ANP Midterm #1 Review Answer Key

1.
If the lining of the digestive tract began to leak digestive enzymes from
the intestine into the blood stream, which type of cell junctions may not
be working properly?
a) Desmosomes
b) Tight junctions
c) Gap junctions
d) Epithelial junctions
Explanation: Tight junctions help prevent molecules from passing through the extracellular
space between adjacent cells. Gap junctions are present in electrically excitable tissues
(heart and smooth muscles). Desmosomes are mostly found in tissues that experience
significant mechanical stress (cardiac muscle and skin). Epithelial junctions do not exist. (pg.
68)
2. Which of the following would not affect the rate of diffusion

a) Concentration
b) Temperature
c) Method of membrane transport
d) Molecular size
Explanation (more info on pg. 69)

- The greater the difference in concentration of diffusing molecules or ions between two
areas, the more collisions occur and faster the particles will move (pg 72)
- Higher temperature = higher speed of molecular movement
- Smaller molecules will diffuse faster
3. Filtration is driven by a _____ gradient

a) Osmotic
b) Pressure
c) Concentration
d) Facilitated
4. Lipids, oxygen, and CO2 will pass through the cell membrane using
a) Simple diffusion
b) Facilitated diffusion
c) Osmosis
5. If a cell has a higher concentration of non-penetrating solutes than it’s
solution, then the solution is considered _____, and water will
move______
a) The solution is hypotonic, and water will diffuse out of the cell
b) The solution is hypertonic, and water will diffuse out of the cell
c) The solution is hypotonic, and water will move into the cell
d) The solution is hypotonic, and water will move out of the cell
(More info on pg. 74)
6. A solution that causes a cell to lyse is

a) Hypotonic
b) Hypertonic
c) Isotonic
7. What type of connective tissue is found in our joints?

a) Dense regular connective tissue
b) Elastic connective tissue
c) Dense irregular connective tissue
d) Hyaline connective tissue
8. The Sodium-Potassium pump is an example of

a) Secondary active transport
b) Primary active transport
c) Vesicular transport
d) Exocytosis
(More info: pg. 77)
9. In this type of membrane transport, the t-SNARE on the plasma

membrane and the v-SNARE on the vesicle will bind/fuse together to form
a fusion pore
a) Pinocytosis
b) Endocytosis
c) Phagocytosis
d) Exocytosis
(More info: pg. 79)
10.These types of glands produce hormones and secrete them into blood or
lymphatic fluid through exocytosis
a) Endocrine glands
b) Exocrine glands
c) Unicellular exocrine glands
d) Hormonal glands
Explanation:
- Remember that exocrine glands release their products into an internal
organ or to the external surface rather than directly into the bloodstream.
(More info: pg. 120)
11.A person that is not able to produce mucin may have a problem with:
a) Their merocrine glands
b) Their endocrine glands
c) Their holocrine glands
d) Their unicellular exocrine glands
(More info: pg. 124)
12.When examining a holocrine gland under a microscope, why would you

expect to find many cells in metaphase?
- Since the entire secretory cell ruptures to release secretions, these cells
must be constantly reproduced. The cells are rapidly dividing and
constantly going through the cell cycle in order to replace the rupturing
cells
(pg. 126)
13.What are the 4 main classes of connective tissue?

- CT proper, cartilage, bone, and blood
(pg. 126)
14.In which connective tissue would you expect to find osteoblasts?

a) Cartilage
b) Bone
c) Blood
d) CT proper
e) Dense irregular CT
Explanation: Osteoblasts mature into osteocytes in bone. Chondroblasts are

found in cartilage, erythrocytes are found in blood, fibroblasts are found in CT
proper. (Diagram found on pg. 127)
15.The external shape of the ear is maintained by _____ cartilage

a) Hyaline
b) Fibrous
c) Elastic
Explanation: Hyaline cartilage is in joints and respiratory tract. Fibrous cartilage is

found in the intervertebral discs of the spine and menisci of the knee.
16.Which of the following is not a component of ground substance?

a) Interstitial fluid
b) Proteoglycans
c) Cell adhesion proteins
d) Reticular fibers
17. Elastic fibers would be abundant in all of these except :

a) Skin
b) Lungs
c) Bones
d) Blood vessels
Explanation: Elastic fibers are found where elasticity is needed – they help to
snap connective tissue back into place after it is stretched
18. What are the 4 important functions of muscles?

