Straight Line Session PDF

Nature of Chapter:
1. Primarily this chapter is about two things (a) how to write equation of
line under given conditions (b) Some formulae
2. Independent questions are rarely asked in JEE, but basics of this chapter
will be used throughout Conics.
3. Try to practice as many standard questions as possible in beginning.
4. Major manipulations won’t be required but, you got to develop thought

process to tackle tougher problems.
Weightage of Straight Lines (Last 5 years)
2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Average
JEE Main 2.8 % 2.4 % 2.8 % 3.0 % 4.0 % 3.00 %
Jee Advanced 0% 3% 6% 2% 2% 2.60 %

STRAIGHT LINES
● Slope of a Straight Line
● Equations of Straight Lines
● Angle between two lines
● Some Important formulae
● Family of Lines
● Locus Problems
● Equations of Angle Bisectors
STRAIGHT LINES
Critical Topics:
● Equations of Straight Lines
● Relation between 2 slopes and angle between them
● Locus Problems
Slope of a straight Line
Slope of a straight line
If a straight line makes an angle α with the X-axis, then it’s slope m is
defined as tan α, where 0 ≤ ⍺ < π.
NOTE
Here, α is the angle made by the line with the positive direction of
the X-axis in the anti-clockwise sense.
Remark
Find the value of x, so that the inclination of the line joining the
Q
points (x, -3) and (2, 5) is 135o.
Find the value of x, so that the inclination of the line joining the
Q
points (x, -3) and (2, 5) is 135o.
Solution:
Observation
Remark
1. A line cutting same intercepts on the coordinate axes.

Remark
1. A line cutting same intercepts on the coordinate axes.
In both cases, observe that m = –1

Remark
2. A line cutting intercepts of equal length on the coordinate axes.

Remark
2. A line cutting intercepts of equal length on the coordinate axes.
Try to observe that the slope is either 1 or –1.

Remark
3. If a line is equally inclined to the axes, then its slope is 1 or –1.

Equations of a straight Line
Equations of a straight line
Before we study various equations of a straight line, let’s first see two
particular cases.
1. Horizontal Line
2. Vertical Line
Equations of horizontal line

As on a horizontal line, the y-coordinate does not change, therefore
it’s equation is of the form y = constant.
1. 2.
3. 4.
Equations of horizontal line

As on a horizontal line, the y-coordinate does not change, therefore
it’s equation is of the form y = constant.
1. 2.
3. 4.
Equations of Vertical line

As on a vertical line, the x-coordinate does not change, therefore
it’s equation is of the form x = constant.
1. 2.
3. 4.
Equations of Vertical line

As on a vertical line, the x-coordinate does not change, therefore
it’s equation is of the form x = constant.
1. 2.
3. 4.
Now let’s study various forms of equations in which a line can be

represented
1. Slope Intercept form

2. Point Slope form
3. Two Point form
4. Intercept form
5. Normal form
6. Parametric form
7. General form
Let’s pick First four equations.

1. Slope Intercept form 3. Two point form
slope = m
2. Point slope form 4. Intercept form
slope = m
Observation
Slope of the line 2x - 3y + 1 = 0 is ____.

A line cuts the Y-axis at (0, 3) and at this point, the line
Q
makes 120° angle with the positive direction of the Y-axis
in anticlockwise direction. Find the equation of line.
A line cuts the Y-axis at (0, 3) and at this point, the line
Q
makes 120° angle with the positive direction of the Y-axis
in anticlockwise direction. Find the equation of line.
Solution:
120°
(0, 3)
30°
X
O
Find the equation of a straight line cutting off an
Q
intercept -1 from y-axis and being equally
inclined to the axis.
Solution:
Since the required line is equally inclined with coordinates axes;
therefore, it makes an angle of either 45° or 135° with the x-axis.
So, its slope is either m = tan 45° or m = tan 135°, i.e., m = 1 or -1. It
is given that c = -1. Hence, the equations of the lines are
y = x - 1 and y = -x - 1
Find the equation(s) of the line(s) passing through (3, –4) and
Q
cutting intercepts of equal lengths on the coordinate axes.
Solution:
A line through (1, 0) and (2, 1) is rotated by 15° anticlockwise
Q
about the point (1, 0). Find the equation of new line.
A line through (1, 0) and (2, 1) is rotated by 15° anticlockwise
Q
about the point (1, 0). Find the equation of new line.
Solution:
Y
l2
l1
(2, 1)
X
O (1, 0)
JEE Main 6th Sept, 2020
A ray of light coming from the point (2, 2√3) is incident at

