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COST ACCOUNTING

FACTORY OVERHEAD VARIANCE ANALYSIS

Submitted To: SIR HAMMAD Submitted by:

Course Code # 5530

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are really humble persons and would unable to complete this presentation without the help and grace of almighty Allah. We would like to acknowledge the efforts of our parents they made for our education and it is their continuous encouragement and support that we are able to complete our presentation successfully. We would like to acknowledge the efforts of our teacher Sir who provides us the opportunity to explore the nuts and bolts of Business Communications. Only that education deserves emphatically to be termed cultivation of the mind which teaches young people how to begin to think. (Mary Wollstonecraft)

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This project is related with standard cost and variances shown by these cost and the organization we chose for this matter is Bata shoe because it is also concern with manufacturing concern material, labor and FOH. As there is actual and standard cost set by the organization and these cost set by the organization and these cost changes with time and does not remain same. As Bata shoe is one of the larger manufacture of shoe in Pakistan and they provide and produce shoe foe each type of person for earning more and more customer. The cost of producing and product are changes with time and it does not remain same and the variances shown in the cost.

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Table of Contents

Introduction .......................................................................................... 5 Factory Overhead Variance ................................................................ 5 Factory overhead variance formulas ................................................ 17 Introduction to Organization ............................................................ 18 Brief history of Organization ............................................................. 18 Significance of the issue ................................................................... 19 PRACTICAL STUDY ........................................................................... 21 SWOT Analysis ................................................................................... 24 Data Collection Methods.................................................................... 25 SUGGESTIONS / RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................... 26 CONCLUSION ........................................................................... 26

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INTRODUCTION TO TOPIC Overhead variances analysis

FACTORY OVERHEAD VARIANCES:
Remember that manufacturing costs consist of direct material, direct labor, and factory overhead. You have just seen how variances are computed for direct material and direct labor. Similar variance analysis should be performed to evaluate spending and utilization for factory overhead. But, overhead variances are a bit more challenging to calculate and evaluate. As a result the techniques for factory overhead evaluation vary considerably from company to company (and textbook to textbook). If you progress to advanced managerial accounting courses, you will likely learn about a variety of alternative techniques. For now, let's focus on one comprehensive approach.

VARIABLE VERSUS FIXED OVERHEAD:

To begin, recall that overhead has both variable and fixed components (unlike direct labor and direct material that are exclusively variable in nature). The variable components may consist of items like indirect material, indirect labor, and factory supplies. Fixed factory overhead might include rent, depreciation, insurance, maintenance, and so forth. Because variable and fixed costs behave in a completely different fashion, it stands to reason that proper evaluation of variances between expected and actual overhead costs must take into account the intrinsic cost behavior. As a result, variance analysis for overhead is split between variances related to variable overhead and variances related to fixed overhead.

VARIANCES RELATING TO VARIABLE FACTORY OVERHEAD:

The cost behavior for variable factory overhead is not unlike direct material and direct labor, and the variance analysis is quite similar. The goal will be to account for the total "actual" variable overhead by applying: (1) the "standard" amount to work in process, and (2) the "difference" to appropriate variance accounts. This
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accounting objective is no different than observed for direct material and direct labor! On the left-hand side of the following graphic, notice that more is spent on actual variable factory overhead than is applied based on standard rates. This scenario produces unfavorable variances (also known as "underapplied overhead" since not all that is spent is applied to production). The right-hand side is the opposite scenario (favorable/overapplied overhead). Beneath the graphics are T-accounts intending to illustrate the cost flow. As monies are spent on overhead (wages, utilization of indirect materials, etc.), the cost (xxx) is transferred to the Factory Overhead account. As production occurs, overhead is applied/transferred to Work in Process (yyy). When more is spent than applied (as on the left scale), the balance (zz) is transferred to variance accounts representing the unfavorable outcome. When less is spent than applied (as on the right scale), the balance (zz) represents the favorable overall variances.

