Te-Metals and Non Metal Final Revisor (2022-23)

1.
Metals: A substance with high electrical conductivity, lustre

and malleability which readily loses electrons to form positive ions.
2. Non-metals: A substance with low electrical conductivity, non-
lustrous, non-malleable and which readily gains electrons to form
negative ions.
3. Metalloids: Elements with properties intermediate between those
of a metal and non-metal.
4. Alloy: A homogenous mixture of a metal with at least one other
metal or non-metal.
5. Malleability: It is a physical property of metals that defines the
ability to be hammered, pressed, or rolled into thin sheets without
breaking.
6. Sonorous: It is the property of a substance to produce a deep
resonant sound when collide together.
7. Ductility: It is a physical property of a material associated with
their ability to be hammered thin or stretced into a wire without
breaking.
8. Ore: A naturally occurring solid material from which a metal or
valuable mineral can be extracted profitably.
9. Anion: A negatively charged ion formed by gain of electrons.
10. Cation: A positively charged ion formed by loss of electrons from
a neutral atom.
11. Electrodes: An electrode is a solid electric conductor that carries
electric current into non-metallic solids, or liquids, or gases, or
plasmas, or vacuums.
12. Mineral: A mineral is a naturally occurring solid with a
characteristic composition, crystalline atomic structure and
distinct physical properties.
13. Smelting: It is a chemical process to isolate an element from its
ore using heat and a reducing agent.
14. Gangue: It is an unwanted material or impurities in the form of
sand, rock or any other material that surrounds the mineral in an ore
deposit.
15. Calcination: The conversion of metals into their oxides as a
result of heating to a high temperature in the absence of air or
oxygen. The organic matter, moisture, volatile impurities like carbon
dioxide and sulphur dioxide are expelled from the ore which makes
the ore porous.
16. Roasting: It is a process in metallurgy in which a sulphide ore is
heated in air. The process may convert a metal sulphide to a metal
oxide or to a free metal.
17. Electroplating: A process that uses electric current to reduce
dissolved metal cations so that they form a thin coherent metal
coating on an electrode.
18. Galvanisation: A process that applies a coat of zinc to a
metal to prevent its oxidation.
19. Refining: It is a method of removing impurities in order to obtain
metals of high purity.
20. The ability of metals to be drawn into thin wire is known as:
[NCERT Exemplar]
(a) Ductility
(b) Malleability
(c) Sonorousity
(d) Conductivity
Ans. (a) Ductility
Explanation :
Ductility is the property which allows the metals to be drawn into thin
wires.
21. The compound obtained on reaction of iron with steam
is/are:
(a) Fe2O3
(b) Fe3O4
(c) FeO
(d) Fe2O3 and Fe3O4
Ans. (b) Fe3O4
Explanation :
Iron does not reacts with the cold and hot water, but it reacts with
steam to form metal oxide and hydrogen.
3 Fe + 4H2O → Fe3O4 + 4H2
22. Which one of the following properties is not generally

exhibited by ionic compounds?
[NCERT Exemplar]
(a) Solubility in water
(b) Electrical conductivity in solid state
(c) High melting and boiling points
(d) Electrical conductivity in molten state
Ans. (b) Electrical conductivity in solid state
Explanation :
Ionic compounds can conduct electricity in aqueous solution or
molten state. In solid state, they are non-conductors of electricity
because of the absence of free ions.
23. Which of the following properties of aluminium makes it
suitable for making cooking utensils?
(i) Good thermal conductivity
(ii) Good electrical conductivity
(iii) Ductility
(iv) High melting point
(a) (i) and (ii)
(b) (i) and (iii)
(c) (ii) and (iii)
(d) (i) and (iv)
Ans. (d) (i) and (iv)
Explanation :
Good thermal conductivity and high melting point of aluminum are
the properties that makes it suitable for making cooking utensils.
24. Which metal is displaced when zinc metal is put in the
solution of copper sulphate ?
(a) Zinc
(b) Copper
(c) Sulphate
(d) All of these
Ans. (b) Copper
Explanation :
When zinc metal is put in the solution of copper sulphate, zinc metal
will displace copper from its solution and form zinc sulphate. This is
because zinc is above copper in the reactivity series and therefore,
zinc is more reactive than copper. Also, the blue colour of the
solution becomes colourless when zinc is added.
25. Silver articles become black on prolonged exposure to air.
This is due to the formation of:
[NCERT Exemplar]
(a) Ag3N
(b) Ag2O
(c) Ag2S
(d) Ag2S and Ag3N
Ans. (c) Ag2S

Explanation :
On prolonged exposure to air silver metal reacts with the hydrogen
sulphide gas and forms a coating of silver sulphide (Ag2S) due to
which silver metal loses its shine, turns black and gets tarnished.
26. Which of the following oxide(s) of iron would be obtained on
prolonged reaction of iron with steam ?[NCERT Exemplar]
(a) FeO
(b) Fe2O3
(c) Fe3O4
(d) Fe2O3 and Fe3O4
Ans. (c) Fe3O4
Explanation :
On prolonged heating with steam iron produces a mixed oxide of iron
Fe3O4 with the evolution of hydrogen gas
3Fe + 4H2O → Fe3O4 + 4H2
27. Which one of the following metals is found in liquid state at
room temperature ?
(a) Na
(b) Fe
(c) Cr
(d) Hg
Ans. (d) Hg
Explanation :
Except mercury, all the metals are solid at room temperature. Hence,
mercury is the only metal which exists in liquid state at room
temperature.
28. Predict the metal when 2 mL each of concentrated HCl,
HNO3 and a mixture of concentrated HCl and concentrated
HNO3 in the ratio of 3: 1 were taken in test tubes labelled as A,
B and C. A small piece of metal was put in each test tube. No
change occurred in test tubes A and B but the metal got
dissolved in test tube C respectively.
(a) Al
(b) Au
(c) Cu
(d) Pt
Ans. (b) Au
Explanation :
Aqua regia which is a mixture of three parts of concentrated
hydrochloric acid and one part of concentrated nitric acid (Aqua regia
- 3:1 ratio) is given in the test tubes A, B and C to test the metals.
Out of the given options Al, Au, Cu, Pt; gold is a noble metal that
cannot dissolve in dilute acids and dissolves only in aqua regia.
Hence, the metal that got dissolved in test tube C is gold (Au)
29. An alloy is: [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) an element
(b) a compound
(c) a homogeneous mixture
(d) a heterogeneous mixture
Ans. (c) a homogeneous mixture
Explanation :
Suspensions and colloids are heterogeneous mixture whereas an
alloy is a homogeneous mixture of two or more metals. The various
properties of a metal can be improved by mixing it with another metal
such as melting point, electrical conductivity, resistant to corrosion
and strong metals. Example of alloys are stainless steel
(homogeneous mixture of Fe, Cr, Ni), brass (homogeneous mixture
of Cu and Zn), bronze (homogeneous mixture of Cu and Sn) etc.
30. This element is very reactive to air and cannot be kept open
in air. It reacts vigorously with water. Identify the element from
the following.
(a) Mg
(b) Na
(c) P
(d) Ca
Ans. (b) Na
Explanation :
Element A is sodium as it is soft and can be cut with knife. It is kept
in kerosene because it reacts vigorously when comes in contact with
water or air.
31. Reaction between X and Y, forms compound Z. X loses
electron and Y gains electron. Which of the following properties
is not shown by Z ? [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) Has high melting point
(b) Has low melting point
(c) Conducts electricity in molten state
(d) Occurs as solid
Ans. (b) Has low melting point
Explanation :
Reaction between compound X and Y forms compound Z. In the
reaction, X loses electron and Y gains electron which means
compound Z is a crystalline solid as ionic or electrovalent bond is
formed between X and Y. As compound Z is a crystalline solid, it has
high melting point and it conducts electricity in the molten state.
Thus, the property not shown by Z is that it has low melting point.
32. Predict the nature of the element if the electronic
configurations of three elements X, Y and Z are X –2, 8, Y–2, 8, 7
and Z–2, 8, 2 respectively ?
(a) X is a metal.
(b) Y is a metal.
(c) Z is a non-metal.
(d) Y is a non-metal and Z is a metal.
Ans. (d) Y is a non-metal and Z is a metal.
Explanation :
Electronic configuration of X is 2, 8 = 10 (it is same as the electronic
configuration of Neon) Thus, element X is a noble gas element.
Electronic configuration of Y is 2,8,7 = 17 (It is same as the
electronic configuration of chlorine atom which belongs to halogen
family and is a non-metal). Thus, element Y is a non-metal.
Electronic configuration of Z is 2,8 , 2 = 12 (it is same as the
electronic configuration of magnesium atom which belongs to
alkaline earth metals and is a metal). Thus, element Z is a metal.
Therefore, Y is a non-metal and Z is a metal.
33. What happens when calcium is treated with water ?[NCERT
Exemplar]
(i) It does not react with water.
(ii) It reacts violently with water.
(iii) It reacts less violently with water.
(iv) Bubbles of hydrogen gas formed stick to the surface of calcium .
(a) (i) and (iv)
(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (i) and (ii)
(d) (iii) and (iv)
Ans. (d) (iii) and (iv)
Explanation :
Calcium metal reacts less violently with water. It produces a
hydroxide known as calcium hydroxide (a cloudy white precipitate)
and the bubbles of hydrogen gas produced. The hydrogen gas thus
produced stuck to the surface of calcium due to which it floats over
the water surface.
Ca(s) + 2H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2↑
Calcium hydroxide
Very less amount of heat is produced in this reaction due to which
hydrogen gas formed does not catch fire.
34. Which insulating material is used for coating the electrical
wires?
(a) Lead
(b) Graphite
(c) PVC
(d) All of these
Ans. (c) PVC
Explanation :
The electrical characteristics such as electrical insulating properties
or dielectric constant of PVC (polyvinyl chloride) are high due to
which it is used as an insulating material. To prevent any accidental
contact with other conductors, the metal part of an electrical wire are
covered with PVC.
35. Which of the following properties are not shown in metals?
(a) Electric conductivity
(b) Sonorous in nature
(c) Dullness
(d) Ductility
Ans. (c) Dullness
Explanation :
Metals are good conductors of electricity. Metals are sonorous in
nature which means on striking them they make a ringing sound.
Metals are lustrous which means they have shiny appearance.
Metals are ductile which means they can be drawn into long thin
wires. Hence, the property not shown by metals is dullness.
36. Aluminium foil is used for wrapping food because:
(a) it is ductile
(b) it is malleable
(c) it is a good conductor of heat
(d) it is sonorous
Ans. (b) it is malleable
Explanation :
Aluminium, being a less reactive metal, does not react with food
items and does not alter their taste. Moreover, it is highly malleable
and can be beaten into very thin foils which are perfect for food
wrapping.
37. Of these, the most ductile metal is ________.
(a) Al
(b) Au
(c) Cu
(d) Ag
Ans. (b) Au
Explanation :
Ductility is the property by which metals can be drawn into long thin
wires without breaking. Gold silver and platinum are often drawn into
long stands for use in jewellery. However, gold has a significantly
greater ductility than platinum and it is considered as the earth’s
most ductile metals as one ounce of gold could be drawn to a length
of 50 miles.
38. Oxides of non-metals are:
(a) acidic
(b) basic
(c) neutral
(d) none of these
Ans. (a) acidic
Explanation :
Non-metals react with oxygen to form non-metallic oxide. Non-
metallic oxide such as sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide present
in air are responsible for acid rain as they react with the moisture
present in air and forms the acidic compounds.
39. Metal oxides are:
(a) acidic
(b) basic
(c) neutral
(d) none of these
Ans. (b) basic
Explanation :
Oxides of metals are basic in nature because they react with water
to form metal hydroxides which are alkaline in nature. These metal
hydroxides when dissolved in water release OH– ions in solution
which will turn red litmus solution to blue. Therefore, non-metallic
oxides are acidic in nature.
40. Food cans are coated with tin and not with zinc because:
[NCERT]
(a) zinc is costlier than tin.
(b) zinc has a higher melting point than tin.
(c) zinc is more reactive than tin.
(d) zinc is less reactive than tin.
Ans. (c) zinc is more reactive than tin.
Explanation :
Food cans are coated with tin and not with zinc because zinc is
above the tin in the reactive series and can react with the food items
and alter their taste. Hence, due to this reason food cans are coated
with tin and not with zinc.
41. Which one of the following four metals would be displaced
from the solution of its salts by other three metals ? [NCERT
Exemplar]
(a) Mg
(b) Ag
(c) Zn
(d) Cu
Ans. (b) Ag
Explanation :
Silver (Ag) metal would be displaced from the solution of its salts by
other three metals because silver is less reactive than magnesium
(Mg), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu).
42. Mrignayani was doing the experiment of comparing
reactivity of metals in the laboratory. She was given aluminium
metal and was told to check reactivity by using four solutions
as shown below. She would observe that reaction takes place
in:
(a) A and B
(b) B, C and D
(c) A, C and D
(d) C and D
Ans. (b) B, C and D
Explanation :
In the reactivity series aluminium is above zinc, iron and copper
which makes it more reactive than these elements. Mrignayni would
observe that out of the four solutions, reaction will take place in
solution B, C and D. The reactions are as follows:
In Solution B: Aluminium will displace iron from ferrous sulphate
solution to form aluminium sulphate and iron is precipitated
2FeSO4 (aq) + 2Al (s) → Al2(SO4)3 (aq) + 3Fe (s)
In Solution C: Aluminium will displace Zinc from zinc sulphate
solution to form aluminium sulphate and zinc is precipitated.
2Al (s) + 3ZnSO4(aq) → Al2(SO4)3 (aq) + 3Zn(s)
In Solution D: Aluminium will displace copper from copper sulphate
solution to form aluminium sulphate and copper is precipitated.
2Al(s) + 3CuSO4(aq) → Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 3Cu(s).
43. Which of the following alloys contain non-metal as one of