Q
an angle 30o on the line x = 1 at the point A. The ray gets
reflected on the line x = 1 nad meets x-axis at the point B.
Then, the line AB passes through
D

Q
D

Q
Solution:
JEE Main 2013
Q A ray of light along gets reflected upon

reaching x-axis, the equation of the reflected ray is
D
JEE Main 2013

D
JEE Main 2013

Solution:
Find the number of straight lines passing through
Q
(2, 4) and forming a triangle of area 16 cm2 with the
coordinates axes and also find their equations.
Remark
Whenever a point is given directly and slope is unknown,

we prefer to assume line in the form y - y1 = m(x - x1).
Solution:
Find the equation of a line passing through the point
Q
(2, 3) so that the segment of the line intercepted
between the axes is bisected at this point.
Find the equation of a line passing through the point
Q
(2, 3) so that the segment of the line intercepted
between the axes is bisected at this point.
Solution:
Find the equations of the lines which cut off intercepts on
Q
the axes whose sum and product are 1 and -6 respectively.
Q
Solution:
Let the equation of the line be
Given, a + b = 1 and ab = -6
We know that
Q
Solution:
Solving a + b = 1 and a - b = 5, we get: a = 3 and b = -2
Substituting these values in (i), we get equation of line as :
or
Solving a + b = 1 and a - b = -5, we get: a = -2 and b = 3

Substituting these values in (i), we get equation of line as :
or
JEE Main 2019
If in a parallelogram ABDC, the coordinates of A, B
Q
and C are respectively (1, 2), (3, 4) and (2, 5), then the
equation of the diagonal AD is
A 5x + 3y - 11 = 0
B 3x + 5y - 13 = 0
C 3x - 5y + 7 = 0
D 5x - 3y + 1 = 0
JEE Main 2019
Q
A 5x + 3y - 11 = 0
B 3x + 5y - 13 = 0
C 3x - 5y + 7 = 0
D 5x - 3y + 1 = 0
JEE Main 2019
Q
Solution:
C(2,5) D (x1, y1)
A(1, 5) B (3, 4)
JEE Main 27th July, 2021
Two sides of a parallelogram are along the lines
Q
4x + 5y = 0 and 7x + 2y = 0. If the equation of one of
the diagonals of the parallelogram is 11x + 7y = 9,
then other diagonal passes through the point:
A (1, 2)
B (2, 2)
C (2, 1)
D (1, 3)
JEE Main 27th July, 2021
Two sides of a parallelogram are along the lines
Q
4x + 5y = 0 and 7x + 2y = 0. If the equation of one of
the diagonals of the parallelogram is 11x + 7y = 9,
then other diagonal passes through the point:
A (1, 2)
B (2, 2)
C (2, 1)
D (1, 3)
Solution:
Both the lines pass through origin.
Point D is equal to intersection of 4x + 5y = 0 & 11x + 7y = 9
So, coordinates of point D =
Also, point B is point of intersection of 7x + 2y = 0

and 11x + 7y = 9
So the coordinates of point B =
Diagonals of parallelogram intersect at middle point of BD
Equation of diagonal AC is ⇒y=x
Thus, diagonal passes through (2, 2)

Now let’s pick normal form and parametric form.

5. Normal form
Y
p
X
O
x cos𝛼 + y sin𝛼 = p where, 0 ≤ 𝛼 < 360o

5. Normal form
Y
p
X
O
x cos𝛼 + y sin𝛼 = p where, 0 ≤ 𝛼 < 360o
Remark
This equation can be easily derived observing that the X

and Y intercepts are p sec ⍺ and p cosec ⍺ respectively.
Find the equation of the line which is at a perpendicular
Q
distance of 2 units from the origin and the angle made
by the perpendicular with the positive x-axis is 150o.
Find the equation of the line which is at a perpendicular
Q
distance of 2 units from the origin and the angle made
by the perpendicular with the positive x-axis is 150o.
Solution:
Given, p = 2 and 𝞪 = 150o
Required equation of the line is :
Q A straight canal is miles from a place and the shortest
route from this place to the canal is exactly north-east.
A village is 3 miles north and 4 miles east from the place.
Does it lie by the edge of the canal?
Solution:
Let the given place be O. Take this as the origin and
the east and north directions through O as the x and
y-axes, respectively.
Let AB be the nearest edge of the canal.