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EXPLORING VARIABLE OVERHEAD VARIANCES:

A good manager will want to explore the nature of variances relating to variable overhead. It is not sufficient to simply conclude that more or less was spent than intended. As with direct material and direct labor, it is possible that the prices paid for underlying components deviated from expectations (a variable overhead spending variance). On the other hand, it is possible that the company's productive efficiency drove the variances (a variable overhead efficiency variance). Thus, the Total Variable Overhead Variance can be divided into a Variable Overhead Spending Variance and a Variable Overhead Efficiency Variance. Before looking closer at these variances, it is first necessary to recall that overhead is usually applied based on a predetermined rate, such as $X per direct labor hour (you may find it helpful to review this concept from Chapter 19). This means that the amount debited to work in process is driven by the overhead application approach. This will become clearer with the following illustration. AN ILLUSTRATION OF VARIABLE OVERHEAD VARIANCES: Let's return to the illustration for Blue Rail. Variable factory overhead for August consisted primarily of indirect materials (welding rods, grinding disks, paint, etc.), indirect labor (inspector time, shop foreman, etc.), and other items. Extensive budgeting and analysis had been performed, and it was estimated that variable factory overhead should be applied at $10 per direct labor hour. During August, $105,000 was actually spent on variable factory overhead items. The standard cost for August's production was as follows:

The total variable overhead variance is unfavorable $3,000 ($102,000 $105,000). This may lead to the conclusion that performance is about on track. But, a closer look reveals that overhead spending was quite favorable,
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while overhead efficiency was not so good. Remember that 12,500 hours were actually worked. Since variable overhead is consumed at the presumed rate of $10 per hour, this means that $125,000 of variable overhead (actual hours X standard rate) was attributable to the output achieved. Comparing this figure ($125,000) to the standard cost ($102,000) reveals an unfavorable variable overhead efficiency variance of $23,000. However, this inefficiency was significantly offset by the $20,000 favorable variable overhead spending variance ($105,000 vs. $125,000). The following diagram may prove useful in helping you sort out the variable overhead variances:

JOURNAL ENTRY FOR VARIABLE OVERHEAD VARIANCES:

The following journal entry can be used to apply variable factory overhead to production and record the related variances:

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8-31-XX Work in Process Inventory Variable Overhead Efficiency Variance Variable OH Spending Variance Factory Overhead To increase work in process for the standard variable overhead, and record the related efficiency and spending variances

102,000 23,000

20,000 105,000

CAREFUL INTERPRETATION OF VARIABLE OVERHEAD VARIANCES:

Material and labor variances are more easily interpreted than variable overhead variances. The variable overhead efficiency variance can be somewhat confusing because it may reflect efficiencies or inefficiencies experienced with the base used to apply overhead, rather than overhead itself. For Blue Rail, remember that the total number of hours was "run up" beyond plan because of inexperienced labor. A good manager will want to keenly evaluate the cause and meaning of variable overhead variances. In fact, the variances are likely only the point of beginning for a proper evaluation. Remember that variable overhead is made up of many components. For Blue Rail, it is conceivable that the inexperienced welders used more welding rods, and the welds were likely sloppier requiring more grinding to smooth out the joints. Further, it is likely that inspectors had to spend more time checking work to make sure that the welds were strong. While the overall variance calculations would provide signals about these issues, a manager would actually need to drill down into each individual cost component (perhaps calculating variances for each budgeted line item rather than just on an overall basis) to truly find areas for business improvement.

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How important is control of overhead? A study of self-made 50-year old millionaires revealed very little correlation between wealth and income, and a strong correlation between wealth and life-long savings patterns. Although the study is related to individuals, the message rings equally true for business. Careful control of spending is essential to long-term value building. Businesses vary considerably in their attitudes and discipline as it relates to control of overhead. Some businesses are rather cavalier about controlling things like light/electricity usage, control over low cost parts, efficiency in shipping methods, etc. Others are rather fanatical about maintaining absolute and stringent controls. For instance, one controller of a manufacturing plant was frustrated with the number of screws that were dropped and left to be swept away at the end of each business day. These were seemingly insignificant to the employees. In frustration, the controller scattered a box of nickels onto the factory floor -- by the end of the day none remained for the janitorial staff to sweep away. A subsequent memo was issued reminding everyone that screws cost 5 each. The rather obvious point was to draw a comparison between the nickels that everyone was eager to recover and the screws for which there was little concern. To build a successful business, a good manager will keep a keen eye on all overhead items, and control them with vigor. The variable overhead variances are macro indicators of success in accomplishing this goal.