their constituents?
(a) Brass
(b) Bronze
(c) Steel
(d) Amalgam
Ans. (c) Steel
Explanation :
Steel is an alloy which contains iron as a metal and carbon as a non-
metal.
44. The elements or compounds which occur naturally in the
earth crust are known as:
(a) Ores
(b) Minerals
(c) Gangue
(d) None of these
Ans. (b) Minerals
Explanation :
The elements or compounds which occur naturally in the earth crust
are known as minerals.
The mineral from which an element can be extracted easily and
profitably is called an ore.
The impurities or unwanted substances present in ore such as
sand, rock etc is known as gangue.
Directions: In the following questions, a statement of assertion is

followed by a statement of reason. Mark the correct choice as:
(a) Both assertion and reason are correct and reason is the correct
explanation of assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are correct, but reason is not the
correct explanation of assertion.
(c) Assertion is true, but reason is false.
(d) Assertion is false, but reason is true.
45. Assertion: Sodium is kept immersed in kerosene oil.
Reason: Sodium is very reactive metal.
Ans. (a) Both assertion and reason are correct and reason is the
Explanation :
Sodium is a very reactive metal. It reacts so vigorously that it
catches fire if kept in the open. Therefore, to prevent the accidental
fires, it is kept immersed in kerosene oil. Thus, both assertion and
reason are correct and reason is the correct explanation of the
assertion.
46. Assertion: Platinum, gold and silver are used to make jewellery.
Reason: It is because they are very lustrous.
Explanation :
Platinum, gold, and silver are used to make jewellery because they
are very lustrous. Also, they are very less reactive and do not
corrode easily. Thus, both assertion and reason are correct and
reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
47. Assertion: Copper is used to make hot water tanks and not steel
(an alloy of iron).
Reason: Copper does not react with hot water.
Ans. (c) Assertion is true, but reason is false.
Explanation :
Copper is not reactive to any form of water, such as steam, neither
cold water nor hot water. Hence, the copper is used to make the hot
water tanks as it does not react with the water. On the other hand,
due to the presence of iron in the steel, Steel is not used to make
hot water tanks. Thus, assertion is true , but reason is false.
48. Assertion: Alloys are commonly used in electrical heating
devices like electric iron and heater.
Reason: Resistivity of an alloy is generally higher than that of its
constituent metals but the alloys have low melting points than their
constituent metals.[Board Question]
Ans. (b) Both assertion and reason are correct, but reason is not
the correct explanation of assertion.
Explanation :
An alloy is combination of a metal and a non metal. So it has partial
characteristics of metal and non metal. In an alloy the ions are
randomly arranged. It does not have a specific arrangement of ions.
Hence, the flow of electrons in this is more. This feature of alloy
leads to increase in resistivity due to free crystal lattice. Thus, both
assertion and reason are correct but reason is not the correct
explanation of the assertion.
49. Assertion: Aluminium is used to make utensils for cooking.
Reason: Aluminium is a highly reactive metal.
Explanation :
Aluminium is a highly reactive metal but it is resistant to corrosion.
The reason for this is that aluminium reacts with oxygen present in
air to form a thin layer of aluminium oxide. This oxide layer is very
stable and prevents further reaction of aluminium with oxygen. It is
light in weight and a good conductor of heat. Therefore, used to
make utensils for cooking. Thus, both assertion and reason are
correct, but reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
50. Assertion: Tungsten is used for filament of electric bulb.
Reason: It has high melting point.
Explanation :
Tungsten is used for filament of electric bulb because it has high
melting point and high resistance. Thus, both assertion and reason
are correct and reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
51. Assertion: From metals school bells are made.
Reason: Metals are sonorous.
Explanation :
School bells are made up of metals because metals are sonorous,
i.e., when bells are hit, they vibrate and produce sound. Thus, both
assertion and reason are correct and reason is the correct
52. Assertion: Ionic compounds generally have high melting points.
Reason: It is because they are ionic in nature.
Explanation :
Ionic compounds are made up of positive and negative ions. There
is a strong electrostatic force of attraction between them. A lot of
heat energy is required to break this force of attraction and to melt
or boil the ionic compound. As a result, ionic compounds have high
melting points. Thus, both assertion and reason are correct, but
reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
53. Assertion: Reactivity Series is an arrangement of element based
on their reactivity.
Reason: Reactivity Series is used to separate elements based on
their reactivity.
Explanation :
Reactivity Series is an arrangement of element based on their
reactivity in the increasing or the decreasing order and this series is
used to separate elements based on their reactivity. Thus both
assertion and reason are correct and reason is the correct
54. Assertion: Zinc fails to evolve hydrogen gas on reacting with
dilute sulphuric acid.
Reason: It gives the NO gas on reaction with ammonia.
Ans. (d) Assertion is false, but reason is true.
Explanation :
It is because dil. HNO3 is an oxidising agent therefore, zinc gives
NO and not H2 with dil. HNO3. Thus, assertion is false but reason is
true.
55. Read the passage carefully and answer the following
questions from (i) to (v).
Metals exhibit their chemical properties as per their electron
releasing tendency of atoms. The greater the tendency, the more is
the reactivity. Metals react with oxygen, water, hydrogen, acids, etc.
They act as reducing agents because they can lose electrons. Some
reactions metals undergo are given in this Table:
1. Metal + Oxygen → Metal oxide
2. Metal + Water → Metal Hydroxide + Hydrogen
3. Metal + Acid(dil.) → Metal Salt + Hydrogen
4. Metal A + Salt Solution of Metal B → Salt solution of A + B

