INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE IN

AR 182
ARCHITECTURAL INTERIOR
Credit Unit/Course Credit: 3 Units / week
Time Duration: 1.50 hour lecture
& 2.50 hour studio work per week
2nd SEMESTER,
ACADEMIC YEAR 2022-2023

PREPARED BY:
AR. ERIC B. ESTRADA
Asst. Professor II
College of Architecture
 UNIT I
INTRODUCTION IN ARCHITECTURAL INTERIOR
TOPICS
1. Introduction
2. Definition: Interior Design in Architecture and The Elements of
Interior Design
3. Fundamental tools of space planning, design and analysis:
Anthropometrics, Proxemics and Ergonomics
4. Color Basics, color identification systems and color schemes
5. Color illusions and advance scheme principles

OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the lesson, the learner will be able to:

1. Know the basics of Interior space planning concepts in relation to
anthropometrics, proxemics and ergonomics

2. Use simple concepts of colors and decorative elements in architectural

interiors

3. Apply the basic concepts of interior lighting

PRE TEST

• Essay about basic knowledge in Architectural Interiors

Introduction
 • Definition: Interior Design in Architecture

Architectural Interiors means a detailed planning and design of the indoor/enclosed

areas of any proposed building/structure, including retrofit or renovation work and which
shall cover all architectural and utility aspects, including the architectural lay-outing of all
building engineering systems found therein.

Reference: https://www.lawinsider.com/dictionary/architectural-
interiors#:~:text=Architectural%20Interiors%20means%20a%20detailed,building%20en
gineering%20systems%20found%20therein.

Interior architecture is the design of a building or shelter from inside out, or the design
of a new interior for a type of home that can be fixed. It can refer to the initial design and
plan used for a building's interior, to that interior's later redesign made to accommodate
a changed purpose, or to the significant revision of an original design for the adaptive
reuse of the shell of the building concerned.[2] The latter is often part of sustainable
architecture practices, whereby resources are conserved by "recycling" a structure
through adaptive redesign.

Generally referred to as the spatial art of environmental design, interior architecture also
refers to the process by which the interiors of buildings are designed to address all
aspects of the human use of their structural spaces. Put simply, interior architecture is the
design of an interior in architectural terms.

Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interior_architecture

Interior architecture focuses on the interior and its functionality for human occupancy.
Interior architecture blends art and science to create, restore, or readapt the inside of
various buildings, like homes, offices, or other interior spaces. This type of architecture
also involves converting one type of space into another (also called adaptive re-use), like
turning the indoor space of an old office building into livable housing.

Reference: https://www.masterclass.com/articles/interior-architecture-vs-interior-design
 • The Elements of Interior Design

When thinking about interior design, words like creativity and flair immediately spring
to mind – but many would be surprised to find there is a degree of science involved.
Professional interior designers will usually follow a set of informal “rules”, based on
specific interior design principles and elements. These interior design elements include
space, line, forms, light, colour, texture and pattern; and keeping them balanced is the
key to creating an aesthetically pleasing interior.

In addition to enhancing the appearance of a room, getting these elements to work

together in harmony will also bring an increased functionality. To start, an interior designer
will assess the room according to these interior design elements, and then use them to
disguise or enhance the various features and flaws of the space. As a minimum, the
following seven elements should always be considered in the creation of any interior.

Space

The foundation of an interior, space is a fundamental concept to understand, ensuring

you’re best equipped to take advantage of what is available to you. The available ‘space’
usually can’t be easily changed (though sometimes a designer may have the luxury of
doing so), so you need to work with what you have within the physical boundaries of the
room.

In interior design we have the luxury of working within three dimensional space (length,
width and height). This three dimensional space can be filled or left empty, depending
upon what you need to achieve from a functionality and design perspective.

Space can be split into two categories: positive and negative space. Positive space is
space containing objects, whilst negative space is the open/empty space (including any
space between objects). Striking a balance between the negative and positive spaces of
a room is essential to avoid overcrowding, or on the other end of the spectrum,
sparseness.

This balance will be influenced by the client’s needs in the specific area/room and its
required functionality. For example, negative space is required for traffic paths. It is also
crucial to consider the scale and size of the furniture and objects placed in a room, as this
can be used to make the space appear larger or smaller given the desired outcome. A
tall object such as a book case can give the illusion of height.
Different design styles will lend themselves to different uses of space – for example, a
minimalist design will have far more negative space than your average eclectic design.
However, no matter what your design brief, how you use and balance the space available
to you can be the difference between hitting the mark with your design concept or missing
out on your next commission.

Line

Horizontal, vertical and dynamic lines help to shape a room and guide the eye. Creating
lines using the room’s furnishings and structural design can form harmony, unity and
contrast.

Horizontal lines, created by tables and other surfaces, give a sense of stability, formality
and efficiency. Interior designers highlight horizontal lines to make a room appear wider
and longer, and to draw the eye to a focal point. But be careful, overemphasis of horizontal
lines has the ability to make the space seem boring and uninspired.

Vertical lines, created by features such as windows and doorways, evoke feelings of
freedom and strength. On a functional level, accentuating vertical lines often gives the
illusion of a room being taller. Often suited to use in dining rooms, entries and offices,
vertical lines must be incorporated wisely so as not to leave inhabitants feeling uneasy.

Dynamic lines refer to diagonal, zigzag or curved lines. Such lines can be found in stairs,
for example, and provide energy and movement. Stimulating to the eye, dynamic lines
capture our attention longer. However, too many dynamic lines in one room can be
distracting, and overpower horizontal or vertical lines.

Ideally, interior designers will strike a balance with the incorporation of different lines. This
is typically done by selecting one dominant feature line, in accordance with the client’s
brief and the desired feelingthey wish to convey in the space.

Form

Form is the shape of the room, as well as any objects within the room. In other words, it
relates to the physical form of anything that is three dimensional. Forms can usually be
described as either geometric or natural. Geometric refers to hard lines and square
edges, often looking man-made, while natural relates to more organic forms that seem to
be created by nature. Forms can also be open – objects that can be looked into or closed
– self-contained.
Another thing to take into consideration with form is the proportions and scale of the room
compare to the objects being placed within it. Adding forms of similar shapes can create
harmony and balance, while adding too many differing shapes can have a confusing
result. A space is typically more pleasing if the dominant form is repeated in minor objects
throughout the room.

Light

Natural or man-made light is a critical aspect of any space. Without it, all of the other
elements would not be able to shine to their full potential. Light can be broken into the
categories of task lighting (defined purpose), accent lighting (emphasising objects) and
mood lighting (adding ambience).