VARIANCES RELATING TO FIXED FACTORY OVERHEAD:

Frequently (but not always), actual fixed factory overhead will show little variation from budget. This results because of the intrinsic nature of a fixed cost. For instance, rent is usually subject to a lease agreement that is relatively certain. Depreciation on factory equipment can be calculated in advance. The costs of insurance policies are negotiated and tied to a contract. Even though budget and actual numbers may differ little in the aggregate, the underlying fixed overhead variances are nevertheless worthy of close inspection. AN ILLUSTRATION OF FIXED OVERHEAD VARIANCES: Let's take one final look at Blue Rail. Assume that the company budgeted total fixed overhead at $72,000; only $70,000 was actually spent (seemingly a good
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outcome). Here our accounting objective will be to allocate the $70,000 actually spent between work in process and variance accounts. The temptation would be to book $72,000 into work in process and reflect a $2,000 offsetting favorable variance -- but that would be the wrong approach! Instead, the Work in Process account should reflect the standard fixed overhead cost for the output actually produced. We get to this calculated value by reconsidering the company's original assumptions about production. Assume that Blue Rail had planned on producing 4,000 rail systems during the month; remember that only 3,400 systems were actually produced -- output was disappointing, perhaps due to the inexperienced labor pool. This means that the planned fixed overhead was $18 per rail ($72,000/4,000 = $18). Because three labor hours are needed per rail, the fixed overhead allocation rate is $6 per direct labor hour ($18/3). Use this new information to consider the following illustration for fixed factory overhead (remember from the earlier discussion that the standard labor hours for the actual output were 10,200):

By reviewing this familiar looking illustration, you can see that $61,200 should be allocated to work in process. This reflects the standard cost allocation of fixed overhead that would be attributable to the production of 3,400 units (i.e., 10,200 hours should be used to produce 3,400 units). Notice that this differs from the
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budgeted amount of fixed overhead by $10,800, representing an unfavorable Fixed Overhead Volume Variance. In other words, since production did not rise to the anticipated level of 4,000 units, much of the fixed cost (that was in place to support 4,000 units of output) was "wasted" or "under-utilized." Thus, the measured volume variance is highly unfavorable. If more units had been produced than originally anticipated, the fixed overhead volume variance would be favorable (this would reflect total budgeted fixed overhead being spread over more units than originally anticipated). For Blue Rail, the volume variance is offset by the more easily understood favorable Fixed Overhead Spending Variance of $2,000; $70,000 was spent versus the budgeted $72,000. Together, the two variances combine to reveal a net $8,800 unfavorable Total Fixed Overhead Variance.

JOURNAL ENTRY FOR FIXED OVERHEAD VARIANCES:

The diagram at right illustrates the flow of fixed costs into the Factory Overhead account, and on to Work in Process and the related variances. Below is a compound journal entry to apply fixed factory overhead to production and record the related variances: 8-31-XX Work in Process Inventory Fixed Overhead Volume Variance Fixed OH Spending Variance Factory Overhead To increase work in process for the standard fixed overhead, and record the related volume and spending variances
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61,200 10,800 2,000 70,000

RECAPPING STANDARDS AND VARIANCES:

The foregoing provided a painstakingly detailed account of the variances for Blue Rail. Before moving on, it is best to put the entire subject in perspective. The goal is to compare standard costs to actual costs. Blue Rail's work in process is recorded at the standard costs found in the Blue circles (hint -- the work in process inventory of blue rails is recorded at the amounts found in blue circles), while actual costs are found in the red circles. These amounts are recapped in the table below:

You will notice that the standard cost of $686,800 corresponds to the amounts assigned to work in process inventory via the various journal entries, while the total variances of $32,200 were charged/credited to specific variance accounts. By so doing, the full $719,000 actually spent is fully accounted for in the records of the Blue Rail.