(Displacement)
(i) Some metals react vigorously with oxygen so for safety they are
kept in kerosene to prevent accidental fires. Which metals are
these?
(a) Phosphorous, Magnesium
(b) Sodium, Potassium
(c) Tin, lead
(d) Calcium, Thallium
Ans. (b) Sodium, Potassium
(ii) Which of the following pairs will undergo displacement reaction:
(a) Magnesium Chloride and aluminum metal
(b) Silver nitrate solution and copper metal
(c) Ferrous sulphate solution and silver metal
(d) Sodium chloride solution and copper metal
Ans. (b) Silver nitrate solution and copper metal
(iii) Identify four metals P, Q, S, T with the hints given below:
P forms basic oxides
Q forms amphoteric oxides
S oxide dissolves in water to form alkali
T does not react with water
(a) P→ Zn, Q → Al, S → Na, T → Fe
(b) P→ Fe, Q → Na, S → K, T → Zn
(c) P→ K, Q → Cu, S → Pb, T → Na
(d) P→ Cu, Q → Zn, S → K, T → Pb
Ans. (d) P → Cu, Q → Zn, S → K, T → Pb
(iv) The metal which does not react with dilute HCl is:
(a) Copper
(b) Iron
(c) Zinc
(d) Sodium
Ans. (a) Copper
(v) Food cans are coated with tin and not with zinc because:
(a) Zinc is less reactive than tin
(b) Zinc has a higher melting point than tin
(c) Zinc is more reactive than tin
(d) Zinc is costlier than tin
Ans. (c) Zinc is more reactive than tin
56. Read the passage carefully and answer the following questions
from (i) to (v):
All metals do not react with oxygen at the same rate. Different metals
show different reactivities towards oxygen. Almost all metals
combine with oxygen to form metal oxides. Metal oxides are basic in
nature but some metal oxides, such as aluminium oxide, zinc oxide,
etc show both acidic as well as basic behaviour. Most metal oxides
are insoluble in water but some like Sodium oxide and potassium
oxide dissolve in water to produce alkalis.
(i) Arrange the metals in the correct order of their reactivity.
(a) Mg > Al > Zn > Fe
(b) Al > Mg > Fe > Zn
(c) Mg > Zn > Al > Fe
(d) Al > Fe > Zn > Mg
Ans. (c) Mg > Zn > Al > Fe
(ii) Why does the magnesium ribbon need to be cleaned before
burning it in air?
(a) To increase its efficiency.
(b) To remove the oxide layer from it
(c) To decrease its efficiency
(d) All of the above
Ans. (b) To remove the oxide layer from it
(iii)
What is the reason for the surface of aluminium turns into dull colour
after few days as shown in the figure?
(a) Due to the formation of a stable aluminium oxide layer.
(b) Due to the reaction with atmospheric dirt particles.
(c) Due to its ductile nature.
(d) None of the above.
Ans. (a) Due to the formation of a stable aluminium oxide layer.
(iv) Although metals form basic oxides, which of the following metals
form an amphoteric oxide?
(a) Na
(b) Ca
(c) Al
(d) Cu
Ans. (c) Al
(v) Aluminium oxide reacts in the following manner with bases. The
resultant product is:
Al2O3 + 2NaOH →
(a) 2AlCl3 + 3H2O

(b) 2NaAlO2 + H2O
(c) Al2O3 + H2O
(d) None of these
Ans. (b) 2NaAlO2 + H2O
57. Read the passage carefully and answer the following questions
from (i) to (v):
Metals are lustrous, malleable, ductile and are good conductors of
heat and electricity. They are solids at room temperature, except
mercury which is a liquid. They can form positive ions by losing
electrons to non-metals. Metals combine with oxygen to form basic
oxides. Different metals have different reactivities with water and
dilute acids. Metals above hydrogen in the Activity series can
displace hydrogen from dilute acids. A more reactive metal displaces
a less reactive metal from its salt solution. Metals occur in nature as
free elements or in the form of their compounds. The extraction of
metals from their ores and then refining them for use is known as
metallurgy. The surface of some metals, such as iron, is corroded
when they are exposed to moist air for a long period of time. This
phenomenon is known as corrosion. Non-metals have properties
opposite to that of metals. They are neither malleable nor ductile.
They are bad conductors of heat and electricity, except for graphite,
which conducts electricity.
(i) Which of the following pairs will give displacement reactions?
(a) MgCl2 solution and aluminium metal.
(b) NaCl solution and copper metal.
(c) FeSO4 solution and silver metal.
(d) AgNO3 solution and copper metal.
Ans. (d) AgNO3 solution and copper metal
(ii) An element reacts with oxygen to give a compound with a high
melting point. This compound is also soluble in water. The element is
likely to be:
(a) Calcium
(b) Silicon
(c) Iron
(d) Carbon
Ans. (a) Calcium
(iii) A student placed Zn rod in FeSO4 solution. After 10 hours when
rod was taken out and it was observed that:
(a) Zn rod became thinner.
(b) Zn rod became thicker due to Iron deposition.
(c) Zn rod remains as it was.
(d) Zn rod has holes.
Ans. (a) Zn rod become thinner.
(iv) Formula of cinnabar is:
(a) HgS
(b) HgS2
(c) HgS4
(d) None of these
Ans. (a) HgS
(v) The most abundant metal in the earth's crust is :
(a) Iron
(b) Calcium
(c) Aluminium
(d) Sodium
Ans. (c) Aluminium
questions from (i) to (v).
Metal CuSO4 ZnSO4 FeSO4 AgNO3
A No change No change No change A coating on

metal
B Brown — Grey A coating on

Coating deposit metal
C No change No change No change No change

D — No change No change Brown deposit
E Brown New New New coating

deposit coating coating
Sample pieces of five metals A, B, C, D, and E are added to the
tabulated solutions separately. The results observed are shown in
the table given below.
Based on the observations recorded in the table answer the
following questions:
(i) Which is the most reactive metal?
(a) B
(b) C
(c) D
(d) E
Ans. (d) E
(ii) Which is the least reactive metal?
(a) A
(b) C
(c) E
(d) B
Ans. (b) C
(iii) Activity series of elements is:
(a) The arrangement of elements in increasing order of reactivity
(b) The arrangement of elements in decreasing order of reactivity
(c) The arrangement of oxides of elements in increasing order of
reactivity
(d) None of the above
Ans. (b) The arrangement of elements in decreasing order of
reactivity
(iv) Which of the following metal is least reactive:
(a) Zinc
(b) Copper
(c) Silver
(d) Iron
Ans. (c) Silver
(v) Decreasing order of reactivity is:
(a) A > B > C > D > E
(b) B > E > C > D > A
(c) E > B > D > A > C
(d) D > C > B > E > A
Ans. (c) E > B > D > A > C
questions from (i) to (v):
An ionic compound is a chemical compound in which ions of
elements are held together by ionic bonds. In this type of bond, two
oppositely charged ions are held strongly through electrostatic
forces. Metals have loosely bound electrons in their valence shell
whereas non-metals need electrons for octet completion and to
attain noble gas configuration. The metal thus completely loses an
electron and the non-metal accepts it. By this transfer of electrons,
the atoms remain no longer neutral. Cations and anions are formed
respectively. Usually, ionic compounds are solids and found in the
form of crystals. They have high melting and boiling points.
(i) Which among the following forms a cation?
(a) Oxygen
(b) Neon
(c) Potassium
(d) Fluorine
Ans. (c) Potassium
(ii) Ionic compounds are soluble in which of the following?
(a) Petrol
(b) Water
(c) Kerosene
(d) Edible oil
Ans. (b) Water
(iii) Consider these statements about ionic compounds:
I. They conduct electricity in solid-state
II. They conduct electricity in solutions.
III. They conduct electricity in the molten state.
Choose the correct option.
(a) I only
(b) II only
(c) III only
(d) II and III only
Ans. (d) II and III only
(iv) Which of the following can change to an anion?
(a) Xenon
(b) Iodine
(c) Calcium
(d) Magnesium
Ans. (b) Iodine
(v) Identify the incorrect statement.
(a) Ionic compounds are usually brittle.
(b) Sharing of electrons is involved in ionic bonds.
(c) Common salt is an ionic compound.
(d) Ions are fundamental units of ionic compounds.
Ans. (b) Sharing of electrons is involved in ionic bonds.
questions from (i) to (v):
The chemical reactivity of an element depends upon the atomic
structure and its electronic configuration. Chemical reactivity is
shown by all elements which have less than eight electrons in the
outermost shell. Through chemical reactions, atoms of all elements
actually try to achieve a completely filled valence shell. Metals have
the tendency to lose one or more electrons from their valence shell
and achieve the nearest noble gas configuration. This property of the
metals is called electropositivity. The compounds formed by the
transfer of electrons from one element to other are known as ionic or
electrovalent compounds.
(i) Three elements A, B and C have their electronic configuration as
shown below:
A: 2, Y: 2, 8, 7 Z: 2, 8, 2
Which of the following is correct regarding these elements?
(a) A is a metal
(b) Y is a metal
(c) Z is a non-metal
(d) Y is a non-metal and Z is a metal
Ans. (d) Y is a non-metal and Z is a metal
(ii) Element S reacts with element T to form a compound C. During
the formation of compound C, atoms of S lose one electron whereas
T gains one electron each. Which of the following properties is not
shown by compound C?
(a) High melting point
(b) Low melting point
(c) Occurrence as solid
(d) Conduction of electricity in the molten state
Ans. (b) Low melting point
(iii) The electronic configuration of sodium ion is:
(a) 2, 8, 8
(b) 2, 8, 2
(c) 2, 6
(d) 2, 8
Ans. (d) 2, 8
(iv) Which of the following represents an electropositive element?
(a) 2, 8, 8, 1
(b) 2, 8, 8
(c) 2, 8, 6
(d) 2, 7
Ans. (a) 2, 8, 8, 1
(v) Choose the incorrect one.
(a) An ionic bond represents sharing of electrons.
(b) Metals are electropositive.
(c) Non-metals are electronegative.
(d) Atoms react in order to complete their octet.
Ans. (a) An ionic bond represents sharing of electrons.
61. Explain why:

(i) Covalent compounds have generally low melting points.
(ii) Ionic compounds have generally high melting points.
Ans. (i) Covalent compounds are made up of electrically neutral
molecules and force of attraction between the molecules of a
covalent compound is very weak. Therefore, only a small amount of
heat energy is required to break these bonds. As a result, melting
point of covalent compounds is low.
(ii) Ionic compounds are made up of positive and negative ions.
There is a strong electrostatic force of attraction between them.
Therefore, a lot of heat energy is required to break this force of
attraction and to melt or boil the ionic compound. As a result, ionic
compounds have high melting points.
62. Answer the following questions:
(i) Explain why, ionic compounds conduct electricity in solution
whereas covalent compounds do not conduct electricity .
(ii) Which of the following will conduct electricity and which not?
MgCl2, CCl4, NaCl, CS2, Na2S Give reasons for your choice.
Ans. (i) Ionic compounds conduct electricity in solution because they

are made up of electrically charged
ions but covalent compounds are made up of electrically neutral
molecules so they do not conduct electricity.
(ii) MgCl2, NaCl, Na2S conduct electricity because these are Ionic
compounds
CCl4, CS2 do not conduct electricity because these are Covalent
compounds .
63. Give reason for the following:[Board Question]
(i) School bells are made up of metals.
(ii) Electric wires are made up of copper.
Ans. (i) School bells are made up of metals because metals are
sonorous. Which means metals can produce sound on being hit with
a solid object. Therefore, students will be able to hear the sound loud
when the bell hits the metal bell.
(ii) Electric wires are made up of copper because it is a good
conductor of electricity and cheaper than any other metallic wire.
64. Why is sodium kept immersed in kerosene oil?
[NCERT]
Ans. Sodium is a very reactive metal and reacts vigorously with the
oxygen, carbon dioxide and moisture present in the air such that it
may even cause a fire. Therefore, to prevent these accidental fires,
sodium is kept immersed in kerosene because it does not react with
kerosene oil.
65. Give reasons why copper is used to make hot water tanks
and not steel (an alloy of iron).
[NCERT]
Ans. Copper does not react with cold water, hot water, or steam.
However, iron reacts with steam. If the hot water tanks are made of
steel (an alloy of iron), then iron would react vigorously with the
steam formed from hot water to corrode the tank due to the
formation of iron oxide.
3Fe + 4H2O → Fe3O4 + 4H2
Iron Steam Iron oxide Hydrogen