When considering lighting, it is important to address the activities that will be undertaken
in the space. Both the quality and quantity should be assessed here. For example, an
office will require bright lighting so that the workers can see clearly and act alert. On the
other hand, living room lighting can be applied with a softer touch. Applying a dimmer has
the ability to make a space much more versatile. Natural lighting should always be taken
into consideration, and can be manipulated through clever placement of doors, windows
and even mirrors.

Beyond its functional purpose, light has the ability to set the mood and atmosphere of a
space while defining colour, line and texture. Plus, any good interior designer also knows
that the lighting fixtures are a visual feature in themselves, which can add the right tough
to any design.

Colour

Colour is a science all on its own, and is another extremely important element that interior
designers master. It has the ability to create mood, define unity and alter the perception
of how large or small a space is.

The psychology of colour shouldn’t be underestimated, and will be used to full advantage
by any skilled interior designer. Colour can evoke memories and stir emotions, stimulating
a physical and psychological response in our bodies. For example, greens and blues
entice calmness and are suited to bedrooms, whereas red entices appetite and therefore
often features in kitchens.

When considering the colour of a room, first think about what the room will be used for
and the activities that will occur in that space. Secondly, consider how both natural and
artificial lighting will affect your selected colour across the day and night, given that light
can alter our colour perception. Finally, consider the size of the space. Interior designers
will often incorporate lighter or brighter colours in smaller spaces to give the illusion of
more space. Darker colours can give a powerful dimension to a larger space.

Texture

Texture refers to the tactile surface of an object or finish. It’s an element that is often
overlooked, but really does have the ability to bring a unique dimension to the room. Just
like mixing colour and pattern, an interior designer mixes the textures within a space to
give a subtle sense of depth. Think glossy, coarse, smooth… From furniture to
accessories to fabric, texture has the ability to add interest and detail, making it visually
pleasing to the eye. In essence, it gives a room feeling.

Texture comes in two forms – visual texture and actual texture. Visual texture refers to
texture that is perceived by the eye. In other words, this is the impression of texture one
gets by only viewing an object. This effect is usually found in the form of pattern. Actual
or tactile textures can be seen or felt and has 3Dcharacteristics. For example, a fluffy,
colourful cushion can be appreciated not only with the eye but also with touch.

Generally, if there is a sense of something missing in a room, a good interior designer will
be able to distinguish that it will be due to lack of texture. Texture plays a part in every
object selected for a room, and therefore is best managed with careful consideration from
the ground up. The placement of each object in comparison to the texture of the object
beside it will also add emphasis and contrast to the finished design.

Pattern

Paired with colour, pattern offers a similar use to texture in that it can add appeal to a
room. A pattern is created by the use a repetitive design and can be found in wallpaper,
soft furnishings, rugs and fabrics. Patterns come in various types, such as stripes,
geometric, pictorial, organic, motif and animal prints. When implementing pattern, it’s best
to firstly consider the size and style of a room. Introducing pattern in a small room should
be done sparingly, to avoid overwhelming the space. However, as discussed in the
element of line, patterns that create vertical or horizontal lines can be used to give a
heightened sense of space. Complex patterns made up of contrasting colours and lines
can liven up a room, however they are best used in the form of a feature wall. Large scale
patterns can flourish in a large space and become a distinct focal point to the room.
In regards to style, it’s vital to know what category the pattern falls into to ensure that the
essence of the room is maintained. For example, for traditionally styled rooms,
incorporate organic, floral prints. For a contemporary touch, geometric and abstract prints
should be experimented with. Fun to use and with an element of functionality, patterns
can bring a room to life. As a rule of thumb however, it’s best to include a maximum of
three patterns, all drawing from the same colour scheme.

Reference: https://www.collaborativepractice.com/system/files/2%20-
%20Elements%20of%20Interior%20Design.pdf

• Fundamental tools of space planning, design and analysis:

Anthropometrics, Proxemics and Ergonomics

Anthropometrics

Anthropometry (from Greek ἄνθρωπος anthropos,

'human', and μέτρον metron, 'measure') refers to the
measurement of the human individual. An early tool of
physical anthropology, it has been used for identification,
for the purposes of understanding human physical
variation, in paleoanthropology and in various attempts
to correlate physical with racial and psychological traits.
Anthropometry involves the systematic measurement of
the physical properties of the human body, primarily
dimensional descriptors of body size and shape.[citation
needed] Since commonly used methods and approaches
in analysing living standards were not helpful enough, the
anthropometric history became very useful for historians
in answering questions that interested them.

Today, anthropometry plays an important role in

industrial design, clothing design, ergonomics and architecture where statistical data
about the distribution of body dimensions in the population are used to optimize products.
Changes in lifestyles, nutrition, and ethnic composition of populations lead to changes in
the distribution of body dimensions (e.g. the rise in obesity) and require regular updating
of anthropometric data collections.

Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropometry
Anthropometrics is the comparative study of the measurements and capabilities of the
human body. It derives from the Greek words 'anthropos' (meaning human), and 'metron'
(meaning measure).

Anthropometry influences a wide range of industries, processes, services and products

and has a considerable importance in optimising the design of buildings.

Human dimensions and capabilities are paramount in determining a building's dimensions

and overall design. The underlying principle of anthropometrics is that building designs
should adapt to suit the human body, rather than people having to adapt to suit the
buildings.

There are two basic areas of anthropometry:

Static anthropometry is the measurement of body sizes at rest and when using devices
such as chairs, tables, beds, mobility devices, and so on.

Functional anthropometry is the measurement of abilities related to the completion of

tasks, such as reaching, maneuvering and motion, and other aspects of space and
equipment use.

The use of anthropometrics in building design aims to ensure that every person is as
comfortable as possible. In practical terms, this means that the dimensions must be
appropriate, ceilings high enough, doorways and hallways wide enough, and so on. In
recent times, it has come to have particular significance for workplace design, and the
relationship between desk, chair, keyboard and computer display.

Reference:https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Anthropometrics_in_architectural_
design#:~:text=Anthropometrics%20is%20the%20comparative%20study,metron'%20(m
eaning%20measure).

Proxemics

An intrinsic feature of social contact rituals involves the maintenance of specific zones
that people perceive as meaningful. The study of such zones now falls under the rubric
of ‘proxemics,’ a word derived from the Latin proximus ‘near’ and the suffix -emics, in
analogy with such terms as ‘phonemics’ and ‘morphemics’ in linguistics. The term thus
betrays a connection to linguistic notions as the basis for studying and describing
interpersonal zones, which involve knowing how close to stand to someone during social
interaction on the basis of age, degree of familiarity, gender, etc.
Proxemics was founded by the American anthropologist Edward Twitchell Hall (1914–) in
the late 1950s and early 1960s (1959, 1963a, 1963b) after his systematic study during
World War II, when he served in the US Army in Europe and the Philippines, of the zones
people maintain. Hall came to realize that failures in intercultural communication arose
typically from unconsciously coded differences in the ways that members of different
cultures perceived interpersonal distances and in the ways they acted within them.