From the question, OL is perpendicular to AB such that
and ∠LOA = 45°
Solution:
So, the equation of the canal is
The position of the village is (4, 3). The village will lie on
the edge of the canal if (4, 3) satisfies the Eq.(i).
Clearly, (4, 3) does not satisfy (i).
Hence, the village does not lie by the nearest edge of
the canal.
6. Parametric form
m = tan θ
(x, y)
r
(x1, y1)
6. Parametric form
m = tan θ
(x, y)
r
(x1, y1) θ
A straight line is drawn through the point P(2, 3) and is
Q
inclined at an angle of 30° with the x-axis. Find the
coordinates of two points on it at a distance 4 from p.
A straight line is drawn through the point P(2, 3) and is
Q
inclined at an angle of 30° with the x-axis. Find the
coordinates of two points on it at a distance 4 from p.
Solution:
Q Find the distance of the point (1, 3) from the line
2x − 3y + 9 = 0 measured along the line x − y + 1 = 0.
Q Find the distance of the point (1, 3) from the line
2x − 3y + 9 = 0 measured along the line x − y + 1 = 0.
Solution:
x-y+1=0 P
A (1, 3)
2x - 3y + 9 = 0
In what direction a line through A (1, 2) must be
Q
drawn so that its intersection point P with x + y = 4
may be at a distance of from A?

Solution:
A (1, 2) x+y=4
θ
X
JEE Main 9th April, 2017
A square, of each side 2, lies above the x-axis and has
Q
one vertex at the origin. If one of the sides passing
through the origin makes an angle 30° with the
positive direction of the x-axis, then the sum of the
x-coordinates of the vertices of the square is:
A 2√3 - 1
B 2√3 - 2
C √3 - 2
D √3 - 1
A square, of each side 2, lies above the x-axis and has
Q
one vertex at the origin. If one of the sides passing
through the origin makes an angle 30° with the
positive direction of the x-axis, then the sum of the
x-coordinates of the vertices of the square is:
A 2√3 - 1
B 2√3 - 2
C √3 - 2
D √3 - 1
Solution:
7. General form
7. General form
Any linear equation in x and y represents a straight line, that is, the
equation ax + by + c = 0 is the general form of the equation of a line.
Q Reduce the line 2x - 3y + 5 = 0 in slope-intercept,
intercept and normal forms.
Q Reduce the line 2x - 3y + 5 = 0 in slope-intercept,
intercept and normal forms.
Solution:
Slope-intercept form:
Angle between two lines
m1
m2
where θ is the acute angle between the two lines

Remark
1. Lines are parallel if m1 = m2

2. Lines are perpendicular if m1m2 = -1, provided both
m1 and m2 are finite.
3. If m1 = ∞, then m2 = 0 , for perpendicularity.
Observation
Slope of ax + by + c = 0 is , that is
Q Find the angle between the lines
Q Find the angle between the lines
Solution:
Q Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of the
line segment joining the points A(1, 3) and B(5, 7).
Q Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of the
line segment joining the points A(1, 3) and B(5, 7).
Solution:
If (𝞪, 𝞫) is the orthocenter of the triangle ABC

Q
with vertices A(3, -7), B(-1, 2) and C(4, 5), then
9𝞪 -6𝞫 + 60 is
A 30
B 40
C 25
D 35

Q
9𝞪 -6𝞫 + 60 is
A 30
B 40
C 25
D 35
Q
9𝞪 -6𝞫 + 60 is
Solution:
Q Two sides of a triangle are 2x + y = 0 and x - y + 2 = 0.
If its orthocentre is (2, 3), then find its third side.
Q Two sides of a triangle are 2x + y = 0 and x - y + 2 = 0.
If its orthocentre is (2, 3), then find its third side.
Solution:
A
x−y+2=0 H (2, 3)
B 2x + y = 4 C
Q If A (0, 0), B (4, –3) and C (4, 2) are the vertices of a
Δ ABC, then find its Circumcentre
Q If A (0, 0), B (4, –3) and C (4, 2) are the vertices of a
Δ ABC, then find its Circumcentre
Solution:
A (0, 0)
D
F
O
B (4, −3) C (4, 2)

Now that we have understood angle between two lines, let’s see one very
important category of questions, where we find the equations of a line
making a given angle with a given line.
Now that we have understood angle between two lines, let’s see one very
important category of questions, where we find the equations of a line
making a given angle with a given line.
NOTE
Try to see as a relation between m1, m2 and θ.

