1) Mineral ions are actively transported into root cells through transport proteins in the endodermal cell membranes, as their soil concentration is usually lower than inside roots.
2) Transported upwards via xylem, mineral ions unload from xylem into leaves, flowers, fruits, and storage organs through diffusion and active transport. During senescence, minerals remobilize to other parts.
3) Sucrose produced by photosynthesis in leaves loads into phloem by active transport, building osmotic pressure. This drives mass flow through phloem towards sinks, following the pressure flow hypothesis.
1) Mineral ions are actively transported into root cells through transport proteins in the endodermal cell membranes, as their soil concentration is usually lower than inside roots.
2) Transported upwards via xylem, mineral ions unload from xylem into leaves, flowers, fruits, and storage organs through diffusion and active transport. During senescence, minerals remobilize to other parts.
3) Sucrose produced by photosynthesis in leaves loads into phloem by active transport, building osmotic pressure. This drives mass flow through phloem towards sinks, following the pressure flow hypothesis.
1) Mineral ions are actively transported into root cells through transport proteins in the endodermal cell membranes, as their soil concentration is usually lower than inside roots.
2) Transported upwards via xylem, mineral ions unload from xylem into leaves, flowers, fruits, and storage organs through diffusion and active transport. During senescence, minerals remobilize to other parts.
3) Sucrose produced by photosynthesis in leaves loads into phloem by active transport, building osmotic pressure. This drives mass flow through phloem towards sinks, following the pressure flow hypothesis.
1) Mineral ions are actively transported into root cells through transport proteins in the endodermal cell membranes, as their soil concentration is usually lower than inside roots.
2) Transported upwards via xylem, mineral ions unload from xylem into leaves, flowers, fruits, and storage organs through diffusion and active transport. During senescence, minerals remobilize to other parts.
3) Sucrose produced by photosynthesis in leaves loads into phloem by active transport, building osmotic pressure. This drives mass flow through phloem towards sinks, following the pressure flow hypothesis.
Flow Hypothesis UPTAKE AND TRANSPORT OF MINERAL NUTRIENTS CO, =atmosphere. water and minerals= soil.
Uptake of Mineral lons
Unlike water, all minerals cannot be passively absorbed by the roots. Two factors account for this: (i) minerals are present in the soil as charged particles (ions) which cannot move across cell membranes (ii) The concentration of minerals in the soil is usually lower than the concentration of minerals in the root. Therefore most minerals muet ontor +ho root hy activo aheontion int tho tonacm soil into the cytoplasms of the epidermal cells. " The endodermal cells have many transport proteins embedded in their plasma membrane.
Transport proteins of endodermal cells are control points, where a plant adjusts the quantity and types of solutes that reach the xylem. Note that the root endodermis because of the layer of suberin has the ability to actively transport ions in one directiononly. leaves, developing flowers, fruits and seeds, and the storage organs). Unloading occurs at the fine vein endings through diffusion and active uptake by these cells.
Remobilised (older, senescing parts).
During leaf fall (decidous plants), minerals are removed to other parts. the organic form as amino acids and related compounds. " Pand S are carried as organic compounds. " Small amount of exchange of materials does take place between xylem and phloem. that of the xylem where the movement is always unidirectional, i.e., upwards.
Hence, unlike one-way flow of water in transpiration, food in phloem sapcan be
transported in any required direction.
Phloem sap is mainly water and sucrose, but other sugars, hormones and amino Sucrose, is transported by the vascular tissue phloem. that needs or stores Leaf synthesises the food act as source and sink is the part the food. the But, the source and sink may be reversed depending on the season, or plant's needs. Sugar stored in roots may be mobilised to becomne a source of food in the early spring when the buds of trees, act as sink; they need energy for growth and development of the photosynthetic apparatus. called the pressure flow hypothesis. " Glucose is prepared at the source (by photosynthesis) it is converted to sucrose (a dissacharide). The sugar is then moved in the form of sucrose into the companion cells and then into the living phloem sieve tube cells by active transport. This process of loading at the source produces a hypertonic condition in the phloem. Water in the adjacent xylem moves into the phloem by osmosis. " Osmoticpressure builds up the phloem sap will move to areas of lower pressure. At the sink osmoticpressure must be reduced. Again active transport is necessary to move the sucrose out of the phloem sap and into the cells which will use the sugar - converting it into energy, starch, or cellulose. As sugars are removed, the osmotic pressure decreases and water moves out of the phloem. The loss of solute produces a high water potential in the phloem, and water passes out, returning eventually to xylem. Asimple experiment,called girdling, was used to identify the tissues through which food is transported. On the trunk of a tree aring of bark up to a depth of the phloem layer, can be carefully removed. In the absence of downward movement of food the portion of the bark above the ring on the stem becomes swollen after a few weeks. This simple experiment shows that phloem is the tissue responsible for translocation of food; and that transport takes place in one direction, i.e., towards the roots.