From: M. Danesi, in Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics (Second Edition), 2006.

Reference: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/proxemics

Proxemics is the study of personal space and the degree of separation that individuals
maintain between each other in social situations. Each species has its own rules relating
to personal territory. Animals participating in animal-assisted interactions are no
exception. Within each personal territory, there are zones (Figure 7.1). The zone at which
an individual is first aware of another is the public
zone. From there one enters the social zone.
Although it is permissible to be in another’s social
zone, it is the non-verbal communication between
the individuals that will make the situation either
intimidating or acceptable. Moving still closer brings
an individual into another’s personal zone, which
can be read either as a sign of favor or
manipulation. Closer than the personal is the
intimate zone, which includes contact. An individual
is overwhelmingly aware of another within one’s
intimate zone. Species maintain rigid rules of
communication within this proximity. Ignoring or
being unaware of those rules can be perceived as
disrespect or intimidation. It is crucial to note that
the great majority of animal-assisted interaction
programs encourage participants to interact with
animals in this zone yet rarely define how
differences in terms of the animal’s response may
affect participant outcomes.

From Maureen Fredrickson-MacNamara MSW, CEIP, Kris Butler, in Handbook on

Animal-Assisted Therapy (Third Edition), 2010.
Reference:https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/proxemics
Ergonomics

Ergonomics is the process of designing or arranging workplaces, products and systems

so that they fit the people who use them.

Most people have heard of ergonomics and think it is something to do with seating or with
the design of car controls and instruments – and it is… but it is so much more. Ergonomics
applies to the design of anything that involves people – workspaces, sports and leisure,
health and safety.

Ergonomics (or ‘human factors’ as it is

referred to in North America) is a branch of
science that aims to learn about human
abilities and limitations, and then apply this
learning to improve people’s interaction
with products, systems and environments.

Ergonomics aims to improve workspaces

and environments to minimise risk of injury
or harm. So as technologies change, so too
does the need to ensure that the tools we
access for work, rest and play are designed
for our body’s requirements.

Ergonomics is a relatively new branch of science which celebrated its 50th anniversary in
1999, but relies on research carried out in many other older, established scientific areas,
such as engineering, physiology and psychology.

To achieve best practice design, Ergonomists use the data and techniques of several
disciplines:
Anthropometry: body sizes, shapes; populations and variations
Biomechanics: muscles, levers, forces, strength
Environmental physics: noise, light, heat, cold, radiation, vibration body systems: hearing,
vision, sensations
Applied psychology: skill, learning, errors, differences
Social psychology: groups, communication, learning, behaviours.

Reference: https://www.ergonomics.com.au/what-is-ergonomics/
 • Color Basics, color identification systems and color schemes

Color

Color is the characteristic of visual perception described through color categories, with
names such as red, orange, yellow, green, blue, or purple. This perception of color derives
from the stimulation of photoreceptor cells (in particular cone cells in the human eye and
other vertebrate eyes) by electromagnetic radiation (in the visible spectrum in the case of
humans). Color categories and physical specifications of color are associated with objects
through the wavelengths of the light that is reflected from them and their intensities. This
reflection is governed by the object's physical properties such as light absorption,
emission spectra, etc.

Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color

Color Basics

A color wheel is an illustrative model of color hues around a circle. It shows the
relationships between the primary, secondary, and intermediate/ tertiary colors and
helps demonstrate color temperature. Digital teams communicate exact colors through
the use of hex codes.

Understanding the Color Wheel

Many color wheels are shown using

12 colors. Using this color wheel as
an example, it can be read as follows:

Color wheel with Three Primary Colors

(Ps): Red, Yellow, Blue; Three
Secondary Colors (S’): Orange,
Green, Violet; and Six Tertiary Colors
(Ts): Red-Orange, Yellow-Orange,
Yellow-Green, Blue-Green, Blue-
Violet, Red-Violet, which are formed
by mixing a primary with a
secondaryThree Primary Colors (Ps): Red, Yellow, Blue

Three Secondary Colors (S’): Orange, Green, Violet

Six Tertiary Colors (Ts): Red-Orange, Yellow-Orange, Yellow-Green, Blue-Green, Blue-

Violet, Red-Violet, which are formed by mixing a primary with a secondary

It’s important to note that some people add more intermediates, for 24 total named colors,
and some color wheels show interior points and circles, which represent color mixtures.

Color Temperature

The colors on the red side of the wheel are warm; the green side of the wheel has the
cooler colors. These color temperature designations are absolute. More subtle color
temperature relationships are relative, meaning that each color on the warm side of the
wheel can be known as cool, and colors on the cools side of the wheel can be known as
warm depending on the relationship to their neighboring color. Colors from the same hue,
for instance red, can also be warmer or cooler than one another.

Color temperatures affect us both psychologically and perceptually by helping us

determine how objects appear positioned.

Warm Colors Cool Colors

• Warm colors include red, • Cool colors include green, blue,

orange, and yellow, and and purple, and variations of
variations of those three colors. those three colors.
• Red and yellow are both • Blue is the only primary color
primary colors, with orange within the cool spectrum.
falling in the middle. • Greens take on some of the
• Warm colors appear closer to attributes of yellow, and purple
the observer. takes on some of the attributes
of red.
• They are often more subdued
than warm colors.
• Cool colors appear farther from
the observer.
Neutrals
Neutral colors include black, white, gray, tans,
and browns. They’re commonly combined with
brighter accent colors but they can also be
used on their own in designs. The meanings
and impressions of neutral colors depend more
so upon the colors around them.

Color Models: CMYK vs. RGB

There are two models for colors. They have different purposes and different
attributes. They are as follows:
• CMYK Color Models: Stands for cyan, magenta, and yellow. It
applies to painting and printing. The CMYK model is a
subtractive model, meaning that colors are created through
absorbing wavelengths of visible light. The wavelengths of light
that don’t get absorbed are reflected, and that reflected light
ends up being the color we see.
• RGB Color Models: RGB stands for red, green, and blue. It
applies to computers, televisions, and electronics. The RGB
model is an additive model, meaning that colors are created
through light waves that are added together in particular
combinations in order to produce colors.