a) Produce movement
b) Maintain posture and body position
c) Stabilize joints
d) Generate heat
19.Which of the following statements is true?
a) Each muscle is generally served by only one artery
b) Cardiac and smooth muscle can contract without nerve stimulation
c) All muscles are served by two or more nerves
d) Skeletal muscle usually has a less rich blood supply than smooth muscle
20.While observing a skeletal muscle, you notice that the outermost layer of
the muscle seems to be damaged. Which layer is this?
a) Endomysium
b) Epimysium
c) Perimysium
d) Fascicle
21.How would the muscle cross bridge cycle affected by the absence of ATP?
a) The power stroke would still occur but only the inorganic phosphate
would be released
b) The myosin heads would not detach from the actin
c) The power stroke would be weaker than usual
d) Myosin heads will form a weaker bond with actin during cross bridge
formation
- Absence of ATP = rigor mortis will occur since myosin heads will not detach
from actin. Muscles will stiffen a few hours after death.
22. Put the steps of the cross-bridge cycle in correct order:
- Energized myosin heads attach to an actin (cross bridge is formed)

- ADP and Pi are released as myosin heads enter its bent low-energy state
- ATP attaches to myosin and the link between myosin and actin weakens
- Myosin hydrolyzes ATP to ADP and Pi, myosin head enters cocked position
(Full diagram on pg. 297)
23. Performing a bicep curl is an example of

a) Isotonic contraction
b) Isometric contraction
c) Eccentric contraction
d) Skeletal contraction
Explanation:
- Muscle tension overcomes the load (weight) and muscle shortening occurs
(as you curl the weight up) To specify even further this would be an
example of concentric contraction.
- Isometric contractions do not always involve shortening of the muscle –
muscle tension develops but load is not moved. Ex: holding a weight
continuously by your side or maintaining posture
- Eccentric contractions: muscle generates force as it lengthens
- Skeletal contractions do not exist (made up)
24. Which of the following provides the energy for cross bridges to detach?
a) ADP
b) Inorganic phosphate
c) ATP
d) Calcium
25. Repolarization during a neuron’s action potential is due to:

a) K+ channels opening
b) Na+ channels opening
c) Increased expression of Na+/Ka_ ATPase pumps
d) Ca+ channels opening
26. What is a motor unit?

a) Collection of neurons and innervated muscle fibers
b) A motor neuron, the muscle it innervates and the bone it moves
c) A motor neuron, and the muscle fibers it innervates
d) The motor cortex, motor neurons, and muscles of the body
27. Which of the following statements is true about action potentials

a) Action potentials are short lived
b) Their strength is dependent on the stimulus strength
c) The strength of the action potential decays with distance
d) Only cells with excitable membranes can generate action potentials
(pg. 405)
28. What occurs during repolarization of an action potential?
a) K+ channels close and Na+ channels open
b) Voltage-gated Na+ channels open
c) Voltage-gated K+ channels open and Na+ channels inactivate
d) All Na+ and K+ channels close
Explanation: Membrane permeability of Na+ declines to resting levels and the

influx of Na+ stops. K+ rushes out of cell following its electrochemical gradient
29. Briefly contrast the differences between Group A, Group B, and Group C
nerve fibers. (Diameter, degree of myelination, and conduction speed)
- Group A = mostly somatic sensory and motor fibers, serve skin, skeletal
muscles and joints, largest diameter, thick myelin sheath, fastest at
conducting impulses
- Group B = lightly myelinated, intermediate diameter, average rate of
transmitting impulses
- Group C = smallest diameter, non-myelinated (cannot do saltatory
conduction!!), slow pace for conducting impulses
30. Why do action potentials not become smaller as they propagate along
the axon?
- The action potential gets regenerated

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1.

2. Which of the following would not affect the rate of diffusion

Explanation (more info on pg. 69)

3. Filtration is driven by a _____ gradient

(More info on pg. 74)

6. A solution that causes a cell to lyse is

7. What type of connective tissue is found in our joints?

8. The Sodium-Potassium pump is an example of

(More info: pg. 77)

9. In this type of membrane transport, the t-SNARE on the plasma

(More info: pg. 124)

12.When examining a holocrine gland under a microscope, why would you

13.What are the 4 main classes of connective tissue?

14.In which connective tissue would you expect to find osteoblasts?

Explanation: Osteoblasts mature into osteocytes in bone. Chondroblasts are

15.The external shape of the ear is maintained by _____ cartilage

Explanation: Hyaline cartilage is in joints and respiratory tract. Fibrous cartilage is

16.Which of the following is not a component of ground substance?

17. Elastic fibers would be abundant in all of these except :

18. What are the 4 important functions of muscles?

22. Put the steps of the cross-bridge cycle in correct order:

- Energized myosin heads attach to an actin (cross bridge is formed)

(Full diagram on pg. 297)

23. Performing a bicep curl is an example of

25. Repolarization during a neuron’s action potential is due to:

26. What is a motor unit?

27. Which of the following statements is true about action potentials

Explanation: Membrane permeability of Na+ declines to resting levels and the

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