Q Find the equation of a line through the point (2, 1)
making an angle of 30° angle with the line
Q Find the equation of a line through the point (2, 1)
making an angle of 30° angle with the line
Solution:
NOTE
Whenever while solving for m, if the leading term gets cancelled,
then one of the values of m is ∞, that is, the line is vertical.
JEE Main 18th Mar, 2021
Q The equation of one of the straight lines which

passes through the point (1, 3) and makes angle
tan-1(√2) with the straight line is
A 4√2x + 5y - (15 + 4√2) = 0
B 5√2x + 4y - (15 + 4√2) = 0
C 4√2x + 5y - 4 √2 = 0
D 4√2x - 5y - (5 + 4√2) = 0
JEE Main 18th Mar, 2021
Q The equation of one of the straight lines which

passes through the point (1, 3) and makes angle
tan-1(√2) with the straight line is
A 4√2x + 5y - (15 + 4√2) = 0
B 5√2x + 4y - (15 + 4√2) = 0
C 4√2x + 5y - 4 √2 = 0
D 4√2x - 5y - (5 + 4√2) = 0
Solution:
Q Find the equation of a line through (1, –10) which
makes equal angles with the lines 7x − y + 3 = 0
and x + y − 3 = 0
NOTE
This question can also be asked using the

term “isosceles triangle”
Solution:
Q If (1, 1) and (–3, 5) are the vertices of a diagonal
of a square, then the equations of the sides
through (1, 1) are
A 2x - y = 1
B 3x + y = 4, x = 1
C x = 1, y = 1
D None of these
Q If (1, 1) and (–3, 5) are the vertices of a diagonal
of a square, then the equations of the sides
through (1, 1) are
A 2x - y = 1
B 3x + y = 4, x = 1
C x = 1, y = 1
D None of these
Solution:
Sometimes we are required to assume a point on a line or you may say,
sometimes, assuming a point on line facilitates solving the question easily.
Sometimes we are required to assume a point on a line or you may say,
sometimes, assuming a point on line facilitates solving the question easily.
NOTE
A point on y = mx + c is assumed as (t, mt + c).

Q Two sides of a triangle are 2x − y = 0 and x + y = 3. If the
centroid of the triangle is (2, 3) then find its third side.
Q Two sides of a triangle are 2x − y = 0 and x + y = 3. If the
centroid of the triangle is (2, 3) then find its third side.
Solution:
2x − y = 0 x+y =3
G (2, 3)
B C
Some Important Formulae
Some important formulae
Distance of a Point from a Line

(x1, y1)
Special case: Distance of origin from ax + by + c = 0 is
Eg. Distance of (1, 2) from 3x - 4y + 2 = 0 is

(x1, y1)
Special case: Distance of origin from ax + by + c = 0 is
Eg. Distance of (1, 2) from 3x - 4y + 2 = 0 is

JEE Main 31st Aug, 2021
Q If p and q are the lengths of the perpendiculars from

the origin on the lines x cosec 𝞪 - y sec 𝞪 = k cot 2𝞪
and x sin 𝞪 + y cos 𝞪 = k sin 2𝞪 respectively, then k2 is
equal to:
A 4p2 + q2
B 2p2 + q2
C p2 + 2q2
D p2 + 4q2

equal to:
A 4p2 + q2
B 2p2 + q2
C p2 + 2q2
D p2 + 4q2

equal to:
Solution:
Find the points on the x-axis, whose distance from the
Q
line is 4 units.
Q
line is 4 units.
Solution:
The given equation of line is
⇒ 4x + 3y – 12 = 0 …(i)
Let (a, 0) be the point on the x-axis whose distance from given line is 4 units.
Now,
Q
line is 4 units.
Solution:
Thus the points are (8, 0) and (-2, 0).