Reference: https://www.usability.gov/how-to-and-tools/methods/color-basics.html

Tints, Shades, and Tones

These terms are often used incorrectly, although they describe fairly simple color
concepts. If a color is made lighter by adding white, the result is called a tint. If black is
added, the darker version is called a shade. And if gray is added, the result is a
different tone.
Tints - adding white to a pure hue:

Shades - adding black to a pure hue:

Tones - adding gray to a pure hue:

Color Identification Systems

Albert Henry Munsell (1858-1918) developed his color system as a circle with ten
segments, arranging colors at equal distance and arranging them in such a way that
opposing pairs create a neutral gray (Figure
1). He organized the hues of his hand-
painted swatches according to the three
variables: hue, value, and chroma.

Figure 1. Munsell’s color identification system

began with colors arranged in a circle with
five primary and five secondary spokes. He
then subdivided the ten into ever-smaller
divisions. Any opposing pair of colors, if
mixed, creates a neutral hue.
Munsell experimented with tops painted with two colors, then spun the tops to
determine if their mixture created a neutral gray color (Figure 2).

Figure 2. Munsell’s spinning tops were painted with

complementary colors. When spun, the resulting color
would be a neutral gray. Munsell experimented with this
technique to perfect his color formulation.
Eventually his color system acquired more sophistication
(Figure 3), and after his death, it became an ANSI
(American National Standards Institute) standard for the
identification and formulation of pigmented colors.

Figure 3. Munsell’s color

notation system is based on a
three-dimensional model
where the hues are arranged
in a circle, as shown above,
where value is represented on
the vertical, and where
saturation is represented by a
color’s distance from the hub.
Some colors, like yellow, have a greater range of chroma values than others, like
purple-blue. Munsell was a painter, teacher, and pioneer of color science. His work
identifying color culminated in the publication of his Color Atlas, the first book of its type
to assist with the selection and scientific discussion of color.
Reference: https://creativepro.com/colorful-identification-system/

Exercises no.1 – Color Wheel

Exercises no.2 – Tone Scale
Color Schemes

In color theory, a color scheme is the choice of colors used in various artistic and design
contexts. For example, the "Achromatic" use of a white background with black text is an
example of a basic and commonly default color scheme in web design.

Color schemes are used to create style and appeal. Colors that create an aesthetic feeling
when used together will commonly accompany each other in color schemes. A basic color
scheme will use two colors that look appealing together. More advanced color schemes
involve several related colors in "Analogous" combination, for example, text with such
colors as red, yellow, and orange arranged together on a black background in a magazine
article. The addition of light blue creates an "Accented Analogous" color scheme.

Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_scheme

Color Schemes

Analogous Color Scheme

An analogous color scheme uses colors which are

next to each other on the color wheel. For example,
blues and greens, or oranges and yellows. These
colors have a close relationship with each other.
Complementary Color Scheme

Complementary colors are opposite each other on

the color wheel. When placed next to each other,
there is an extremely strong contrasting and vibrant
effect. If overused, your painting may become
jarring and uncomfortable to look at.

Split-Complementary Color Scheme

A split-complementary color scheme utilizes a base

color and two secondary colors. It is similar to the
complementary color scheme, but one of the
complements is split.

Triadic Color Scheme

A triadic color scheme utilizes colors which are

evenly spaced on the color wheel. For example,
yellow, blue and orange.
 Rectangular Color Scheme

A rectangular color scheme utilizes four colors

positioned around the color wheel in the shape of
a rectangle. This is a tricky color scheme to
manage, as there are four colors involved.

Monochromatic Color Scheme

A monochromatic color scheme utilizes just one color with varying levels of saturation
and value. In oil painting, many artists start with a monochromatic layer then build color
on top. This way, the value structure can be established without having to worry about
multiple colors.
Color Illusions and Advance Scheme Principles
Red

Red is the color of passion and drama. It attracts the most attention and is often
associated with strong emotions such as love and anger. Red is used universally to
communicate danger or power. While it is vibrant and exciting, it also inspires feelings of
lust with a strong link to sexuality.

Color psychologists have proven that red can increase blood pressure and stimulates the
adrenal glands. In color therapy, red is often used to help dispel negative thoughts and
release anger.

Red | Emotions

Excitement

Energy

Passion

Attention

Orange

Orange is the color of optimism and is socially inviting. This color is for the extrovert,
exuding energy and motivation. The combination of yellow and red makes orange,
conveying warmth and excitement and typically appeals to younger people. Orange is
often used as a natural antidepressant in color therapy and can relieve feelings of self-
pity. It is also thought to help strengthen the immune system and aid in digestion.

Orange | Emotions

Optimism

Independence

Adventurous

Creativity

Youthfulness
Yellow

Yellow is full of energy and happiness. It conveys youthful optimism and freshness. The
color of sunshine, it is uplifting and illuminating and often associated with success and
confidence. Yellow stimulates the left side of the brain, which aids in clear thinking and
quick decision making. In color therapy, yellow is used to create uplifting feelings. It
stimulates the brain and can make you more alert and energetic. Yellow also builds self
confidence, yet some may find that it can also trigger feelings of fear and anxiety.

Yellow | Emotions

Enthusiasm

Opportunity

Spontaneity

Happiness

Positive

Green

Found in all of nature, green is the color of growth and health, expressing renewal and
life. Green has a strong association as a refreshing and peaceful color. It evokes feelings
of abundance while providing a restful and secure feeling.

Green is thought to be good for your heart and also helps you breathe slower and deeper.
It creates feelings of comfort and relaxation as we are reminded of nature. However, olive
greens have been known to convey thoughts of decay and death and may be detrimental
to psychological and emotional health.

Green | Emotions

Safety

Harmony

Stability

Reliability

Balance
Blue

The hue of the sea and sky, blue communicates a tranquil emotion that induces peace
and serenity. This calming color instills confidence and inspires feelings of loyalty,
integrity and responsibility. A cooler blue is conservative, responsible, and can instill
feelings of security.

Blues are often used to reduce stress, increase relaxation and has been proven to lower
blood pressure. Blue inspires mental control and clarity. Though it is calming, too much
blue can increase feelings of depression.

Blue | Emotions

Trustworthy

Responsibility

Honesty

Calming

Inner security

Violet

Violet is often associated with spirituality and royalty. The energy of red combined with
the calm of blue, it is a color that inspires intrinsic qualities and reflection. It is the color of
the introvert. It is often used to encourage creativity and communicate luxury.

Violet has an antiseptic effect. In color therapy, it is used to treat mental and nervous
disorders, as it can help to balance the mind and transform obsessions and fears. It also
has a cleansing effect in regards to emotional disturbances.