Therefore, copper is used to make hot water tanks and not steel.
66. Generally, when metals are treated with mineral acids,
hydrogen gas is liberated but when metals (except Mn and Mg),
treated with HNO3, hydrogen is not liberated, why?
Ans. Most of the metals do not react with HNO3 because nitric acid
is a strong oxidising agent. Hence, when metals (except Mn and Mg)
are treated with nitric acid; hydrogen gas is not liberated. Only
magnesium and manganese can produce hydrogen gas with very
dilute nitric acid.
67. Why is carbon not used for reducing aluminium from
aluminium oxide.
Ans. Carbon is not used for reducing aluminium from aluminium
oxide because aluminium has greater affinity for oxygen than for
carbon, therefore carbon cannot reduce alumina (Al2O3) to
aluminium.
68. Give reason for the following:[Board Question]
(i) Aluminium oxide is considered as an amphoteric oxide.
(ii) Ionic compounds conduct electricity in molten state.
Ans. (i) Amphoteric oxides are the oxides that behave as both acidic
and basic oxides and neutralize both acids and bases. Thus,
aluminium oxide (Al2O3) reacts with hydrochloric acid to form
aluminium chloride and water. With sodium hydroxide solution it
forms sodium aluminate (NaAlO2) and water. Hence, it is called as
amphoteric oxide.
(ii) lonic compounds are bound to each other with strong attraction
force. Thus, in their solid form, their ions are not mobile. On the other
hand, when in molten state these ions become mobile and act as
carriers for charge and hence conduct electricity.
69. Give reasons:
(i) Platinum, gold and silver are used to make jewellery.
(ii) Sodium, potassium and lithium are stored under oil.
(iii) Aluminium is a highly reactive metal, yet it is used to make
utensils for cooking.
(iv) Carbonate and sulphide ores are usually converted into oxides
during the process of extraction.
Ans. (i) Platinum, gold, and silver are used to make jewellery
because they are very lustrous. Also, they are very less reactive and
do not corrode easily.
(ii) Sodium, potassium, and lithium are stored in kerosene because
they are very reactive metals and react very vigorously with air as
well as water. They are kept immersed in kerosene oil in order to
prevent their contact with air and moisture.
(iii) Aluminium is a highly reactive metal but it is resistant to
corrosion. The reason for this is that aluminium reacts with oxygen
present in air to form a thin layer of aluminium oxide. This oxide layer
is very stable and prevents further reaction of aluminium with
oxygen. It is light in weight and a good conductor of heat. Therefore,
it is used to make utensils for cooking.
(iv) Carbonate and sulphide ores are usually converted into oxides
during the process of extraction because metals can be easily
extracted from their oxides as compared from their carbonates and
sulphides.
(i) Explain why, metals usually do not liberate hydrogen gas with
dilute nitric acid.
(ii) Name two metals which can, however, liberate hydrogen gas
from very dilute nitric acid.
(iii) Why do calcium starts floating when added to water?[Board
Question]
Ans. (i) Metals do not liberate hydrogen gas with nitric acid because
nitric acid is a strong oxidizing agent. So, as soon as hydrogen gas
is formed in the reaction between a metal and dilute nitric acid, the
nitric acid oxidizes this hydrogen to water.
(ii) Magnesium and manganese.
(iii) When calcium reacts with water, bubbles of H2(g) and a white
precipitate of Ca(OH)2 are formed. Calcium starts floating because
the bubbles of hydrogen gas which are formed during the reaction
stick to the surface of the calcium metal and make it lighter. As a
result, calcium starts floating on water.
Ca(s) + 2H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2 + H2(g)
71. Define the following terms. [NCERT]

(i) Mineral
(ii) Ore
(iii) Gangue
Ans. (i) Mineral: The elements or compounds, which occur naturally
in the earth’s crust, are known as minerals.
(ii) Ore: The mineral from which metal can be profitably extracted is
called an ore.
(iii) Gangue: Ores mined from the earth are usually contaminated
with large amounts of impurities such as soil, sand, etc. These
impurities are called as gangue.
(i) What is meant by metallurgy?
[Board Question]
(ii) Give two examples each of the metals that are good and poor
conductors of heat respectively.
Ans. (i) The extraction of metals from their ores and then refining the
metal for their use in known as metallugy.
(ii) (a) Good conductor: Ag and Cu
(b) Poor conductor: Pb and Hg
73. Explain the meanings of malleable and ductile.
[NCERT]
Ans. Malleable: Substances that can be converted into thin sheets
by beating are called malleable. Most of the metals are malleable.
Gold and Silver are most malleable metals.
Ductile: Substances that can be drawn into thin wires are called
ductile. Most of the metals are ductile. Gold is the most ductile metal.
74. Give an example of a metal which:[NCERT]
(i) Is a liquid at room temperature.
(ii) Can be easily cut with a knife.
(iii) Is the best conductor of heat.
(iv) Is a poor conductor of heat.
Ans. (i) Metal that exists in liquid state at room temperature :
Mercury
(ii) Metal that can be easily cut with a knife : Sodium and Potassium
(iii) Metal that is the best conductor of heat : Silver and gold
(iv) Metals that are poor conductors of heat : Mercury and lead
75. What happens when ZnCO3 is heated in the absence of air?
Give the relevant equation.
[Board Question]
Ans. When ZnCO3 is heated in the absence of air, ZnO and CO2
are formed.
ZnCO3 → ZnO + CO2
76. Which gas is produced when dilute hydrochloric acid is
added to a reactive metal? Write the chemical reaction when
iron reacts with dilute H2SO4.[NCERT]
Ans. When reactive metals react with dilute hydrochloric acids, gives
a salt and hydrogen gas. The reaction between iron and dil. H2SO4:
Fe + H2SO4 → FeSO4 + H2
77. What would you observe when zinc is added to a solution of

iron (II) sulphate ? Write the chemical reaction that takes place.
[NCERT]
Ans. Zinc is more reactive than Iron. When Zn is added to Iron (II)
Sulphate, Zinc displaces Iron from its solutions and zinc sulphate is
formed.
Zn(s) + FeSO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + Fe(s)
78. What are amphoteric oxides? Give an example. Write
balanced chemical equations to justify your answer.[Board
Question]
Ans. Those oxides which behave both as acidic and basic oxides
are called amphoteric oxides.
Example: Al2O3 (Alumina)
1. Al2O3 + 6HCl → 2AlCl3 + 3H2O
Alumina Acid Salt

2. Al2O3 + 2NaOH → 2NaAlO2 + H2O
Alumina Base Salt

79. In the electrolytic refining of a metal M, what would you take
as the anode, the cathode and the
electrolyte?[NCERT]
Ans. In the electrolytic refining of a metal M:
Anode → Impure metal M
Cathode → Thin strip of pure metal M
Electrolyte → Solution of salt of the metal M
80. A non-metal A is an important constituent of our food and
forms two oxides B and C. Oxide B is toxic whereas C causes
global warming.
(i) Identify A, B and C
(ii) To which Group of Periodic Table does A belong?
Ans. (i) A is carbon, B is carbon monoxide and C is carbon dioxide.
(ii) A belongs to Group – 14 of the Periodic Table
81. A non-metal X exists in two different forms Y and Z. Y is the
hardest natural substance, whereas Z is a good conductor of
electricity. Identify X, Y and Z.[Board Question]
Ans. ’X’ is carbon, ‘Y’ is diamond as it is the hardest natural
substance and ‘Z’ is graphite as it is good conductor of electricity.
82. What type of oxides are formed when non-metals combine
with oxygen?[NCERT]
Ans. Non-metals combine with oxygen to form acidic oxides.
For example: S(s) + O2(g) → SO2(g)
Acidic in nature
83. Why are the heating elements of electric toasters and
electric irons made of an alloy rather than a pure metal?[Board
Question]
Ans. The resistivity of an alloy is generally higher than that of its
constituent metals. Alloys do not oxidise (burn) readily at higher
temperatures. Therefore, conductors of electric heating devices,
such as toasters and electric irons, are made up of an alloy rather
than pure metal.
84. Given reasons:[Board Question]
(i) Platinum, gold and silver are used to make jewellery.
(ii) Metals like sodium and potassium are stored under oil.
Ans. (i) Platinum, gold and silver are used to make jewellery
because of its bright and shiny surface. This property is called
metallic lustre.
(ii) Metals like sodium and potassium are stored under oil because
they are very reactive in nature, they react with oxygen present in air.
Thus, to prevent their oxidation they are kept in the oil.
85. State the following:
(i) A green layer is gradually formed on a copper plate left exposed
to air for a week in a bathroom. What could this green substance be?
(ii) Name the metal which has low melting point and can melt with
heat of your palm?
(iii) Which gas is liberated when a metal reacts with an acid? How
will you test the presence of this gas?
(iv) Name the metal which reacts with a very dilute HNO3 to evolve
hydrogen gas?
(v) Name two metals which are found in nature in the free state?
(vi) Name one metal which has a low melting point?
(vii) Name the metal which is the poorest conductor of heat?
(viii) What name is given to those metal oxides which show basic as
well as acidic behaviour?
(ix) Name two metals which form amphoteric oxides.
(x) Write the names and formulae of a metal hydride and a non-
metal hydride.
(xi) Which of the two metals is more reactive: copper or silver?
(xii) Which metal foil is used for packing some of the medicine
tablets?
(xiii) Name two metals which are found in nature in the free State.
[NCERT]
(xiv) Name an alloy of lead and tin.
(xv) What is an amalgam?
(xvi) Name two metals which are highly resistant to corrosion.
(xvii) Which metal becomes black in the presence of hydrogen
sulphide gas in air?
(xviii) Give an example of an elementary substance which is a good
conductor of electricity but it is not a metal.
(xix) Name a common metal which is highly resistant to corrosion.
(xx) What chemical process is used for obtaining a metal from its
oxide?
(xxi) Name a non-metal which is lustrous and a metal which is non-
lustrous?
Ans. (i) It is due to the formation of basic copper carbonate.
(ii) Gallium
(iii) Hydrogen gas is liberated. When a burning matchstick is brought
near to it, hydrogen gas will burn explosively with ‘pop’ sound.
(iv) Magnesium
(v) Gold and Silver
(vi) Caesium
(vii) Lead
(viii) Amphoteric oxides
(ix) Aluminium and zinc
(x) Sodium hydride, Hydrogen sulphide
(xi) Copper
(xii) Aluminium foil
(xiii) Gold and silver, are found in the free state in nature.
(xiv) Solder is an alloy of lead and tin.
(xv) An alloy of mercury metal with one or more other metals is
known as an amalgam.
(xvi) Gold and platinum are highly resistant to corrosion.
(xvii) Silver metal becomes black in the presence of hydrogen
sulphide gas in air.
(xviii) Graphite
(xix) Aluminium
(xx) Reduction.
(xxi) Iodine is a non- metal which is lustrous, whereas lead is a non-
lustrous metal.
86. Name a metal/non-metal :[Board Question]