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EXAMINING VARIANCES:
Not all variances need to be analyzed. One must consider the circumstances under which the variances resulted and the materiality of amounts involved. One should also understand that not all unfavorable variances are bad. For example, buying raw materials of superior quality (at higher than anticipated prices) may be offset by reduction in waste and spoilage. Likewise, favorable variances are not always good. Blue Rail's very favorable labor rate variance resulted from using inexperienced, less expensive labor. Was this the reason for the unfavorable outcomes in efficiency and volume? Perhaps! The challenge for a good manager is to take the variance information, examine the root causes, and take necessary corrective measures to fine tune business operations. In closing this discussion of standards and variances, be mindful that care should be taken in examining variances. If the original standards are not accurate and fair, the resulting variance signals will themselves can prove quite misleading.

BALANCED SCORECARD APPROACH TO PERFORMANCE EVALUATION: ALTERNATIVE PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TECHNIQUES:

Thus far, this chapter has focused on budgets, standards, and variances to assess entity performance. However, other non-financial metrics should also be employed in performance evaluation. This is sometimes referred to as maintaining a balanced scorecard, meaning that performance assessment should take a holistic approach. Long-term business success will not be achieved if the focus is only on near-term financial outcomes. At the same time, financial goals are not abandoned; the goal is to achieve balance. With the balanced scorecard approach, an array of performance measurements are developed. Each indicator should be congruent with the overall entity objectives. Further, each measure should be easily determined and understood. These measurements can relate to financial outcomes, customer outcomes, or business process outcomes. Although a balanced scorecard
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approach may include target thresholds that should be met, the primary mantra is on improvement. This means that all participants are continually striving to beat pre-existing scores for each measure. We saw how responsibility accounting concepts caused performance reports to be prepared for different steps in the corporate ladder. This notion is equally applicable to the balanced scorecard approach. The overall corporate entity may have macro targets and measures. Similarly, sub-units will have their own unique goals. A scorecard approach can even be pushed down to the individual employee level. For instance, a retail store may require that tellers complete a certain number of transactions per hour. This "quota" in essence would represent a nonfinancial metric that can be scored for each employee.

THE BALANCED SCORECARD IN OPERATION:

We saw for Blue Rail Manufacturing a number of examples of financial goals that could be included in a balanced scorecard assessment. Examples include the standard cost for material, the standard labor hours per rail set, the expected production level, and so forth. But, what would be some examples of customer outcomes and business process outcomes?

Potential Customer Outcomes:

o o o o o o o o

Results of a customer satisfaction survey Product returns/warranty work rates The frequency that customers reorder (or do not reorder) Estimated market share New customers that are based on referrals of existing customers Frequency that customer bids lead to customer orders Customer complaint/compliment rates Price in comparison to competitors

Potential Business Process Outcomes

o o o o

Defect free units as a proportion of total production Frequency/size of product liability claims Time from order receipt to shipment Size of customer order backlogs

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Lost production days due to out-of-stock raw materials or equipment failure

o o o o

Employee turnover rate Employee morale survey results Employee accident rates/claims for workers' compensation Average experience level of employees

In reviewing this list of potential items for inclusion in a balanced scorecard performance appraisal, you have probably thought of some additional items for inclusion. The choice is up to management. The idea is to find those items that drive business success in a way that is consistent with the corporate philosophy. Perhaps Blue Rail has a goal of 100% customer satisfaction with respect to quality, but knows that its price will be 20% higher than competitors. Or, Blue Rail may have a goal of being the lowest cost provider and will tolerate some degree of customer discord. The metrics are intended to measure progress toward fulfillment of the corporate objectives, and the managerial accountant is apt to be heavily involved in gathering the necessary data for inclusion in the balanced scorecard performance reports. These reports are often graphical in nature to facilitate easy use and interpretation, with particular emphasis on timely identification of trends. Sometimes, the metrics are prominently posted in the work place; perhaps you have seen a sign at a construction site noting the number of consecutive accident free work days. By prominent display of such data, employees are constantly reminded of, and vigilant to meet, key performance goals.