Violet | Emotions

Imagination

Mystery

Sensitivity

Compassion

Reference: https://www.sarahjacquelyninteriors.com/blog/the-psychology-of-color-in-
interior-design
Exercises no.3 – Interior Perspective of 2 selected residential space using
different color schemes and techniques

UNIT II
MATERIALS SPECIFICATIONS

TOPICS
1. Natural and Artificial lighting systems
2. Indicative locations of utility elements
e.g. air conditioning units, electrical outlets/switches etc.
3. Materials for interior e.g. textile, paints, wall finishes, floor finishes,
ceiling finishes.
4. Furniture, furnishings and other interior elements
5. Architectural Interiors types
6. Period and Contemporary styles
7. Design presentation
a. project simulation: studio work
b. client presentation

OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the learner will be able to;

• Understand the basic materials for interior e.g. textiles, paints etc.

• Understand the different periods and contemporary styles

 • Natural and Artificial lighting systems

Natural light is the light generated naturally. The most common source of natural light on
Earth is the Sun. We receive natural light throughout our sunlight hours, whether we want
it or not. That is, we cannot control the amount, duration and intensity of the natural light.
The light we obtain from Sun covers the entire visible spectrum, with violet at one end
and red at the other. This light is good for our health and is necessary for plants to carry
out photosynthesis. Fire is another source of natural light.

Artificial light is generated by artificial sources, such as incandescent lamps, compact

fluorescent lamps (CFLs), LEDs, etc. We can control the quality, quantity and duration of
this light by controlling a number of factors. Artificial light is necessary for us to work
during hours of low lighting (evening and/or night). The artificial light does not cover the
entire light spectrum and is not too conducive to photosynthesis or health of life forms.
Interior Lighting
Reference:https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-difference-artificial-light-
natural-light-653362

What are the different types of lighting? What is task lighting? How to create accent
lighting? What else is available besides ambient lighting? With so many different types of
lighting available, it can get a little confusing when designing a lighting scheme for your
home or office. Our guide explains the different types of lighting - ambient (or general),
task and accent, how to use them effectively, and which light fixtures to use create your
desired lighting.
• Ambient or General Lighting
• Task Lighting
• Accent Lighting

WHAT IS AMBIENT LIGHTING?

This is one of the most common types of lighting. Ambient light is a soft glow that blankets
your space just enough for you to function without causing a harsh glare. In photography
and cinematography, ambient light is considered the "natural light" within a room. In
décor, ambient light is very similar, except you create the ambient light by making the
room's lighting as natural and flat as possible. While ambient light is meant to get you
safely from point A-to-B, it is not ideal for working closely with things or to highlight things
around your space.
How to Light a Room with General Lighting?
When used correctly, ambient light creates a fantastic environment to relax from an overly
stressful day or to have a warm conversation with an old friend. Ambient lighting is often
referred to as mood lighting, because this light captures the soft curves of your face and
allows your pupils to dilate slightly (a physical sign of affection). Some yoga studios have
even begun using the softer ambient lighting in their classes to help draw stress from the
body.
We recommend using the following lights to create ambient light.
•Chandeliers
WHAT IS TASK LIGHTING?
This is a smaller more concentrated light. You want task lighting around when you’re
working. In fact, some people call it office lighting. Task lighting is meant to help you see
when you’re doing projects in which you need a finer light, such as, reading, cooking,
writing, sewing and many other things. Task lighting only works well when it is used as a
contrasting light. For example, if you have a low lit room with a swing arm lamp turned on
over your desk, the light over the desk surface will be more effective with less glare or
shadow-effect than if the entire room was lit with a brighter light.
How to Use Task Lighting?
Task lighting helps naturally stimulate your brain. The contrasting light allows you to be
more alert and concentrated. This will help you see more details as you work, creating
higher quality results. This is why many businesses choose to use task lighting in their
offices.

WHAT IS ACCENT LIGHTING?

This is a very concentrated light with the intention of drawing the eye to its focal point.
Accent lighting is a way of adding style and drama to your home. This will help you
illuminate the pieces you want on display, while shadowing dull areas. People use
accenting for wall washing, artwork, bookcase displays, pieces of furniture, collections
and the general architecture of their homes. Outdoor accent lighting is when you highlight
parts of the architecture of your home or yard. This is very popular during the holidays,
especially Halloween and Christmas.
How to Use Accent Lighting?
Accent lighting is one of the types of lighting that creates a very sophisticated atmosphere.
It evokes feelings of meaning and importance to the images it displays. This lighting type
is used a lot for museums, historical buildings and art shows.

CHANDELIER LIGHTING
These light fixtures work fantastic with taller ceilings. You can choose which height is best
for your lighting needs. Chandeliers are very classic pieces that work well in foyers, over
the tub in the bathroom, or over large dining room tables.

CEILING LIGHTING
Flush and semi-flush ceiling lighting are so versatile and discrete they work almost
anywhere. Use these carefully. Ceiling lighting is standard in hallways, bedrooms,
kitchens, and outdoor spaces, such as, patios and porches. Try to incorporate the ceiling
mounted fixtures with wall switches into your homes architecture.

PENDANT LIGHTING
Pendants are great because they can be placed
in a lot of areas and can hang directly above
work spaces. Depending on the style and
placement of the pendant, you can use these for
ambient, task, or accent lighting. Use a series of
pendants with clear or light colored shades for
ambient lighting, two or more pendants with
dark colored shades for task lighting, or one or
two pendants over a side table or other focal
point to create accent lighting.
RECESSED LIGHTING
Not only are can lights used for general room lighting, recessed lighting can be used for
for accent lighting depending on where you place them. Place them in your ceiling or in
your floor close to the wall to create a wall washing affect to illuminate a beautiful brick
texture, a colorful paint design or display a huge bay window.
WALL LIGHTING & SCONCES
Wall lights are fantastic for designing accent lighting. They come in a range of sizes that
allow you the highlight big or small pieces of art. These work great on art walls and for
showcasing the architecture of your space.
TRACK LIGHTING
Track lights are great for the same reason, except they can typically cover a little more
space. Try using a series of these throughout your home in rooms such as your master
bedroom, den, kitchen, or living room.
SWING ARM LAMPS
Use lamps on your desks, bedside tables, mounted next to your favorite chair or anywhere
you need a little extra light for working. Swing arm lamps allow you to adjust the light
anyway you’d like. Since lamps are lightweight, portable, and adjustable these are the
ideal task lights.
UNDER CABINET LIGHTING
These are the ultimate task lights. Under cabinet lights work great in your kitchen, like
below. They add a flare to your kitchen and give the extra light you need for chopping and
cleaning.