(i) Which makes iron hard and strong?
(ii) Which is alloyed with any other metal to make an amalgam?
(iii) Which is used to galvanize iron articles?
(iv) Whose articles when exposed to air form a black coating?
Ans. (i) Carbon
(ii) Mercury
(iii) Zinc
(iv) Silver.
(i) What type of oxides are formed when non-metals react with
oxygen? Explain with an example.
(ii) What type of oxides are formed when metals combine with
oxygen? Explain with the help of an example.
Ans. (i) When non-metals react with oxygen, they form acidic oxides
or neutral oxides.
Example: Carbon reacts with oxygen to form an acidic oxide called
carbon dioxide.
(ii) When metals combine with oxygen, they form basic oxides.
Example: Sodium reacts with oxygen to form a basic oxide called
sodium oxide.
88. A metal M is found as its carbonate. It is used in the
galvanization of iron. Identify ‘M’ and name its ore. How will you
convert this ore into free metal?[Board Question]
Ans. M is metal Zinc. Zinc occurs as zinc carbonate in calamine ore
(ZnCO3).
Zinc carbonate can be converted into free metal by first converting

into its oxide by calcination. Then zinc is extracted from zinc oxide by
reduction with carbon.
ZnCO3 (s) → ZnO + CO2 (g)
ZnO (s) + C (s) → Zn + CO (g)

89. How would you show that silver is chemically less reactive
than copper?
Ans. Silver is chemically less reactive than copper, this can be
shown by immersing a strip of silver metal in copper sulphate
solution for some time. No reaction occurs. This shows that silver is
not able to displace copper from copper sulphate solution and is less
reactive.
90. The way, metals like sodium, magnesium and iron react with
air and water is an indication of their relative positions in the
‘reactivity series’. Is this statement true? Justify your answer
with examples.
[Board Question]
Ans. Yes, sodium reacts explosively even with cold water, it is most
reactive. Magnesium reacts with hot water, it is less reactive than
Na. Iron reacts only with steam which shows it is least reactive
among the three.
91. Samples of four metals A, B, C and D were taken and added
to the following solution one by one. The results obtained have
been tabulated as follows: [NCERT]
UIron (II) Copper (II)

Metal Zinc Sulphate Silver Nitrate
Sulphate Sulphate
A No reaction Displacement
B Displacement No reaction
C No reaction No reaction No reaction Diplsacement
D No reaction No reaction No reaction No reaction

Use the Table above to answer the following questions about metals
A, B, C and D.
(i) Which is the most reactive metal?
(ii) What would you observe if B is added to a solution of Copper (II)
sulphate?
Arrange the metals A, B, C and D in the order of decreasing
reactivity.
Ans. As per reactivity series, Iron is most reactive metal among Iron,
Silver and Copper. Since B can displace Iron from its sulphate, so B
is the most reactive metal.
(i) As B is more reactive than Iron, it will displace Copper from its
Copper Sulphate solution.
(ii) B is most reactive and D is the least reactive metal as unable to
displace any of the solutions. Copper is more reactive than Silver
and metal A can displace Copper, so A is more reactive than C.
Hence, the order of decreasing reactivity is B > A > C > D.
92. Given below are the steps for the extraction of copper from
its ore. Write the chemical equation of the reactions involved in
each case.[Board Question]
(i) Roasting of copper (I) sulphide.
(ii) Reduction of copper (I) oxide with copper(I) sulphide.
(iii) Electrolytic refining.
Ans. (i) 2Cu2S(s) + 3O2(g) 2Cu2O(s) + 2SO2(g)
Copper (I) sulphide Oxygen Copper (I) oxide Sulphur dioxide

(Copper glance ore) (From air)
(ii) 2Cu2O(s) + Cu2S(s) 6Cu(s) + SO2(g)
Copper (I) oxide Copper (I) Copper metal Sulphur dioxide

sulphide
(iii) 1. At cathode:
Cu2+ + 2e– → Cu
Copper iron Electrons Copper
(From electrolyte) (From cahtode) (Deposits on cathode)
2. At anode:
Cu – 2e– → Cu2+
Copper atom Electrons Copper iron
(From impure anode) (Given to anode) (Goes into electrolyte)
(i) List in tabular form three chemical properties on the basis of which
we can differentiate between a metal and a non-metal.[Board
Question]
(ii) Give reasons for the following :
(a) Most metals conduct electricity well.
(b) The reaction of iron (III) oxide [Fe2O3] with heated aluminimum is
used to join cracked machine parts.
Ans. (i) Difference between Metals and Non-metals:
Sr.
Metal Non-metals
No.
1. They react with oxygen to form basic They react with

oxide. oxygen to produce
2Mg + O2 → 2MgO acidic or neutral
oxides.
Magnesium Magnesium oxide
4C(s) + O2(g) →
CO2(g)
Carbon
Carbondioxide
2. They react with water to produce metal They do not react

hydroxide and hydrogen gas. with water.
Mg + 2H2O → Mg(OH)2 + H2
3. Generally they do not combine with They react with

hydrogen except sodium, potassium, hydrogen to form
calcium which form ionic hydrides. covalent hydrides.
(ii) (a) Metals for example Na has an electronic configuration of 2, 8,
1 i.e. It has one free electron. This electron moves through the metal
and conducts electric current due to the presence of free electron.
(b) Fe2O3 + 2Al → Al2O3 + 2Fe + Heat
(s) (s) (s) (l)

It is thermite reaction.
This reaction is an exothermic reaction the reaction produces large
amount of heat due to which iron metal is produced in molten form
and use to join the tracks.
(i) Write the electron dot structures for potassium and chlorine.
[Board Question]
(ii) Show the formation of KCl by the transfer of electrons.
(iii) Name the ions present in the compound, KCl.
Ans. (i) K+
2, 8, 8, 1 2, 8, 7
(ii) K → K+ + e–
Cl + e– → Cl–
KCl has K+ and Cl– ions.
(iii) KCl has K+ and Cl– ions.

95. A metal ‘X’ acquires a green colour coating on its surface on
exposure to air.[Board Question]
(i) Identify the metal ‘X’ and name the process responsible for this
change.
(ii) Name and write chemical formula of the green coating formed on
the metal.
(iii) List two important methods to prevent the process.
Ans. (i) Metal is copper. The process is corrosion.
(ii) Basic copper carbonate CuCO3.
(iii) Two methods to prevent corrosions are:

1. By painting and oiling.
2. It should be mixed with other metals to form alloys.
96. Mention the names of the metals for the following:[Board
Question]
(i) Two metals which are alloyed with iron to make stainless steel.
(ii) Two metals which are used to make jewellery.
Ans. (i) Nickel and chromium.
(ii) Gold and platinum.
97. Write one example of each of :[Board Question]
(i) A metal which is so soft that, it can be cut with knife and a non-
metal which is the hardest substance.
(ii) A metal and a non-metal which exist as liquid at room
temperature.
Ans. (i) Sodium, carbon (diamond).
(ii) Mercury is liquid metal, bromine is liquid non-metal.
98. Write down important properties of ionic compounds.[Board
Question]
Ans. Some of the properties of ionic compounds are:
1. Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points.
2. They are generally solid.
3. They are soluble in water.
4. They are good conductors of electricity in molten state.
99. Zinc is a metal found in the middle of the activity series of
metals. In nature, it is found as a carbonate ore, ZnCO3.
Mention the steps carried out for its extraction from the ore.
Support with equations.
[Board Question]
Ans. 1. Metals found in the middle of the reactivity series are
extracted by the reduction of their oxides with carbon, aluminium etc.
So, in order to extract zinc metal from zinc carbonate, zinc carbonate
is first converted into zinc oxide. Zinc carbonate (calamine ore) is
heated strongly in the absence of air to obtain zinc oxide and carbon
dioxide. This process is called calcination.
ZnCO3 → ZnO + CO2
2. In the next step, the moderately reactive metal zinc is extracted

from its oxide by using reducing agent like C. Zinc oxide is mixed
with carbon (in the form of coke) and heated in a furnace. Carbon
reduces the metal oxide to free zinc metal.
ZnO + C → Zn + CO
100. Write one example of each of the following:[Board
Question]
(i) Most malleable and most ductile metal.
(ii) The best conductor of heat and the poorest conductor of heat.
(iii) A metal with highest melting point and a metal with lowest
melting point.
Ans. (i) Gold and silver.
(ii) Silver is best conductor and lead is the poorest conductor of heat.
(iii) Tungsten has highest melting point and Gallium has lowest
melting point.
101. You are provided with magnesium ribbon and sulphur
powder. Explain with the help of an activity that metal oxides
are basic and non-metal oxide are acidic in nature.[Board
Question]
Ans. The steps are:
1. Take magnesium ribbon with a pair of tongs and burn it in flame in
the presence of air.
2. Collect the product formed and dissolve it in warm water.
3. Add red litmus paper into it.
4. Observe the change in colour and decide the nature of the oxide
formed.
5. Burn sulphur in a deflagrating spoon in the presence of air and
dissolve the oxide formed in water.
6. Dip blue litmus paper into the solution and observe the change in
the colour and decide the nature of the oxide formed.
Thus, the oxide formed by metal turns red litmus blue which shows
they are basic in nature whereas oxide of non-metal turns blue litmus
red which shows they are acidic in nature.
102. An element A reacts with water to form a compound B
which is used in white washing. The compound B on heating
forms an oxide C which on treatment with water gives back B.
Identify A, B and C and give the reactions involved.
Ans. A—Ca : B— Ca(OH)2 : C— CaO
Ca(s) + 2H2O → Ca(OH)2 (aq) + H2(g)
Ca(OH)2 CaO + H2O