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Factory Overhead Variances:

Factory overhead controllable variance formula: (Actual factory overhead) (Budgeted allowance based on standard hours allowed*) Factory overhead volume variance: (Budgeted allowance based on standard hours allowed*) (Factory overhead applied or charged to production**) Factory overhead spending variance: (Actual factory overhead) (Budgeted allowance based on actual hours worked***) Factory overhead idle capacity variance formula: (Budgeted allowance based on actual hours worked***) (Actual hours worked Standard overhead rate) Factory overhead efficiency variance formula: (Actual hours worked Standard overhead rate) (Standard hours allowed for expected output Standard overhead rate) Variable overhead efficiency variance formula: (Actual hours worked Standard variable overhead rate) (Standard hours allowed Standard variable overhead rate) Variable overhead efficiency variance formula: (Actual hours worked Fixed overhead rate) (Standard hours allowed Fixed overhead rate) Factory overhead yield variance formula: (Standard hours allowed for expected output Standard overhead rate) (Standard hours allowed for actual output Standard overhead rate)

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INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIZATION:
Bata had traditionally targeted the lower middle and middle class segments of the society and was now considering changes in its strategy to be able to survive in the market. The MD of Bat a was considering the efforts necessary to realign Bata Pakistans manufacturing, outsourcing, distribution and brand strategy in the light of increased local competition and Chinese imports.

BRIEF HISTORY OF THE COMPANY

The business that became the Bata Shoe Organization was established on August 24, 1895 in Zlin, Czechoslovakia by Tomas Bata, and included his brother Antonin and Sister Anna. Although this business was new, the Bata name had been part of a tradition of shoemaking for eight generations, spanning three hundred years. It was one of the first modern day shoe manufactures a team of snitchers and shoemakers creating footwear not just for the local town, but also for the distant retail merchants. This departure from the centuries old tradition of the one man cobblers workshop was a brand new concept, creating an entirely new industry.

The Bata enterprise revolutionized the treatment of employees and labor conditions. Tomas consistently maintained a human focus, creating opportunities fro development and advancement, and added compensation for employees based on achievement.

In late 1985 Antonin was drafted into the army for compulsory military service and lift family shoe business. Also that year, Anna left the company to marry, leaving a young Tomas to build the business on his own.
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By 1905 Tomas had taken the new enterprise to 2200 pairs of shoes per day, produced by 250 employees - utilizing resourceful imaginations, skilled hands and modern machinery to keep up with demand. Under this manufacturing system, productivity was greater then even before. Demand grew rapidly in the early 1900s despite material and manpower shortages, cartel and the outbreak of World War 1, sales continued to increase, reaching two million pairs per year by 1917. As the enterprise prospered, so did the communities where it operated, Tomas believed that a focus on people and public service was critical for business success. The enterprise built housing, schools and a hospital near the shoemaking plant in Zlin. It provided food and inexpensive rent during very difficult times; when there was no help to be found. Bata companies alter provided rail services, construction, insurance, publishing and tannery in Zlin.

SINGNIFICANCE OF THE ISSUE

Material Cost Variance or Material Total Variance is the Variance in material cost actually incurred on material and the material cost estimated on material.

Material Cost Variance can be derived as follows: MCV = (Standard Quantity x Standard Rate) - (Actual Quantity x Actual Rate)

Material Cost Variance can be sub-divided as follows:

1. Material Rate Variance or Material Price Variance is the variance in the rate or price of material actually spent and the material rate/price estimateMaterial Rate Variance can be derived as follows: MRV = Actual Quantity (Standard Price - Actual Price)
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2. Material Yield Variance: The difference between the actual output and the standard expected output is the Material Yield Variance.