VANITY LIGHTING
Vanity lighting is standard in bathrooms and on dressing room tables. Bathroom and
mirror lights provide a bright, focused light to ensure your makeup and hair is done just
right!

LANDSCAPE LIGHTING
These lights are the best for showing
off the outside of your home.
Use landscape lighting to light up a
pathway, prized garden or statue.

Reference: https://www.delmarfans.com/educate/basics/lighting-types/
Exercises no.4 – Architectural Interior of selected space with full lighting design

• Indicative locations of utility elements

e.g. air conditioning units, electrical outlets/switches etc.

Air Conditioning Units

Owing to the steep humidity levels in tropical countries air-conditioners are fast becoming
essential rather than a luxury commodity. A critical point to remember here is where to
install AC units in a room to maximize their cooling. The air-conditioner market is replete
with cooling options – Window ACs, Central Units, Split ACs, Wall Mounted ACs, et al
…of these the last variant.

Pointers – Placement of Wall Mounted Air Conditioning Unit of Split AC

The location of your AC unit is very crucial as the right position of your indoor unit
translates into the winning combination of efficient performance and cost-saving. Hence,
you can have your wall mounted air conditioning unit regulating the room temperature
without costing you much by something as simple as selecting the proper place on your
wall for your indoor AC unit.

Wall Mounted Air Conditioning Unit of Split AC

Check whether the wall meets the criteria for installing the indoor AC unit on it. If the wall
passes the test, follow these tips to select the wall on the basis of the layout of the room.
There are certain things that can affect how your AC performs based on its position.
These tips will definitely ensure the placement of Split AC in your room turns out helpful
to you:
01. Place the AC unit away from heat sources. Heat sources in a room can be any
appliances like kitchenware or any external portion that enjoys exposure to sunlight, etc.
If the AC unit is placed too close to these, then the thermostat will receive a false reading
leading to no cut-off of the compressor.
02. Install the indoor AC where there is no interruption in the airflow from the unit. In short,
do not place it behind any furniture or a door that will obstruct the flow from the unit. An
interrupted flow in a unit can affect the lifespan of the AC.
03. Place the indoor AC unit at a proper height ensuring that it does not block the
passageway. The ideal height of the indoor unit should be 7 feet from floor level for split
type ACs. Indoor AC unit must be installed high on the wall to ensure that cool air is
distributed evenly throughout the room.
04. Try installing the indoor AC unit away from electrical appliances. A Split AC unit above
an electrical appliance can cause unwanted trouble by leaking water into the unit.
05. Universal law of spaces suggests that, the central location of an AC unit in a room
can ensure a uniform flow throughout the room. The airflow from the unit falls at a distance
of 3-5 feet from the unit depending upon the range of the model. The furniture layout, the
openings, the size and the shape of a room govern the location of the AC.
Placing AC on a Longer Wall
In case of a room of a rectangular shape, the indoor AC unit should be preferably placed
on the longer wall to trap the cooling in the room.

Four Different Layouts and Preferable AC Locations

If there are multiple openings in the room, then it is advisable to place the split AC unit in
such a way that the flow hits a plain wall instead of hitting the wall having openings in it.
The airflow towards the opening leads to more load on the compressor and hence more
power consumption.
Four Different Layouts for Long Rooms and Preferable AC Locations
In case of a rectangular room having a wall-length twice larger than the width – it is
strongly recommended to place the indoor unit on the shorter wall to cover the long space
of the room.

Placing 2 ACs in a room

For rooms with a 30 feet plus length, Gharpedia advises placing two indoor AC units on
the same wall. Placing the AC units opposite to each other can create non-uniform air
circulation leading to overloading one of the ACs.
Placing AC in a Weird-shaped Angular Room
In case of a room that has different areas and not a rectangular shaped plan, the AC
should be installed in the larger section of the room.
06. Place the AC unit according to furniture layout.
Placing AC According to Furniture Layout
We usually install the AC at the centre of the space we use and not at the centre of the
wall. The aim is to create a uniform flow of air in the utilized space.

Placing AC According to Bedroom Furniture Layout

We prefer receiving an indirect flow from AC; as a direct flow from the AC can create a
discomfort zone. Long-term direct flow can cause health problems like dry skin, pain in
joints, sore throat, etc. For these reasons it is advisable to place the AC on the farthest
side-wall of the bed in a bedroom.
Now that you have known the points for placement of wall mounted AC Units, we have
added an informative article for you regarding thing you need to check while AC
installation. After having known the placement of wall mounted AC Unit and its tips for
installation, here’s a quick peep into the reasons for why Wall Mounted AC Units are
flooring customer.
Reference:https://gharpedia.com/blog/best-location-wall-mounted-air-conditioning-
unit/#:~:text=Place%20the%20indoor%20AC%20unit,distributed%20evenly%20through
out%20the%20room.

Electrical outlets
Electrical outlets are what keep your appliances running. If you’re going to spend money
on expensive devices, it’s essential that you also focus on outlet installation. Whatever
your needs may be, Gulf Coast Electric should be your go-to Destin electrician. Make
sure you take into account the aesthetic appearance of your home while installing
specialized outlets.

Mounted televisions are the only way to go these days. Everyone loves to watch the big
game on Sundays at your house, but are you tired of seeing all those hideous cords?
Your neighbors are, too. Gulf Coast Electric allows you the option to mount your TV
anywhere and everywhere without a giant power cord running down to the baseboard
outlet. Call today and find out how you can install an outlet behind your TV.

Lamps are useful when the bright, overhead light is giving you a migraine after a long
day. Does the lamp in your home have you tripping over cords daily? Consider installing
floor outlets in your home with Gulf Coast Electric. You’ll find yourself using less
dangerous and ugly extension cords while using lamps in areas that you never thought
possible.
Your kitchen can be a crowded place, filled with friends and family. How would you like
to have outlets look as inconspicuous as possible? One option is to install a power strip
on the top rail near your kitchen island below the countertop. Just because you need to
cook for 20 doesn’t mean you must compromise on the aesthetics of your kitchen.

It’s important to plan the placement of outlets around your home. When it comes to TVs,
lamps and your kitchen, no one wants to see an ugly electric cord. Give your home a
cleaner and fresher look by installing specialized outlets. Before beginning any electrical
work, contact your Destin electrician.
Reference: https://gcedestin.com/include-outlet-placement-interior-design/

Exercises no.5 – Architectural Interior layout showing positions anfd location of

utility units

• Materials for interior e.g. textile, paints, wall finishes, floor finishes, ceiling
finishes

BASIC MATERIAL USED FOR INTERIOR DESIGN FINISHES

There are only two possibilities when you look at the interiors of a house; it’s either good
or not so good. A well-constructed house speaks volumes of the material used that
constitute to its final finish.