Distance between two parallel lines

Eg. Distance between x + y + 2 = 0 and x + y + 4 = 0 is

Eg. Distance between x + y + 2 = 0 and x + y + 4 = 0 is

Q Distance between x - y + 1 = 0 and 2x - 2y + 5 = 0
is____.
D
is____.
D
is____.
Solution:
Find the equations of straight lines passing through
Q
(-2, -7) and having an intercept of length 3 between
the straight lines 4x + 3y = 12 and 4x + 3y = 3.
Q
Solution:
P(-2, -7)
𝞪
L
B
Q
Solution:
P(-2, -7)
𝞪
L
B
Foot of perpendicular from a point to a line


(x1, y1)
Ex. Foot of perpendicular of (2, 3) on x + 2y -1 = 0 is given by


(x1, y1)
Ex. Foot of perpendicular of (2, 3) on x + 2y -1 = 0 is given by

Image of a point in a line

Image of a point in a line

(x1, y1)
JEE Main 6th Sep, 2020
Let L denote the line in the xy-plane with x and y
Q
intercepts as 3 and 1 respectively. Then the image
of the point (-1, -4) in this line is:
D
Q
D
Q
Solution:
In ∆ABC, equation of the right bisectors of the sides
Q
AB and AC are x + y = 0 and y - x = 0 respectively.
If A ≡ (5, 7) then find the equation of side BC.
In ∆ABC, equation of the right bisectors of the sides
Q
AB and AC are x + y = 0 and y - x = 0 respectively.
If A ≡ (5, 7) then find the equation of side BC.
Solution:
‘B’ and ‘C’ will be the image of A in y + x = 0

and y - x = 0 respectively.
Thus, B ≡ (-7, -5), C ≡ (7, 5)
Hence, equation of BC is
Area of parallelogram whose sides are given

Area of parallelogram whose sides are given

The area of a parallelogram whose sides are
y = m1x + c1, y = m1x + c2
and y = m2x + d1, y = m2x + d2 is given by
If the area of a parallelogram formed by the lines
Q
x + 3y = a, 3x - 2y + 3a = 0, x + 3y + 4a = 0 and
3x - 2y + 7a = 0 is ma2, find the value of 11m + 30.
If the area of a parallelogram formed by the lines
Q
x + 3y = a, 3x - 2y + 3a = 0, x + 3y + 4a = 0 and
3x - 2y + 7a = 0 is ma2, find the value of 11m + 30.
Solution:
Family of Lines
Family of lines
Given any two lines L1 = 0 and L2 = 0, all the lines passing through their
point of intersection constitutes family of lines of L1 = 0 and L2 = 0.
Family of lines
Given any two lines L1 = 0 and L2 = 0, all the lines passing through their
point of intersection constitutes family of lines of L1 = 0 and L2 = 0.
Remark
Any line through intersection point of L1 = 0 and L2 = 0 (that is a

member of their family) has equation of the form L1 + λL2 = 0
Family of lines
E.g. Any line through intersection point of 2x + y + 3 = 0 and x - y + 1 = 0

will have equation of the form
2x + y + 3 + λ(x - y + 1) = 0
Family of lines
E.g. If equation of line is of the form x + y - 2 + λ(x + 2y) = 0, then

for sure it passes through point of intersection of x + y - 2 = 0 and
x + 2y = 0
If a, b, c are in AP, then prove that the variable
Q
straight line whose equation is ax + by + c = 0
always passes through a fixed point.
Solution:
Q If a2 + 9b2 = 6ab + 4c2 then ax + by + c = 0 passes
through _____.
D
Q If a2 + 9b2 = 6ab + 4c2 then ax + by + c = 0 passes
through _____.
D
Solution:
IIT 1997
Consider a family of straight lines (x + y) + λ (2x - y + 1) = 0.
Q
Equation of the straight line belonging to this family that is
farthest form (1, -3) is
A 13y + 6x = 7
B 15y + 6x = 7
C 13y - 6x = 7
D 15y - 6x = 7
IIT 1997
Consider a family of straight lines (x + y) + λ (2x - y + 1) = 0.
Q
Equation of the straight line belonging to this family that is
farthest form (1, -3) is
A 13y + 6x = 7
B 15y + 6x = 7
C 13y - 6x = 7
D 15y - 6x = 7
Solution:
Locus Problems
Locus Problems
Locus: It is the path or curve traced by a moving point

satisfying a given condition.
E.g. Locus of a point which moves such that it remains

at a distance of 1 unit from the origin is _______.
Locus Problems
We are generally interested in the equation of the locus of a point.
Steps to find Equation of Locus
(1) Assume the coordinates of the point whose locus is to be

found, to be (h, k).
(2) Write the given conditions involving h and k, mathematically.
(3) Eliminate the variables, if any.
(4) Replace h by x and k by y in the eliminant to obtain the
equation of the locus.
Locus Problems
Now, let’s do some examples on locus problems