There are two methods of calculating Material Yield Variance. They are as follows:

Input Method: MYV = (Standard Input - Actual Input) x Average Cost / unit

Output Method: MYV = (Actual Output - Standard Output) x Total Cost / unit

Labour and FOH calculated in same manner.

BREAK EVEN POINT

Break Even Point is the level of sales required to reach a position of no profit, no loss. At Break Even Point, the contribution is just sufficient to cover the fixed cost. The organization starts earning profit when the sales cross the Break Even Point. Break Even Point can be calculated either in terms of units or in terms of cash or in terms of capacity utilization It can be calculated as follows:

BEP in units = Fixed Cost / Contribution per unit BEP in cash = Fixed Cost / P.V. Ratio BEP in terms of capacity utilization = BEP in units / Total capacity x 100

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PRACTICAL STUDY OF ORGANIZATION

BATA BUSINESS
Bata Shoe Organization companies are involved in every facet of the business of shoes. Throughout the world, Bata companies service customers from the store sales floor to the factory floor.

Retailing
Bata Shoe Organization companies have built successful retail store concepts to satisfy changing consumer tastes and needs. Each store features merchandise targeted to different lifestyles and people. The merchandise ranges from footwear to clothing and goods complementing shoe offerings. Sensitivity to and satisfaction of customer wants and needs has allowed the Bata Shoe Organization (BSO) to become a world leader in footwear.

Manufacturing
Tomas Bata's revolutionary business concept was to industrialize the shoemaking process of that day. That type of thinking has been the driving force behind the Bata Shoe Organization success. The Bata Shoe Organization has been an innovator in the manufacturing of shoes over the years. Bata personnel have made important advances in DVP (Direct Vulcanization Process), PVC, athletic footwear production and slush-molded footwear production.

Wholesaling
The Bata Shoe Organization [BSO] enjoys a unique position in the wholesale marketplace Global economies of scale enable BSO plants to offer quality products at local prices, with many operating at ISO standards.
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Bata Shoe Organization production facilities are world renowned for their commitment to quality and customers, and have attracted production contracts from many international footwear brands.

BATA PAKISTAN LIMITED

Bata Pakistan Ltd. was formed in Pakistan in 1952. It was a newly growing concern all over the world but in Pakistan it established its feet with in very short time. It was very tuff decision for the Bata International to start its business in a country that was newly established. But Bata's decision was quite right because there was not so tuff competition in Pakistan at that time which helps them to make their foots more strong. Now Bata Pakistan is not only providing the quality shoe with in Pakistan but is also exporting its major portion of production all over the world. Within the country Bata is facing the competition with Service industries ltd and other private companies. According to a survey almost 89% of the market is "covered by the other organizations and 6% by Service and 5% by the Bata Pakistan Ltd.

Bata Pakistan Ltd. is producing almost 13000 million pairs of shoes with in year but in year 2001 produces 13891 million pairs of shoes which shows the soundness of the organization and it strong footing in the Pakistan. Bata is still improving its business and know a days it become the most favorite footwear for people of Pakistan.

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EXAMPLE
The following data pertain to the first week of Bata Shoe in April.

Material Actual purchases Actual usage Standard usage Direct Labor Actual hours Standard hrs 310 hrs @ Rs. l2.30 hr 340 hrs @ l2 per hr 1500 @ Rs. 3.80 per unit 13 50 units 1020 units @ Rs 4 per unit

Compute Material purchase price variance. Labor rate variance.

Solution MATERIAL PURCHASE PRICE VARIANCE Actual x (standard - actual units) 1500 x (4-3.80) 1500x0.2 = 300 favorable

Labor Rate Variance Actual labor cost. 310x12.30=3813 Standard labor hours 310x12 = 3729

Rs 93 favorable

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Factory overhead variance taken by Bata shoes Annual Financial Report.

