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© © All Rights Reserved
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/ 30
Noble Series | 11
process is known as Enca
feature of a class. Class contains both data and fun
sible from the outside world and only those functions which are
Sie a acces
‘each other without knowing the details of their data fl °“"<-"+ sn the class can access the data.
. " i le unit (class) is encapsul
Se ee eee Storing data and functions ina sing
of a class. A class must be instantiated snot be accessible tothe outside world and only those functions
eames : f
same class canbe in existence at anyone lime, are stored in the lass can access it
‘Object is a collection of number of entities. Objects take up space 5+
snce, it is the process by which object of one class acquire
‘Objects are instances of classes. When a program is
teract by sending messages to one another. Each, or features of objects of another class. The concept of
\dd additional
;nipulate the data. Objects
any details of each other’s data or code. features to an
Instance of ‘za new class from the existing one. The new class
[object = abs) .d features of both the classes.
is a part of the class flying bird whic!
characteristics explicitly. However, by use of inherit
need only define those qualities that make it unique withi
can inhertits general attributes from its parent. Anew sub-class inherits
of the attributes of all ofits ancestors.
6. Polymorphism
‘A Greek term means to take more than one form. An
different behaviours in different instances. The
the operation.
sjects belonging to
member of class fruit
Operator Overloading
Function Overloading
7. Dynamic Binding
Dynamic Refers to lit with function
ion is called binding and when itis take place at run time called gr
12 | Noble Series
8. Message Passing
G1 Message Passing: The process by’
th other obj
Noble Series | 13
wust follows enough
it may be. To follow
Jet the rule because of
implemen
for the data/information n whi
to create an object at comy
‘ented say's Always Object must
ime. Due to this reason
and run time
be exist at ru
C+ is unable to produce performance base output.
|. In C+ it is a programmer's responsibility to take care about
MF nemory management, So itself it is one of the ‘complex work of
be treated as
is object oriented approach of solving a problem? How
iffer from procedure programming approa
eee (DBRAU-2013)
nodular structure for programs ff Y
it good for de! abstraee datengnel riented pears ing sprees ry simi ioe
sare hidden and the uri RaSh uman solves daily problems. It consists o!
s objects and how to use these objects in the correct sequence
problem, In other words, object-oriented problem solving
‘of designing objects whose behavior solves a specific
be created with
P provides a good framework for code librar
fed software components can be easily ada
ied by the programmer. Go four steps. They are:
entity the problem,
nse ee 2 dete jst net fr ho
Se 3 ety masageso Be senha
oe ea Create a sequence of messages to the objects that solve the
's we take some important poi woth
cp 1; Problem Identiffeation ~ Compute the sum of two numbers
3 printout the result.
and everything must be in i cation - Identify objects needed to solve
part of C++ while writing code we can use either C
Sle or C++ (Object oriented style) or we can go f first number (object)
. second number (object). Noble Series |15
jented approach does give the ability to reduce some of the major
systems, such as maintenance and
code. Here are some of the benefits of
s.message is the valuc (aM. object-oriented approach
Receiver object and jenance: The primary goal of object-oriented
‘the assurance that the system will enjoy a longer
e-receiyer objects fe while having far smaller maintenance costs. Because most of
bject-message the processes within the system are encapsulated, the behaviors
may be reused and incorporated into new behaviors.
Real-World Model Object-oriented system tends to model
the real world in a more complete fashion than do traditional
methods. Objects are organized into classes of objects, and objects
are associated with behaviors. based on objects, rather
The Power of Reuse processing.
important features of object-oriented programming
existing solution to solve new problems, promise to be far more reliable than traditional systems, primarily
has been solved using the OOP appro: because new behaviors can be “built” from existing objects.
Because objects can be dyn lly called and accessed, new
‘objects may be created at any time. The new objects may inherit
rributes from one, or many other objects. Behaviors may be
inherited from. eae isses, and novel behaviors may be added
is sent to the
isan object (Num! + Num2), which ig
luded to avoid any
procedural languages can be reuse’
for reuse much easier
When auser creates anew typeof widget the new object behaves
ing new behaviors which are defined to the
Difference between Procedural Programming and Object-
Oriented Programming (OOP)
Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is different from procedural
programming langu: i
in OOP is grouped
the purest sense,
1oW the system is defined, Theo Noble Series \17
‘ect Oriented Programmin® Paradigm’? Explain
f object oriented programming,
ated Programming, Parsdigz
igen is a model of
3, What is OD}
problems compared 10
OOP uses classes which
OOP uses a
a level styles of programming that rely on user-
|
pes to provide a model
: — ae fed programming, and generic prograt
Oriented Programming Concepts:
properties of the different objects that
3. Encapsulation: The process of combining:
techaique because it reduces complexity
5. Imberitance: a feature that represents the “is a” relationshi
to communicate with each other and with the hardware.