103. Write equations for the reactions of: [NCERT]
(i) Iron with steam
(ii) Calcium and potassium with water
Ans. (i) Iron react with steam to form the metal oxide and hydrogen.
3Fe(s) + 4H2O(g) → Fe3O4(s) + 4H2(g)
(ii) The reaction of calcium with water is exothermic but the heat
evolved is not sufficient for the hydrogen to catch fire. Calcium starts
floating because the bubbles of hydrogen gas formed stick to the
surface of the metal.
Ca(s) + 2H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)
Potassium react violently with cold water and its reaction is so violent
and exothermic that the evolved hydrogen immediately catches fire.
2K(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2KOH(aq) + H2(g) + heat energy
104. Define the terms :[Board Question]
(i) Mineral
(ii) Ore
(iii) Gangue
Ans. (i) Mineral: It is a naturally occurring substance from which
metal may or may not be extracted profitably or economically,
example, Al cannot be extracted profitably from mica.
(ii) Ore: A naturally occurring solid material from which a metal or
valuable mineral can be extracted profitably. Example, zinc blende is
an ore of zinc from which zinc can be extracted profitably.
(iii) Gangue: It is a rocky material which is present along with the
mineral in the ore, example. FeO is gangue in extraction of copper.
(i) Write the electron-dot structures for sodium, oxygen and
magnesium. [NCERT]
(ii) Show the formation of Na2O and MgO by the transfer of
electrons.
(iii) What are the ions present in these compounds?
Ans. (i) Electron – dot structure for Sodium (2, 8, 1):
Electron – dot structure for Oxygen (2, 8, 6):
Electron – dot structure for Magnesium (2, 8, 2):
(ii) Formation of Na2O by transfer of electron:

Formation of MgO by transfer of electron:
(iii) Ions present in these compounds are Mg2+, O2– and Na+.
106. A man went door to door posing as a goldsmith. He
promised to bring back the glitter of old and dull gold
ornaments. An unsuspecting lady gave a set of gold bangles to
him which he dipped in a particular solution. The bangles
sparkled like new but their weight was reduced drastically. The
lady was upset but after a futile argument the man beat a hasty
retreat. Can you play the detective to find out the nature of the
solution he had used?[NCERT]
Ans. The man must have dipped the gold metal in the solution of
aqua regia - a 3 : 1 mixture of conc. HCl and conc. HNO3. Aqua
regia is a fuming, highly corrosive liquid. It dissolves gold in it. After
dipping the gold ornaments in aqua regia, the outer layer of gold gets
dissolved and the inner shiny layer appears. As a result, the weight
of gold ornament reduced.
107. A metal X combines with a non-metal Y by the transfer of
electrons to form a compound Z:
(i) State the type of bond in compound Z.
(ii) What can you say about the melting and boiling point of
compound Z?
(iii) Will this compound dissolve in kerosene or petrol?
(iv) Will this compound be a good conductor of electricity?[Board
Question]
Ans. (i) Compound Z has an ionic bond.
(ii) Melting and boiling point of the compound is high.
(iii) No, compound will not dissolve in kerosene or petrol.
(iv) Yes, the compound is a good conductor of electricity.
108. What is cinnabar? How is metal extracted from cinnabar?
Explain briefly.[Board Question]
Ans. Cinnabar is HgS. It contains metal mercury. Mercury is
obtained by roasting cinnabar. HgO formed is thermally unstable and
gives mercury.
2HgS(s) + O2(g) → HgO(s) + SO2(g)
2HgO(s) Hg(l) + O2(g)
or
HgS + O2 → Hg + SO2
Mercury can be purified by distillation.

109. Suggest a method of reduction for the following metals
during their metallurgical processes:
(i) Metal ‘A’ which is one of the last, second or third position in the
reactivity.
(ii) Metal ‘B’ which gives vigorous reaction even with water and air.
(iii) Metal ‘C’ which is kept in the middle of activity series.[Board
Question]
Ans. (i) ‘A’ can be obtained by chemical reduction using carbon or
carbon monoxide as reducing agent.
(ii) ‘B’ can be obtained by electrolytic reduction.
(iii) ‘C’ can be reduced by reducing agent like ‘Al’.
(i) A non-metal ‘X’ exists in two different forms Y and Z. Y is the
hardest substance whereas Z is a good conductor of electricity.
Identify X, Y and Z.[Board Question]
(ii) An element ‘X’ on reaction with oxygen forms an oxide XO2. The
oxide when dissolved in water turns blue litmus red. State whether
element X is metal or a non-metal?
(iii) Name the metal which is alloyed with copper to make bronze.
Ans. (i) X is carbon, Y is Diamond and Z is Graphite.
(ii) X is a non-metal.
(iii) The metal which is alloyed with copper to make bronze is Tin.
111. State three reasons for the following facts:[Board Question](i)
Sulphur is a non-metal.
(ii) Magnesium is a metal :
One of the reasons must be supported with a chemical equation.
Ans. (i) Sulphur is a non- metal:
1. It is a poor conductor of electricity.
2. Sulphur is neither malleable nor ductile.
3. Sulphur forms acidic oxide.
S + O2 → SO2
SO2 + H2O → H2SO4
(ii) Magnesium is a metal.

1. It is a good conductor of electricity.
2. Magnesium is malleable nor ductile.
3. It forms basic oxides.
2Mg+ O2 → 2MgO

(i) Arrange the following metals in order of their decreasing activities:
Aluminium, gold, sodium, copper.
[Board Question]
(ii) Give chemical equation for the reaction of aluminium powder with
manganese dioxide on heating.
Ans. (i) Sodium > Aluminium > Copper > Gold.
(ii) 3MnO2(s) + 4Al(s) → 3Mn(l) + 2Al2O3(s) + Heat
113. What chemical process is used for obtaining a metal from

its oxide? [NCERT]
Ans. The extraction of metal from its oxide depends on its position in
reactivity series. For example, Metals low in the activity series are
very unreactive. The oxides of these metals can be reduced to
metals by heating alone.
2HgO(s) 2Hg(l) + O(g)
The metals in the middle of the activity series such as iron, zinc,
lead, copper, etc., are moderately reactive. These metal oxides are
reduced to the corresponding metals by using suitable reducing
agent :
ZnO(s) + C(s) → Zn(s) + CO(g)
The metals high up in the reactivity series are very reactive. They
are separated from their oxides by electrolysis process.
114. What kind of impurities are generally found in ores? What
name is given to such impurities and state the basis of
removing the impurities from the ore.[Board Question]
Ans. Generally the ores mined from earth are usually contaminated
with large amount of impurities such as soil, sand etc. The name
given to such impurities is ‘gangue’. The process of removing these
impurities are based on the difference between the physical or
chemical properties of gangue or ore.
115. Name one metal which is extracted by:[Board Question]
(i) Reduction with carbon.
(ii) Electrolytic reduction.
(iii) Reduction with aluminium.
(iv) Reduction with heat alone.
Ans. (i) Zinc
(ii) Aluminium,
(iii) Manganese,
(iv) Mercury.
(i) Write electron dot diagram for chlorine (At No. 17) and calcium (At
No. 20).Show the formation of calcium chloride by transfer of
electrons.[Board Question]
(ii) Identify the nature of above compound and explain three physical
properties of such compound.
Ans. (i)
2 8 7 2, 8, 8, 2
Ca → Ca2+ + 2e–
2Cl + 2e– → 2Cl–
(ii) It is ionic compound.

117. What are amphoteric oxides? Give an example. Write
balanced chemical equations to justify your answer.
[Board Question]
Ans. Those oxides which behave both acidic and basic oxides are
called amphoteric oxides.
Example : Al2O3 (Alumina)
1. Al2O3 + 6HCl → 2AlCl3 + 3H2O
Alumina Acid Salt

2. Al2O3 + 2NaOH → 2NaAlO2 + H2O
Alumina Base Salt

118. Silver articles become black when kept in open for some
time, whereas copper vessels lose their shiny brown surfaces
and gain a green coat when kept in open. Name the
substances present in air with which these metals react and
write the name of the products formed.[Board Question]
Ans. Silver articles become black when kept in open for some time,
whereas copper vessel lose their shiny brown surfaces and gain a
greencoat when kept in open because silver articles reacts with
sulphur compounds such as hydrogen suphide present in the air to
form silver sulphide (Ag2S) whereas copper reacts slowly with CO2
and water present in the air to form green coating of mixture of
copper carbonate and copper hydroxide.
119. Name a metal of medium reactivity and write three main
steps in the extraction of this metal from its sulphide ore.
[Board Question]
Ans. Zinc
The steps involved in extraction of zinc from zinc sulphide are:
1. Roasting of sulphide ore in the presence of air to convert it into
metal oxide.
2ZnS(s) + 3O2(g) 2ZnO(s) + 2SO2(g)
Zinc sulphide Oyxgen Zinc oxide Sulphur dioxide

2. Reduction of metal oxide with carbon to get the free metal.
ZnO(s) + C(s) → Zn(s) + CO(g)
Zinc oxide Carbon Zinc Carbonmonoxide
3. Refining of impure metal to get pure metal.
120. Explain the following :[Board Question]
(i) Sodium chloride is an ionic compound which does not conduct
electricity in solid state where as it does conduct electricity in molten
state as well as in aqueous solution.
(ii) Reactivity of aluminium decrease if it is dipped in nitric acid.
(iii) Metals like calcium and magnesium are never found in their free
state in nature.
Ans. (i) Sodium chloride is an ionic compound but it conducts
electricity only in molten and aqueous state because in molten and
aqueous form the compound liberate to give ions. These ions move
freely and hence conduct electricity.
(ii) Reactivity of aluminium decrease if it is dipped in nitric acid
because it is a strong oxidising reagent. The layer of aluminium
oxide prevents further reaction of aluminium due to which its
reactivity decreases.
(iii) Metals like calcium and magnesium are never found in their free
states in nature because these metals are present on the top of the
reactivity series. They are so reactive that they react with gases and
surrounding elements, form compounds and thus are not found in
free state.