Cost of Sales
Raw material consumed Salaries, wages and benefits Fuel and power* Stores and spares consumed* Repairs and maintenance* Insurance* Depreciation*

2010
1,798,712 200,705 84,877 6,588 26,771 4,603 11,613

2009
1,204,315 170,600 56,729 4,840 20,546 4,215 11,602

2,133,869
Add: opening goods in process 41,249

1,472,847
59,962

2,175,118
Less: closing goods in process 91,989

1,532,809
37,708

Cost of goods manufactured

Add: opening stock of finished goods Finished goods purchased

2,083,129
1,035,130 2,021,036

1,495,101
891,349 1,429,343

5,139,295
Less: closing stock of finished goods 1,523,853

3,815,793
1,062,278

3,615,442

2,753,515

Note: *Here BATA shoes financial statement shows the total cost of goods including (Direct Labor), (Direct Material) and (Factory Overhead) separately. Therefore we assume the (fuel, power, stores, repairs, insurance and depreciation) amount as Factory Overhead. Then the

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variance between 2010 and 2009 factory overhead is calculated below: Factory overhead 2009Factory overhead 2010FOH cost increased by 97,932 (less) 134,452 (36,520)

Analysis of increased FOH Cost

As we see that the foh cost of BATA shoes has increased by Rs.36, 520 now we will figure this out that is the cost increase is affective for BATA business or is this increase is showing the weakness or loss to the company.

Sales
Net sales 2009Net sales 2010Increase in sales 4,733,331 (less) 6,118,643 (1,385,312)

Profit:
Profit after taxation 2009Profit after taxation 2010454,836 (less) 683,983 (229,147)

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After analyzing the following figures we came to result that hence the cost of FOH of BATA shoes is increased in 2010 but it belongs to others aspects as high production, increased sales and the company earns profit in 2010. When a company does heavy production it got heavy sales and heavy sales become a factor to earn heavy profits and when a company produces more than it is obvious to increase in cost.

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SWOT ANALYSIS
Strengths
1. Brand Image 2. Reasonable quality at low or reasonable price 3. Diversity with ranges in running, training, court, basketball, football and Outdoor 4. Footwear for the entire family 5. Financially Strong 6. Conveniently accessible outlets in various parts of the country 7. Targeting all income segments 8. Provide training for managers and employees 9. Nationwide retail network

Weaknesses
1. No continuity of leadership 2. In 2001, 5% decrease in net sales 3. No proper planning regarding Advertisement 4. No variety in Fashionable shoes

Opportunities
1. E-Commerce 2. Acquired, Partnership with small players 3. Entering new segments of Markets 4. Capturing Market where no other potential competitor exists 5. Innovative Products 6. New mediums for advertisements

Threats
1. Customer Dissatisfaction 2.Price wars with competitors
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2. Competitors 3. Political Instability 4. Economic Threat 5. Changing in consumer preferences

DATA COLLECTION METHOD

As this type of collected through books, internet and also through observation we make on daily bases. This type of data is known as secondary as well as primary data from which we make observation and making question from people and also through survey and information available on books and computer.

CONCLUSION
As from the all discussion regarding Bata shoe as it is the manufacturing concern company and they bearing lots of cost and its may increase with time because it is not possible that actual and standard cost remain same. Variances create problem for the organization proper arrangement should be made.

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RECOMMENDATION
Financial Position of the Bata Pakistan limited is very impressive only in few of the department Bata is quite week. There is some of recommendations which help the management to overcome these deficiencies Bata Debt to Equity ratio is 3.51, which means almost 75 % are debts. Due to high debts ratio financial charges are increasing and consuming major portion of profit. Management has to reduce its debts to reduce the financial charges. Due to High debts ratio company will also find difficulties if they apply for the loan. Because none of the financial institution will like to invest money due to low equity ratio. Company's current ratio is 1.17:1 but the favorable and most acceptable is 2:1. So company should try to decrease its liabilities mainly the accrued expenses payable or to increase its current assets to be more positive.

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