7. Messaging: Message passing isa form of communication
in parallel programming and object-oriented programming.
8 Object: a self-contained entity that consists of both data
~ procedures to manipulate the data.
9. Po'ymorphism: A programming language's abi
objects differently depending on their data
10. Procedare: a section of a program that performs a specifi
task.
Q4. What is the difference between C and C++? (DBRAU-12, 13)
‘Ans. Difference between C and C++ are as follows
C Programming CH Programming
he procedural| C++ is a multi-paradigm
2 paradigm language(procedural as well as
object oriented)
@BcAze)
C Programming
© is a function’ driven
programming language
C does not support overloading,
concept
C does not support namespaces
concept
not support exception handling|
tured programming
support inheritance,
polymorphism, data|
C language only support Early|
binding
C uses standard input, output}
functions like seanf-and pri
C is mostly used to develop
system software
Noble Series |19
CH Programming
C++ is @ object driven
programming language
CPP supports namespaces
concept.
C++ supports Exception
Handling,
C++ is object oriented
programming language.
CPP supports inheritance,
reusability, polymorphism, data.
abstracti¢
CPP supports both Early and
Late binding
(C++ uses input function cin and
‘output function is cout.
In ett we use
ideas
ion file.
(C++ is mostly used to modal real
life problem to program and use
‘to develop application programs. —
C++ program has extension pp
There is data abstraction. Not
complete data is available to End.
user
ot << "Hello, World!";
getchO; »ble Series
standard O1
we standard,
‘a cin and cout operator in CH?
‘message onto the screen.
Noble Series \21
utput Stream (cout) lass and why do we need it when we are talking
‘bout “object oriented” Approach? (DBRAU-2013)
output of a program points a
‘and the “insertion” oj
#include
void main()
{
cout << “Hella World!”
getch();
a +
tandard Input Stream (ci
instance of istream
indard input dev
‘ns. In object-oriented programmin,
fthe met
ject isa specific instance ofa class; it contains real values instead of
lass isa template definition
1e class is one of the defining ideas of object-oriented
rogramming, Among the important ideas about classes are:
GA class can have subclasses that can inherit all or some of the
characteristics of the class. In relation to each subclass, the
class becomes the super class.
Subclasses can also define their own methods and variables
that are not part of their super class. :
The structure of a class ard its subclasses is called the class
hierarchy. s
is a specification of the state and behaviour of objects. In
‘ofa system, an object’s state is part of the system state and
jour is part of the system behaviour.
is specified as a set of attributes.
O The behaviour is specified as a dictionary binding messages
to methods where a method is a piece of executable code.
The instances ofa class are objects. They are all different, but
they share the features described by the class.
of the message interaction structures
defined by the collaborations.
Classes (objects)
Instance Properties:
Belong to the object
Functions of class ic uses vary across different programming
ns of scoping. In many languages the scope
item 2”
fed Programming can
solve moderately complex
variable
more flexibility. mn operator? Also define the operators suppor
Noble:
or Example SA
assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20 then:
Operator] Description
Example
‘Checks if the value of two operands | (A—=B)is not
On is equal or not, if yes then condition | true.
C++ Supports following type
1. Arithmetic Operators ; a oe ae
Logical Operators ns I lecks if the value of two operands | (A != B) is tru
Increment and decrement Operators aa is equal or not, if values are not
‘equal then condition becomes true.
(Checks if the value of left operand is_| (A > B) is not
‘greater than the value of right operand, | true
if yes then condition becomes true.
[Checks if the value of left operand is | (A =B) is not,
For Example: 4 ‘greater than or equal to the value of | true.
Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20 then: right operand, if yes then condition
Operator | Description becomes true:
dds Two operands (Checks if the value of left operand is_| (A <=B) is tru
Subtracts second less than or equal to the value of right
‘operand, if yes then condition becomes
tors (4, &&, |] ):
ng logical operators supported by C++ language
Called Logical AND operator. | (A&B) is falsd
IFboth the operands are non
‘ero then condition becomes true.
