal” I said that she had eaten the meal.

They said, “We had not gone to New York. They said they had not gone to New York.
 Rule of Changing the Tense

FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE

WILL changes into WOULD

He said, “I will study the book” He said that he would study the book.

She said, “I will buy a computer” She said that she would buy a computer.

They said to me, “We will send you gifts” They said to me that they would send me gifts.

I said, “I will not take the exam” I said that I would not take the exam.
 Rule of Changing the Tense

FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

WILL BE changes into WOULD BE

I said to him, “ I will be waiting for him” I said to him that I would be waiting for him.

She said,” I will be shifting to new home” She said that she would be shifting to a new home.

He said, “I will be working hard” He said that he would be working hard.

He said, “He will not be flying kite” He said that he would not be flying kites.
 Rule of Changing the Tense

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

WILL HAVE changes into WOULD HAVE

He said, “I will have finished the work” He said that he would have finished the work.

She said, “They will have passed the She said that they would have passed the
examination” examination.

He said, “I will have gone” He said that he would have gone.

 Rule of Changing the Tense
 The tense of reported speech may not change if reported
speech is a universal truth though its reporting verb
belongs to past tense.

Examples.
Direct speech: He said, “Mathematics is a science”
Indirect Speech: He said that mathematics is a science.
Direct speech: He said, “Sun rises in east”
Indirect Speech: He said that sun rises in east.
(Tense didn’t change because reported speech is a
universal truth thought its reporting verb belongs to
past tense)
 Change of Words
 Words indicating nearness of time or place in the Direct
Speech are changed into those indicating distance when
converted into Indirect Speech.
• Now becomes then
• Here becomes there
• Ago becomes before
• Thus becomes so
• Today becomes that day
• Tomorrow becomes the next day
• Yesterday becomes the day before
• Last night becomes the night before
• This becomes that
• These becomes those
• Hence becomes thence.
• Hither becomes thither
 Assertive Form
 Statements or Assertive sentences are also known as
indicative or Declarative Sentences.
 The Reporting verb in this forms is generally a verb of saying
and is changed into tell (told) in the indirect speech.
 Sometimes the following words are used to give clearness of
meaning--inform, state, reply, answer, remind, declare, remark,
assure, etc.
 Direct. Jamila said, "Brother, I am going."
 Indirect. Jamila told her brother that she was going.
 Direct. Nelson said to his Granny, "I have never seen fear
anywhere here.“
 Indirect. Nelson told his Granny that he had never seen
fear anywhere here.
 The Imperative Form
 A sentence which expresses command, request, advice or
suggestion is called imperative sentence.
For example,
• Open the door.
• Please help me.
• Learn your lesson.
 To change such sentences into indirect speech, the word
“ordered” or “requested” or “advised” or “suggested” or
“forbade” or “not to do” is added to reporting verb depending
upon nature of imperative sentence in reported speech.
 No conjunction is to be used.
 Change the verb of the reported speech into an infinitive by
placing before it the preposition to.
 The Imperative Form
 Examples
 Direct. He said, "Manzur, sit still."
 Indirect. He told Manzur to sit still.
 Direct. "Forgive the boy his first mistake," said the
mother to her husband.
 Indirect. The mother implored her husband to forgive
the boy his first mistake.
 Direct. The gentleman said to his servant, "Do not
stay here.
 Indirect. The gentleman ordered his servant not to
stay there
 Class Exercise
 Direct speech: He said to me, “please help me”
Indirect Speech: __________________________________
Direct speech: She said to him, “you should work hard for exam”
Indirect Speech: __________________________________
Direct speech: They said to him, “do not tell a lie”
Indirect Speech: __________________________________
Direct speech: He said, “open the door”
Indirect Speech: __________________________________
Direct speech: The teacher said to student, “do not waste time”
Indirect Speech: __________________________________
Direct speech: He said, “please give me glass of water”
Indirect Speech: __________________________________
Direct speech: Doctor said to me, “Do not smoke”
Indirect Speech: __________________________________
Direct speech: The teacher said to him, “Get out”
Indirect Speech: __________________________________
 The Interrogative Form
 In reporting questions in the Indirect way the reporting
verb is changed into ask, enquire (inquire), demand, or
query or some such verb.
 Enquire and demand take of before the personal object
while ask may be followed by such an object.
 Rewrite the Reported Speech in the Assertive form (i.e.
bring, the subject before the verb).
 The conjunction 'that' is not used after the Reporting
Verb.
 Question mark (?) gives place to full stop.
 The Interrogative Form
 When the question begins with an Interrogative Pronoun, such as
what, who, which, whom, whose, or with an Interrogative adverb,
such as when, where, why, how; the same word is used to introduce
the Indirect Speech.
 Examples
 Direct. I said to him, “who are you?"
 Indirect. I enquired of him who he was.
I asked him who he was.
 Direct. Ajmal said to me, ”Why do you not go home?"
 Indirect. Ajmal asked me why I did not go home.
 Direct. The master said to the servant, "Where do you come
from?"
 Indirect. The master enquired of the servant where he came
from.'
 The Interrogative Form
 When the question begins with the auxiliary of the finite verb is, are, am,
was, do, did, can, may, will, shall, has, have, etc. (or, in other words, whenever
the question may have, yes, or no for an answer; if or whether is used to
introduce Indirect Speech.
 Examples
 Direct. The teacher said to the boy, "Have you done your home
work?"
 Indirect. The teacher asked the boy whether he had done his
home work.
 Direct. Mr. Jones said,"Is Mr. Smith at home?"
 Indirect. Mr. Jones inquired if Mr. Smith was at home.
 Direct. The mother said to the young girl, "Do you know where
Salim is?"
 Indirect. The mother asked the young girl whether she knew
where Salim was.
 The Exclamatory Form
 Sentence which expresses state of joy or sorrow or
wonder is called exclamatory sentence.
For example.
• Hurrah! We won the match.
• Alas! I failed the test.
• Wow! What a nice shirt it is.

To change such sentences, the words “exclaimed with

joy” or “exclaimed with sorrow” or “exclaimed with
wonder” is added in the reporting verb depending upon
the nature of exclamatory sentence in indirect speech.
 The Exclamatory Form
Direct speech: He said, “Hurrah! I won a prize”
Indirect Speech: He exclaimed with joy that he had won a prize.
Direct speech: She said, “Alas! I failed in exam”
Indirect Speech: She exclaimed with sorrow that she failed in the exam.
Direct speech: John said, “Wow! What a nice shirt it is”
Indirect Speech: John exclaimed with wonder that it was a nice shirt.
Direct speech: She said, “Hurrah! I am selected for the job”
Indirect Speech: She exclaimed with joy that she was selected for the job.
Direct speech: He said, “Oh no! I missed the train”
Indirect Speech: He exclaimed with sorrow that he had missed the train.
Direct speech: They said, “Wow! What a pleasant weather it is”
Indirect Speech: They exclaimed with wonder that it was a pleasant
weather.
 The Exclamatory Form
 Omit Interjections such as (Oh, bravo, hush, alas, hurrah,
and Exclamations as Ah me, confound it, etc.
 Suitable verbs such as wish, declare, cry out, exclaim, pray,
confers, bless, etc. are used in place of the reporting verb.
 The sense of feeling of the Exclamations may be indicated
in the principal clause by means of adverbial phrases such
as with regret, with fear, with sorrow, with joy or delight,
etc., where necessary.