(i) What are metals? Name five metals.
(ii) Name a metal which is so soft that it can be cut with a knife.
(iii) Name the metal which is the best conductor of heat and
electricity.
(iv) What happens when a metal reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid?
Explain with the help of an example.
Ans. (i) Metals are the elements that conduct heat and electricity,
and are malleable and ductile.
Example: Iron, aluminium, copper, gold and silver.
(ii) Sodium is a soft metal that can be cut with a knife.
(iii) Silver is the best conductor of electricity.
(iv) When a metal reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid, it forms metal
chloride and hydrogen gas.
Example: Magnesium reacts rapidly with dilute hydrochloric acid to
form magnesium chloride and hydrogen.
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2 (aq) + H2(g)
(i) Define non-metals. Give five examples of non-metals.
(ii) Name a non-metal which conducts electricity.
(iii) Name a non-metal having lustre (shining surface).
(iv) Name a non-metal which is extremely hard.
(v) How do non-metals react with oxygen? Explain with an example.
Give equation of the reaction involved. What is the nature of the
product formed? How will you demonstrate it?
Ans. (i) Non-metals are the elements that do not conduct heat and
electricity and are neither malleable nor ductile. Example: Carbon,
sulphur, phosphorus, silicon and oxygen.
(ii) Carbon is a non-metal which conducts electricity.
(iii) Iodine is a non-metal having lustre.
(iv) Diamond an allotrope of carbon is a non-metal which is
extremely hard.
(v) Non-metals react with oxygen to form acidic oxides or neutral
oxides. Carbon burns in air to form carbon dioxide.
C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g)
The nature of the product formed is acidic. When carbon dioxide

dissolves in water, it forms carbonic acid. It turns blue litmus to red
which shows it is acidic in nature.
(i) What is meant by the reactivity series of metals? Arrange the
following metals in an increasing order of their reactivities towards
water: zinc, iron, magnesium, sodium.
(ii) Hydrogen is not a metal but still it has been assigned a place in
the reactivity series of metals. Why?
(iii) Name one metal more reactive and another less reactive than
hydrogen.
(iv) Name one metal which displaces copper from copper sulphate
solution and one which does not.
(v) Name one metal which displaces silver from silver nitrate solution
and one which does not.
Ans. (i) The arrangement of metals in the order of decreasing
reactivities is called reactivity series. Increasing order of reactivity:
Iron < zinc < magnesium < sodium
(ii) Hydrogen can lose electrons and forms positive ions like metals.
Therefore, it has been placed in the reactivity series of metals.
(iii) Lead is more reactive than hydrogen and copper is less reactive
than hydrogen.
(iv) Zinc displaces copper from copper sulphate solution and
mercury does not displace copper from copper sulphate solution.
(v) Copper displaces silver from silver nitrate solution and gold does
not.
124. Draw the electron-dot structures of the following
compounds and state the type of bonding in each case:
(i) KCl
(ii) NH3
(iii) CaO
(iv) N2
(v) CaCl2
Ans. (i) KCl–Ionic bond
(ii) NH3–Covalent bond
(iii) CaO–Ionic bond
(iv) N2–Covalent bond
(v) CaCl2–Ionic bond
125. Give reasons for the following:[Board Question]

(i) Silver and copper lose their shine when they are exposed to air.
Name the substance formed on their surface in each case.
(ii) Tarnished copper vessels are cleaned with tamarind juice.
(iii) Aluminium is more reactive than iron yet there is less corrosion of
aluminium as compared to iron when both are exposed to air.
Ans. (i) Silver and copper lose their shine when they are exposed to
air due to corrosion. Silver forms black Ag2S (silver sulphide) and
copper form greenish layer of basic copper carbonate
CuCO3.Cu(OH)2.
(ii) Tarnished copper vessels have deposits of basic copper

carbonate which is basic in nature. Therefore, when tamarind juice
which is acidic in nature is applied over tarnished copper vessel,
neutralises the basic copper carbonate and the vessel gets cleaned.
(iii) When aluminium is exposed to air, it forms oxide layer on its
surface which prevents further oxidation.
(i) Explain any two physical properties of ionic compounds giving
reasons.[Board Question]
(ii) List any two metals found in free state in earth’s crust.
(iii) Metals towards the top of the activity series cannot be obtained
from their compounds by reducing with carbon. Why?
(iv) What will you observe when:
(a) Some zinc pieces are put in copper sulphate solution.
(b) Some silver pieces are put into green coloured ferrous sulphate
solution.
Ans. (i) 1. Ionic compounds are soluble in water because they
dissociate into ions.
2. Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points because
ionic compounds are made up of oppositely charged ions which are
held together by strong electrostatic force of attraction. Therefore,
large amount of energy is required to overcome these forces.
(ii) Gold and Platinum are the two metals that are found in free state
in the earth’s crust.
(iii) Metals such as sodium, magnesium, calcium, aluminium high up
in the reactivity series are very reactive and cannot be obtained from
their compounds by heating with carbon. This is because these
metals have more affinity for oxygen than carbon.
(iv) (a) The blue solution will become colourless and reddish brown
copper metal will be deposited.
Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
Blue Colour (reddish brown)

(b) When some silver pieces are put into green coloured ferrous
sulphate solution, there will be no reaction because Ag is less
reactive than iron:
Ag(s) + FeSO4(aq) → No reaction
(i) An ore on treatment with dilute hydrochloric acid produces brisk
effervescence. What type of ore is this? What steps will be required
to obtain metal from the enriched ore?
[Board Question]
(ii) Copper coin is kept immersed in silver nitrate solution for some
time. What change will take place in coin and colour of the solution?
Write balanced chemical equation of the reaction involved.
Ans. (i) It is a Carbonate ore. The steps required to obtain metal
from ore are:
1. Calcination: Carbonate ore is heated in limited supply of air and
oxide is obtained. For example,
ZnCO3(s) ZnO(s) + CO(g)
2. Reduction with carbon: ZnO is then reduced with carbon and

zinc metal is obtained.
ZnO(s) + C (s) → Zn(s) + CO2(g)
(ii) The colour of solution will turn to blue. Copper displaces silver
from silver nitrate solution. Silver gets deposition of silver on copper
coin.
Cu(s) + 2AgNO3(aq) → Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + 2Ag(s)
128. Describe two methods for the concentration of ores.

Ans. Two methods used for separation of ores are:
1. Froth Flotation Method: It is used generally to remove gangue
from sulphide ores. First of all, the ore is powdered and a
suspension in water is formed. To this ore Collectors and Froth
Stabilisers were added. The collectors generally used are pine oils,
fatty acids etc. The function of collectors is to increase the non-
wettability of the metal part of the ore and allows it to form a froth.
Froth Stabilizers (cresols, aniline etc.) sustain the froth. The oil wets
the metal and the water wets the gangue. Paddles and air constantly
stir up the suspension to create the froth. This frothy metal is
skimmed off the top and dried, to recover the metal.
2. Magnetic ore Separation: This method is used in those cases

where either ore or the impurities are of magnetic nature. In this
method, the powdered impure ore in the form of thin layer is allowed
to fall on a rubber belt which moves horizontally over two rollers, one
of which has electromagnet attached to it. As the ore particles roll
over the belt, the magnetic component in the ore gets attracted
towards the magnet. It gets collected in a heap while the non –
magnetic component forms a separate heap.

(i) Write the steps involved in the extraction of pure metals in middle
of the activity series from carbonate ores.[Board Question]
(ii) How is copper extracted from its sulphide ore? Explain the
various steps supported by chemical equations. Draw labelled
diagram for electrolytic refining of copper.
[Board Question]
Ans. (i) First of all the carbonate ore of a metal is heated in absence
of air. This process is called calcination.
ZnCO3 → ZnO + CO2
Zinc carbonate Zinc oxide Carbon dioxide

Then, ZnO is heated with coke.
ZnO + C → Zn + CO
Coke Pure metal Carbon
monoxide
(ii) Copper is extracted from sulphide ore by the process of roasting.
It is done in presence of air:
2Cu2S + 3O2 Cu2O + 2SO2
2Cu2O + Cu2S 6Cu + 2SO2

Electrolytic Refining of Copper.