Q A(1, 2) is a fixed point. A variable point B lies on x2 + y2 = 4.
Find the locus of the midpoint of AB.
Q A(1, 2) is a fixed point. A variable point B lies on x2 + y2 = 4.
Find the locus of the midpoint of AB.
Solution:
A rod of length l slides with its ends on X and Y axis
Q
(one end on each axis). Find the locus of its midpoint.
A rod of length l slides with its ends on X and Y axis
Q
(one end on each axis). Find the locus of its midpoint.
Solution:
Y
B (0, 2k)
P (h, k)
O X
A (2h, 0)
Q Find the locus of a point whose coordinates are
(a) x = cos θ, y = sin θ, where θ is a parameter
(b) If the coordinates of a variable point P be
where t is a parameter.
Solution:
Solution:
JEE Main 10th Jan, 2019
Q A point P moves on the line 2x - 3y + 4 = 0. If Q(1, 4) and

R(3, -2) are fixed points, then the locus of the centroid
of ∆PQR is a line:
A Parallel to y-axis
B With slope 2/3
C Parallel to x-axis
D With slope 3/2


A Parallel to y-axis
B With slope 2/3
C Parallel to x-axis
D With slope 3/2


Solution:
Q If a line AB of length 2l moves with the end A always
on the X-axis and the end B always on the line y = 6x,
then equation of the locus of the mid point of AB is
A 9x2 - 6xy - 10y2 = 9t2
B 9x2 - 6xy + 10y2 = 9t2
C 9x2 + 6xy + 10y2 = 9t2
D 9x2 + 6xy - 10y2 = 9t2

A 9x2 - 6xy - 10y2 = 9t2
B 9x2 - 6xy + 10y2 = 9t2
C 9x2 + 6xy + 10y2 = 9t2
D 9x2 + 6xy - 10y2 = 9t2

Solution:
B (b, 6b)
y = 6x
M (h, k)
X
O A (a, 0) k
Solution:
The equation of the locus of the foot of
Q
perpendicular drawn from (5, 6) on the family of
lines (x - 2) + λ(y - 3) = 0 (where λ ∈ R) is
A (x - 1) (x - 3) + (y - 2) (y - 6) = 0
B (x - 5) (x - 6) + (y - 2) (y - 3) = 0
C (x - 2) (x - 5) + (y - 3) (y - 6) = 0
D (x + 2) (x + 5) + (y + 3) (y + 6) = 0
Q
A (x - 1) (x - 3) + (y - 2) (y - 6) = 0
B (x - 5) (x - 6) + (y - 2) (y - 3) = 0
C (x - 2) (x - 5) + (y - 3) (y - 6) = 0
D (x + 2) (x + 5) + (y + 3) (y + 6) = 0
Q
Solution:
Let A = (5, 6) and the point of concurrency of the
family of lines (x - 2) + λ(y - 3) = 0 is (2, 3) = B and
foot of the perpendicular from A to the family of lines
is P = (h, k)
Now, PA is perpendicular to PB
⇒ (slope of PA) × (slope of PB) = -1
⇒ locus is (x - 2) (x - 5) + (y - 3) (y - 6) = 0
JEE Main 9th Apr, 2016
If a variable line drawn through the intersection of the
Q
lines and , meets the coordinate
axes at A and B, ( A ≠ B), then the locus of the midpoint

of AB is:
A 6xy = 7(x + y)
B 4(x +y)2 - 28(x + y) + 49 = 0
C 7xy = 6(x + y)
D 14(x +y)2 - 97(x + y) + 168 = 0

JEE Main 9th Apr, 2016
If a variable line drawn through the intersection of the
Q
lines and , meets the coordinate
axes at A and B, ( A ≠ B), then the locus of the midpoint

of AB is:
A 6xy = 7(x + y)
B 4(x +y)2 - 28(x + y) + 49 = 0
C 7xy = 6(x + y)
D 14(x +y)2 - 97(x + y) + 168 = 0

Solution:
Solution:
The ends A and B of a straight line segment of a constant
Q
length c slides on the axes OX and OY respectively. If the
rectangle OAPB is completed, then show that locus of the foot
of the perpendicular drawn from P to AB is
The ends A and B of a straight line segment of a constant
Q
length c slides on the axes OX and OY respectively. If the
rectangle OAPB is completed, then show that locus of the foot
of the perpendicular drawn from P to AB is
Solution:
Y
B P
D (h, k)
90° − θ
θ
O A X
E
Solution:
Equation of Angle bisectors
Equation of angle bisectors
Observation
For two non-parallel lines, we have two angle bisectors which are always
perpendicular to each other.
Now, let’s see the equations and categorization of angle bisector.