(A()B) is true
Called Logical NOT Operator. | (A && B)is
cal true
than or equal to Use to reverses the logical state
| Less than oF equal to «SL Noble S15 operand. Ifa conditions |
ue then. Logical ‘NOT operator | Noble Series |27
| ise operators supported by C:
aa aes am H+ larpuage are ised i
aim msc kama Ancona
(a) Assignment Operators f
ienmemd ye following, assignment operators Sup
C+ language: Bir Example
For Example: Sinary AND Operator copies a | (A & B) wil
Operator | Description tif GoreRRaWaEe Pelt Guci |
= ‘Simple assignment operator, both operands.
‘Assigns values from right Binary OR Operator copies a
side operands to left side bit if it exists in either operand
operand Binary XOR Operator copias
(@ Increment and decrement Operators 4) the bit it is st in one operand
For Example: but not both.
‘Assume variable A holds 10 then: Binary Ones Complement
jperator iptic Operator is unary and has the
+ effect of “flipping” bits.
integer value Binary Left Shift Operator.
= Decrement operator, decreases ‘The left operands value is
integer value by one ‘moved left by the number of
(© Bitwise Operators: bits specified by the right
Bitwise operator works on bits and perform bit b a
‘The truth tables for & |, and “are as follows: Bier Ree
a laa tai left operands value is
0 0 0 moved right by the number of
oa bits specified by the right
rh fh operand.
10 : Conditional Operators (Ternary Operator) (2):
| ‘Assume if A= 60; and B = 13; Now in binary format the : -
be as follows:
| a
| B
For example sizeof{a), where
retum 4. Y aancee
28 | Noble Series
Comma oper
re med. The
are the various types of access specifiers of base
an example for each.
‘Ans. Access specifiers define the access rights for
il another access specifier o
apse
2 bers declared as Protected are accessible
uses A Sequence g
a Ee
Spates Noble Series 29
Private: // private members go here
Public: // public members go here
Protected: // protected members go her
2. Encapsulation
3. Generic Classes
Abstraction
(@BRAU-2013,14,15 CSM201
(DBRAU 20:
fare defined as pri
‘The public members of the class can be accessed fromm inside of the ee ee eee nl
Noble Series | 31
Properties of the object that
+ (hewie
Encapsulation
Object
‘C+ generic classes and functions are
ented using templates.
ract data type and friend function. peu ae om
clrsex(),
xyz datal(20),
cout<<“n data;
datal show;
xyz data?;
‘data2=datal;
cout<<“\ndata}
data} show();
xyzslong> datas(356432L);
ou a
ap,
etch); bject
1 declaring a class and o
a fhe syntax for declaring 4
members of a cliss are accessible only from within
bers ofthe same class. You cannot access it ou
from members of
sand also from members of their derived classes,
bers are accessible from anywhere where the
lefined, you can declare objects of that type. The
an object is the same as that for declaring any
Access Specifier.
Data members,
Member Functions (){)
ions, which have their declaration
‘and works on the data members of the class,
ber functions can be:
Access Specifiers:
public:
void get() 1/ defined inside class definition
t
couts<"Hello”s
ds
)
ATS Noble Series |37
pub
ag MConstructor
‘NOTE: Consirictors an be defined
lefinition or outside class definiti
scope resolution (:) operator,
ither inside the class
ion using class name and
)
Q.3. What are the co
normal member funct
or
t constructor? Illustrate the pars
the help of copy constructor. (DBRAI {Constructor declared
Or
1a copy constructor and how is it attainted
(DBRAU-2013, 15 & CSI // Constructor definition
a special member function of a
1c create new objects of that class.
ave exact same name as the class andi
‘or invoked when object gets created.
Constructor do
Gs ‘ot have return types, therefore they cannot retumn
instance ofits class. A constructor has the same ni
no return value. A constructor can have any number of p
‘a class may have any number of overloaded constructors.
Definition:
Constructors are special class functions which p
ini tion of every object. The Compiler calls the Co
whenever an object isc
members after storage is al
Dynarnie Constructor wstructor which doesn't tg
=x;
cout<>ay
‘cout<<"\nEnter the Second Number:";
cin>>b;
}
friend class sum;
W
class sum
void add(abe al)
.b;
cout<<"\nSum="<
class A
int x;
public:
40
{
x=0;
Hs
J
cout
void main()
_ for int i=0;1<100; i+)
<<“Hello”<