When designing interiors, a lot of thought goes into its planning. In a profession such
as interior designing, a designer has to carefully select material considering few factors
such as durability, budget, comfort, safety, and flexibility. Therefore, when designing
interiors, the WHY factor has to be justified in every step of planning.

The material that we choose for our floors and walls must be prioritized in such a way so
you can splurge effectively. Following are the basic materials used for interior designing
finishes:

Selection of Wood

There are different types of

wood used for a variety of
purposes in interiors. One of
the common and widely used
woods for interior flooring is
“hardwood”. Red Oak,
American Cherry, Walnut, etc.
are the types of hardwood
used. Depending on the quality
and pattern, the prices also
vary.

Considering that hardwood is eternal, it offers more durability as compared to other

flooring material. The best thing about hardwood is that it effortlessly blends with any
style. If you admire the traditional style, you can opt to use mahogany, walnut, and oak
and on the other hand, maple and tiger-wood suit the contemporary style.

Interior designing courses also focuses on a detail understanding of different types of

wood and where it can be used.

Selection of Mosaic Tile

Mosaic tiles are one

of the most preferred
flooring material as
they are easily
available in a variety
of designs, patterns,
and colours. Mosaic
tiles are timeless and
elegant looking, they
can satisfy every
customer’s need.

The price of mosaic depends on customization and the types of material you choose. If
you are looking for traditional or contemporary designs, you have an array of choices
such as natural stone, vitreous glass, unglazed porcelain, sintered glass, etc.
Choice of Carpet

Carpets make an excellent

choice when it comes to
adding colour, warmth, and
sophistication. Most
importantly, they can be
bought on a budget.
Maintenance is not an issue
as carpets can easily be
maintained by vacuuming.
However, carpets need to be
changed at least once in five
years keeping the hygiene in
mind.

When it comes to learning

about interior finishes, it’s only
in interior design classes that
you’ll will be able to
understand the basic
fundamentals of the subject.
Wallpaper

Wallpapers are another basic

interior design finishes widely
seen in many households. They
are available in endless prints
and patterns and you can find
amazing designs right from
traditional to modern.

The best thing about wallpapers

is that you can choose from a
variety of range, thus making it
very easy to change at regular
intervals. Whether it’s the master
bedroom or a nursery, wallpapers
serve as one of the best interior
finishes. It’s very easy to put them
up as well as pull them off.

Exercises No.6 – Architectural Interior of any Residential Space indicating the

materials used.
 • Furniture, Furnishings and other interior elements

Furniture

Furniture is an industrial design product. Furniture matters the most when designing a
space. This lesson explains why, how, and when furniture is important in interior design.

Furniture & Interior Design

Furniture matters to interior designers in the same way that books matter to librarians. It's
important because interior design is concerned with the design of spaces, and what
makes those spaces is furniture. In this lesson, we'll go over the various aspects of this
'making.'

Function

Furniture is an industrial or craft-based design used to support human activities. Interior

designers use existing or new, built-in, custom designed, or ready-made furniture. Every
piece of furniture is made the with user's needs in mind. Function determines what a piece
of furniture should do, like sleeping (beds), eating (tables), or seating (chairs).

Function determines what a space should do, too. Analyzing how a space will be used
and what activities will take place in that space marks the programming phase of interior
design where furniture is involved. Function determines which furniture and furnishings
(like appliances, fittings, and accessories) are necessary for the usage of space.

Furniture matters the most when a design is implemented as furniture brings function to
a space. A good example of how furniture defines and dictates a space would be airports.
How would you know where to sit and wait in an airport? You'd look around for seating
elements, right? This is because furniture clearly states the intended function of the
lounge area.
Space Planning

Furniture and functionality work together in the space planning phase of interior design.
By definition, space planning is the allocation and division of interior space for a client's
needs and activities. How to place the furniture is an essential part of space planning,
where maximum usage is considered in the arrangement of furniture.

Space planning also involves circulation. Circulation refers to leaving enough space for
human flow. For the best utilization of space, furniture is placed to allow free movement.
This makes the space around furniture as important as its arrangement. Thus, furniture
works as a functional and circulatory element in interior design.

Interior designers use furniture to establish a pleasing sense of order. They consider two-
dimensional and three-dimensional design in the arrangement of furniture along with the
elements of design such as shape, form, color, and texture.

The principles of design can be applied to furniture, too. For instance, pieces are arranged
by size, scale, and proportion; rhythm is employed by repeating furniture; unity by
harmonizing furniture with other spatial features like a fireplace; or emphasis by using a
furniture grouping as focal point.

Reference:https://study.com/academy/lesson/importance-of-furniture-in-interior-
design.html

Furnishings

Furnishings, sometimes referred to as soft furnishings or upholstery, are components that

incorporate soft material and help create a pleasant and comfortable environment, and
complement the furniture and fittings inside buildings. Furnishings can be made of fabric,
chenille, velvet, silk, fur, faux-fur, cloth, foam, rubber, and so on.
Common types of furnishings include:

• Curtains.
• Cushions.
• Bedding and mattresses.
• Wall hangings and tapestries.
• Rugs.
• Chair coverings.
• Sofas.
• Bean bags.
• Carpets.
• Doormats.

Furnishings should be carefully selected and designed to enhance the quality of a room,
often adding colour, texture and elegance to furniture. The soft material of some
furnishings can also enhance the energy efficiency of a room by retaining heat and
keeping it warm. They may also improve the sound insulation properties as soft materials
absorb sound waves more effectively than hard surfaces which reflect sound back into
the space and can result in echoes (or a longer reverberation time).

The Furniture and Furnishings (Fire Safety) Regulations define requirements for the fire
resistance for domestic upholstered furniture, furnishings and other products containing
upholstery. These Regulations are enforced by Trading Standards.

Reference: https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Furnishings

Exercises No.7 – Architectural Interior of any Residential Space with furniture

layout and furnishing specification
 • Architectural Interiors Styles

14 Most Popular Interior Design Styles

1. MODERN

Modern is a broad
design term that typically
refers to a home with
clean, crisp lines, a
simple colour palette
and the use of materials
that can include metal,
glass and steel.

Modern design employs

a sense of simplicity in
every element, including
furniture. A word that’s commonly used to describe modern style is sleek, and there is not
a lot of clutter or accessories involved with a modern style.