Equations of the two angle bisectors are given by
and
Let’s see how do we categorize these

1. Equation of the angle bisector of an angle containing a given point (α, β).
obtuse angle bisector
acute angle bisector

If (a1𝜶 + b1𝜷 + c1 ) (a2𝜶 + b2𝜷 + c2 ) > 0, then the required angle bisector is
If (a1𝜶 + b1𝜷 + c1 ) (a2𝜶 + b2𝜷 + c2 ) < 0, then the required angle bisector is
Special case : Bisector of angle containing origin

Special case : Bisector of angle containing origin

2. Equation of bisector of acute angle / obtuse angle.
Step 1 : Make c1 and c2 both positive

Step 2 : If a1a2 + b1b2 < 0 , then origin lies in acute angle while
if a1a2 + b1b2 > 0, then origin lies in obtuse angle.
Q For the lines 4x + 3y − 6 = 0 and 5x + 12y + 4 = 0, find
(a) The bisector of the angle containing (1, 1)
(b) The bisector of the angle containing the origin
(c) The obtuse angle bisector
(d) The acute angle bisector
Solution:
Solution:
Solution:
Solution:
Alternate Solution:

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Nature of Chapter:

3. Try to practice as many standard questions as possible in beginning.

4. Major manipulations won’t be required but, you got to develop thought

JEE Main 2.8 % 2.4 % 2.8 % 3.0 % 4.0 % 3.00 %

Jee Advanced 0% 3% 6% 2% 2% 2.60 %

1. A line cutting same intercepts on the coordinate axes.

1. A line cutting same intercepts on the coordinate axes.

In both cases, observe that m = –1

2. A line cutting intercepts of equal length on the coordinate axes.

2. A line cutting intercepts of equal length on the coordinate axes.

Try to observe that the slope is either 1 or –1.

3. If a line is equally inclined to the axes, then its slope is 1 or –1.

Equations of horizontal line

Equations of horizontal line

Equations of Vertical line

Equations of Vertical line

Now let’s study various forms of equations in which a line can be

1. Slope Intercept form

Let’s pick First four equations.

2. Point slope form 4. Intercept form

Slope of the line 2x - 3y + 1 = 0 is ____.

A ray of light coming from the point (2, 2√3) is incident at

A ray of light coming from the point (2, 2√3) is incident at

A ray of light coming from the point (2, 2√3) is incident at

Q A ray of light along gets reflected upon

Q A ray of light along gets reflected upon

Q A ray of light along gets reflected upon

Whenever a point is given directly and slope is unknown,

Solving a + b = 1 and a - b = -5, we get: a = -2 and b = 3

So, coordinates of point D =

Also, point B is point of intersection of 7x + 2y = 0

Diagonals of parallelogram intersect at middle point of BD

Equation of diagonal AC is ⇒y=x

Thus, diagonal passes through (2, 2)

Now let’s pick normal form and parametric form.

x cos𝛼 + y sin𝛼 = p where, 0 ≤ 𝛼 < 360o

x cos𝛼 + y sin𝛼 = p where, 0 ≤ 𝛼 < 360o

This equation can be easily derived observing that the X

Let AB be the nearest edge of the canal.

may be at a distance of from A?

where θ is the acute angle between the two lines

1. Lines are parallel if m1 = m2

If (𝞪, 𝞫) is the orthocenter of the triangle ABC

If (𝞪, 𝞫) is the orthocenter of the triangle ABC

B (4, −3) C (4, 2)

Try to see as a relation between m1, m2 and θ.

Q The equation of one of the straight lines which

A 4√2x + 5y - (15 + 4√2) = 0

B 5√2x + 4y - (15 + 4√2) = 0

Q The equation of one of the straight lines which

A 4√2x + 5y - (15 + 4√2) = 0

B 5√2x + 4y - (15 + 4√2) = 0

This question can also be asked using the

A point on y = mx + c is assumed as (t, mt + c).

Distance of a Point from a Line

Distance of a Point from a Line

Special case: Distance of origin from ax + by + c = 0 is

Eg. Distance of (1, 2) from 3x - 4y + 2 = 0 is

Distance of a Point from a Line