2. CONTEMPORARY

Modern and contemporary

are two styles frequently
used interchangeably.
Contemporary is different
from modern because it
describes design based on
the here and now.
The primary difference separating modern and contemporary design style is that modern
is a strict interpretation of design that started in the 20th century. Contemporary on the
other hand, is more fluid and can represent a sense of currency with less adherence to
one particular style. For example, contemporary style may include curving lines, whereas
modern design does not. You can refer to modern vs contemporary article for more
information.

3. MINIMALIST

The minimalist concept is one that’s popular here in Australia. It takes notions of modern
design and simplifies them further.

Colour palettes are neutral and airy; furnishings are simple and streamlined, and nothing
is excessive or flamboyant in accessories or décor.

Minimalism is ultimately defined by a sense of functionality and ultra-clean lines.

4. INDUSTRIAL

Industrial style as the name

implies, draws inspiration
from a warehouse or an
urban loft.

There’s a sense of
unfinished rawness in many
of the elements, and it’s not
uncommon to see exposed
brick, ductwork and wood.
An iconic home with an
industrial design theme would be a renovated loft from a former industrial building.

Think high ceilings, old timber and dangling metal light fixtures with sparse functional
furniture. There may possibly be one or two pieces of abstract art or photography to add
a dash of colour to an otherwise neutral colour scheme derived from the primary materials
of wood and metals.

5. MID-CENTURY MODERN

Mid-century modern is a
throwback to the design style of
the mid-1900s—primarily the
1950s and 60s. There’s a retro
nostalgia present in Mid-Century
Modern Design, and also some
elements of minimalism.
Functionality or “fussy-free” was
the main theme for Mid-century
design. It emphasis on pared-
down forms, natural or organic shapes such as “egg-shaped” chair, easy-to-use
contemporary designs and simple fabrications. It easily complements any interior and
also helps with seamless transition from interior to exterior.

6. SCANDINAVIAN

Scandanavian design pays homage to the simplicity of life demonstrated in Nordic

countries. Scandinavian furniture design often feels like a work of art, although it is simple
and understated. There’s functionality in the furniture along with some interesting lines,
many of which have a sculptural influence.

Other common characteristics include all-white colour palettes and the incorporation of
natural elements like form-pressed wood, bright plastics, and enameled aluminum, steel
and wide plank flooring. If there are pops of colour it often comes from the use of art,
natural fibre throws or furs, or a single piece of furniture.

Spacious,
natural
lighting, less
accessories
and
functional
furniture
characterizes
Scandinavian
designs.
7. TRADITIONAL

Traditional design
style offers classic
details, sumptuous
furnishings, and an
abundance of
accessories. It is
rooted in European
sensibilities.

Traditional homes
often feature dark,
finished wood, rich
colour palettes, and a variety of textures and curved lines. Furnishings have elaborate
and ornate details and fabrics, like velvet, silk and brocade, which may include a variety
of patterns and textures.

There’s depth, layering and dimensionality within most traditional designs.

8. TRANSITIONAL

Transitional is a very popular

style because it borrows from
both traditional and modern
design to facilitate a space
that’s not “too much,” in terms
of one style or another. There’s
a sense of balance that’s
appealing and unexpected.
A transitional design may incorporate modern materials, such as steel and glass, and
then unite them with plush furnishings.

Transitional design also includes relatively neutral colour palettes, creating a calming and
relaxed space that manages to feel both stylish and sleek, as well as warm and inviting.

9. FRENCH COUNTRY

Warm, earthy colours are indicative of a French Country design style, as are worn and
ornamental wooden furnishing. The style has an overarching farmhouse inspiration.

French Country design

may include soft and warm
tones of red, yellow or gold
and natural materials like
stone and brick. French
Country design can include
collections of ornate
porcelain dishes and heavy
linens and bed coverings.

10. BOHEMIAN

Bohemian is a popular style for home design and fashion. It reflects a carefree lifestyle
with little rules, except to follow your hearts desire.

Bohemian homes may include vintage furniture and light fixtures, globally inspired textiles
and rugs, displays of collections, and items found in widely varied sources including flea
markets and during one’s travels.
It’s not uncommon to spot floor pillows and comfortable seating spaces when
incorporating the bohemian style. This eclectic style can incorporate an ultra-glam
chandelier paired with a well-worn rug and a mid-century chair. Within the Bohemian
style, there’s a laissez-faire attitude where anything goes as long as you love it.

11. RUSTIC

Rustic design is drawn from natural inspiration, using raw and often unfinished elements
including wood and stone.

Rustic design may incorporate accessories from the outdoors with warmth emulating from
the design and architectural details that may include features like vaulted ceilings adorned
with wood beams or reclaimed wood floors.

Many designs now integrate rustic design with more modern furnishings and accessories.
12. SHABBY CHIC

Shabby chic is vintage-inspired style, but compared to Bohemian and other styles, tends
to be more feminine, soft and delicate.

Shabby chic furnishings are often either distressed or appear that way; paint tends to
have antique-style finishes. The Shabby Chic colour palettes include white, cream and
pastels. Light light fixture and wall hangings may be ornate and continue the feminine
vibe of shabby chic design.

13. HOLLYWOOD GLAM

Also referred to as Hollywood Regency, Hollywood Glam is a design style that tends to
be luxurious, over-the-top and opulent. It’s a dramatic design style, perfect for a
homeowner who enjoys making a statement.
This design style can
incorporate some features of
Victorian design, including
plush, velvet furnishings,
tufting and antiques. The
colour palettes are particularly
bold—think purples, reds and
turquoise.

14. COASTAL/HAMPTONS

Coastal style also dubbed Hamptons style, hails from the iconic U.S. beachside area.
Common features include light, airy colour palettes with cool neutral shades paired with
blues and greens. Furnishings are often white or beige. The room can contain elements
of wood and accessories are often inspired by the sea.

Blue and white

striped patterns
for pillows, large
windows, white
plush sofas, and
painted white
wood are also
common fixtures
of the classic
Coastal/Hampton
style.
The intention is to create a relaxed and comfortable environment that is inspired by the
beach and ocean.

A rudimentary understanding of design fundamentals and styles can be a great help in

solidifying your personal design ideals. The ability to identify different interior design styles
will help you conjure up inspirational visions of your future home and provide a framework
to build your personal aesthetic. With a vocabulary to express your inspired vision, magic
happens! If you’re interested in this look, we recommend you to read our post “Everything
you need to know about the Hamptons Style“.

Reference:https://rocheledecorating.com.au/14-most-popular-interior-design-styles-
explained/

Exercises No.8 – Architectural Interior of any Residential Space using any of the
14 styles explain the concepts and relevance to the owners requirements.

Exercises no.9 - Design presentation

a. project simulation: studio work

b. client presentation

Using Board Presentation Techniques