(i) Define the term alloy and amalgam. name the alloy used for
welding electric wires together. What are its constituents?[Board
Question]
(ii) Name the constituents of the following alloys:
(a) Brass (b) Stainless steel (c) Bronze
State one property in each of these alloys, which is different from its
main constituents.
Ans. (i) An alloy is a homogeneous mixture of a metal with a metal
or a non-metal. Amalgam is an alloy of a metal with mercury.
The alloy used for welding electric wires together is Solder. Its
constituents are Lead and Tin.
(ii) (a) Brass: Brass alloy is made of zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu).
(b) Stainless steel contains chromium (12.14%), molybdenum (0.21
%), nickel (less than 2%), and carbon (about 0.11%).
(c) Bronze is an alloy consisting primarily of copper, commonly with
about 12% tin and often with the addition of other metals (such as
aluminium, manganese, nickel or zinc) and sometimes non-metals or
metalloids such as arsenic, phosphorus or silicon.
Brass and bronze have lower electrical conductivity than their
constituents. Stainless steel does not corrode easily as iron does.
131. Distinguish between metal and non-metals on the basis of
physical properties.
Ans. Property Metals Non-metals
1. Hardness Metals are generally Non-metals are soft

hard except sodium except diamond.
and potassium.
2. Malleability Metals are malleable Non-metals are

and ductility and ductile except zinc. neither malleable nor
ductile. They are
brittle in nature.
3. Conductivity Metals are good Non-metals are poor

conductors of heat and conductors of heat
electricity except and electricity.
mercury and tungsten.
4. Density Metals have high Non-metals have

density except sodium lower density as
and potassium. compared to metals
except diamond.
5. Lustre All the metals have a Non-metals do not

brilliant shine or lustre. have luster except
iodine and graphite.
132. Differentiate between metal and non-metal on the basis of
their chemical properties.[NCERT]
Ans. Property Metals Non-metals
1. Nature of Metals form basic oxides. Non-metals form

Oxides Ex. Na + O2 → Na2O acidic or neutral
oxides.
Ex. C +O2 → CO2
(acidic)
2. Nature of They form positive ions by They form negative

ions iosing electrons. ions by gaining
electrons.
Ex. Na → Na+ + e–
Ex. Cl + e– → Cl–
3. Reaction Some metals lies Na, K, Non-metals except

with Ca, Al etc., displace fluorine generally do
water hydrogen from water. not react with water.
4. Reaction Metals which lies above Non-metals do not

with hydrogen in activity series react with dilute acids.
dilute displace hydrogen from
acids dilute acids.
Ex. Zn + H2SO4 →
ZnSO4 + H2
5. Nature Metals can lose electrons Non-metals can

and hence behave as accept electrons and
reducing agents. hence behave as
oxidising agents.
133. Differentiate between:[Board Question]
(i) Mineral and Ore
(ii) Corrosion and Rancidity
(iii) Malleability and Ductility
Ans. (i) Difference between Mineral and ore.
S. Mineral Ore
No.
1. Naturally occuring substances of Minerals which can be used

metals present in the earth's crust to obtain the metal profitably
are called minerals. are called ores.
2. All minerals are not ores All ores are essentially

minerals
(ii) Difference between Corrosion and Rancidity
S. Corrosion Rancidity
No.
1. The tarnishing of the When fats and oils present in the

metals by the attack of food gets oxidized, the smelll and
moisture and acids in the taste of the food change. This is
air is called corrosion. called Rancidity.
(iii) Difference between malleability and Ductility
S. Malleability Ductility
No.
1. The property which allows the The property which allows

metals to be hammered into thin the metals to be drawn into
sheets is called malleability. thin wires is called ductility.
134. What is the difference between calcination and roasting?
Ans. S. Calcination Roasting

No.
1. In this process, the The process of heating the ore in the

ore is heated in a excess supply of air below its melting
limited supply of point is called roasting. This process
air below its is employed when oxidation of the
melting point. The ore is required. As a result of
process involves roasting, moisture is driven
the removal of away,volatile impurities are removed,
volatile impurities, the impurities like sulphur,
moisture and the phosphorus, arsenic are removed as
decomposition of their oxides and the ore undergoes
any carbonate ore oxidation to form metal oxide or
into oxide. sulphate.
2. Moisture organic Volatile impurities are removed as

impurities are oxides (SO2, P2O5, As2O3) and the
removed and the ore becomes porous and more
ore becomes reactive.
porous and more
reactive.
3. Cabonate and Sulphide ores are roasted, so SO2 is

hydrated ores are given off.
calcined and CO2
2 ZnS + 3O2 2 ZnO + 2 SO2
or water vapour is
given off.
ZnCO3 → ZnO +
CO2
135. The welding process is mainly used for rail welding in

railways. It is also used or welding copper conductors and
other metals that include cast iron, stainless steel, common
steels, bronze, brass and monel. It is highly stable to repeated
short circuit pulses and the electrical resistance remains
unchanged over the lifetime of the installa-tion. It highly
depends on environmental condition like moisture contain,
work piece alignment etc.
(i) Name the process used in the joining railway tracks.
(ii) State whether heat is evolved or absorbed.
(iii) Give the chemical reaction for the process.
(iv) What type of chemical reaction is occurring.
(a) Combination
(b) Reduction
(c) Displacement
(d) Decomposition
Ans. (i) Thermite process.
(ii) Heat is evolved. So, it is exothermic reaction.
(iii) Fe2O3(s) + 2Al(s) → 2Fe(l) + Al2O3(s) + Heat
(iv) (c) Displacement.

136. A non-metal A is an important constituent of our food and
forms two oxides B and C. Oxide B is toxic whereas C causes
global warming. (i) Identify A, B and C, (ii) To which group of
periodic table does A belong?
Ans. (i) A = Carbon (C); B = Carbon monoxide (CO); C = Carbon
dioxide(CO2).
(ii) Carbon (or A) has atomic number = 6, its electronic configuration

is 2, 4. It is present in 14th group (14 + valence electron) of the
periodic table.
137. Properties of ionic compounds are well known and are of
great use. These are physical nature of solid as solids hard
(generally brittle). Solids have high M.P. and B.P., as large
amount of heat energy is required to break strong ionic
attraction. Solubility in water and insolubility in kerosene and
petrol. Ionic compounds in solid state do not conduct
electricity. Ions cannot move due to rigid solid structure. Ionic
compounds conduct electricity in molten state. Ions can move
freely since the electrostatic forces of attraction between the
oppositely charged ions are overcome due to heat.
(i) Why ionic compounds are soluble in water?

(ii) Why ionic compounds do not conduct electricity in solid state?
(iii) What does high melting and boiling point of ionic compounds
indicate?
(iv) Which of these statements is correct?
(a) Ionic compounds are hard due to strong force of attraction.
(b) Ionic compounds are soluble in kerosene and petrol and
insoluble in water.
(c) Ionic compounds do not conduct electricity in molten state.
Ans. (i) Ionic compounds are polar and water is also polar.
Therefore, ionic compounds are soluble in water.
(ii) In solid state, the ions of ionic compounds are not free to move.
Therefore, ionic compounds do not conduct electricity in solid state.
(iii) High melting and boiling point of ionic compounds indicate that
the force of attraction between the ions of ionic compounds is very
strong.
(iv) Ionic compounds are hard in nature due to strong force of
attraction between the ions. Hence, the correct option is (i).
138. Royal water is prepared by mixing two acids A and B. It can
dissolve gold and platinum. It is highly corrosive and fuming
liquid. Identify A and B. What is the ratio in which A and B are
mixed?
Ans. Acid A is concentrated HCl. Acid B is concentrated nitric acid. 3
parts of concentrated HCl is mixed with 1 part of concentrated nitric
acid to make Royal water called aqua regia.
139. Metals X and Y can be recovered from the anode mud left
behind after the electrolytic refining of copper metal. The coins
made of metal X look new even after several years of use but
the coins made of metal Y lose their shine gradually and get
blackened soon. When metal X is alloyed with a small amount
of metal Y, it becomes hard and hence suitable for making
ornaments. What are metals X and Y ? Also state the colour of
metal X.
Ans. Metal X is gold and Metal Y is silver; the colour of metal X
(gold) is yellow.
140. A metal ‘M’ which is one of the best conductor of heat and
electricity is used in making electric wires is found in nature as
sulphide ore M2S?
[Board Question] (i) Name the metal ‘M’.
(ii) Which process will be suitable for extraction of this metal M from
its ore M2S? Write the balanced chemical reactions involved in the
process of extraction.
(iii) With the help of a labelled diagram, explain the process of
electrolytic refining of the metal.
Ans. (i) Metal M is Copper.
(ii) It is concentrated by Froth-Floatation process. Impure copper is
purified by electrolytic refining.
Roasting: 2Cu2S + 3O2 → 2Cu2O + 2SO2
Bessemerisation: Cu2S + 2Cu2O → 6Cu + SO2
(iii) Impure metal is taken as anode whereas pure metal is taken as

cathode. Soluble salt of metal is taken as electrolyte. When electric
current is passed, impure metal changes to ions which gain
electrons at cathode and change into pure metal. Impurities are left
behind as anode mud.
141. A black metal oxide XO2 is used as a catalyst in the

preparation of oxygen gas from potassium chlorate. The oxide
XO2 is also used in ordinary dry cells. The metal oxide XO2
cannot be reduced satisfactorily with carbon to form metal X.
(i) Name the metal X.
(ii) Name the metal oxide XO2
(iii) Which reducing agent can be used to reduce XO2 to obtain

metal X?
(iv) Name another metal which can also be extracted by the
reduction of its oxide with the above reducing agent.
Ans. (i) Manganese
(ii) Manganese dioxide
(iii) Aluminium
(iv) Chromium
142. Four metals P, Q, R and S are all obtained by the reduction
of their oxides with carbon. Metal P is used to form a thin layer
over the sheets of metal S to prevent its corrosion. Metal Q is
used for electroplating tin boxes made of metal S whereas
metal R is used in making car batteries. Metals Q and R form
an alloy called solder. What are metals P, Q, R and S ? How
have you arrived at this conclusion?
Ans. Metal P is zinc; metal Q is tin; metal R is lead; metal S is iron.
Metal P (zinc) is used to form a thin layer on metal S (iron) by the
process of galvanization to prevent its
corrosion.
Metal Q (tin) is used for electroplating tin boxes made of metal S
(iron).
Metal R (lead) is used in making car batteries.
Metals Q (tin) and R (lead) is used to form an alloy called solder.
143. In an electrolytic tank, aluminium metal is being extracted
by the electrolysis of molten aluminium oxide using carbon
electrodes. It is observed that one of the carbon electrodes is
gradually burnt away and has to be replaced.
(i) Which carbon electrode (cathode or anode) is burnt away?
(ii) Why is this carbon electrode burnt away?
Ans. (i) Positively charged carbon electrode (Anode).
(ii) This carbon electrode is burnt away because oxygen produced
during the electrolysis of molten aluminium oxide reacts gradually
with the carbon of carbon anode to form carbon dioxide gas.
144. A copper coin is kept immersed in silver nitrate solution

for sometime. What change will take place in the coin and
colour of the solution. Write the chemical equation involved.
[Board Question]
Ans. Copper metal is more reactive than silver metal. When copper
coin is kept immersed in silver nitrate solution for sometime, it
displaces silver from silver nitrate solution. The grey solid crystals of
Ag metal are seen growing on the copper and solution turns blue in
colour.
Cu (s) + 2AgNO3(aq) → Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2Ag(s)
145. A piece of granulated Zn was dropped into copper
sulphate solution. Write down the colour change that you will
observe?
Ans. When a piece of granulated Zn was dropped into copper
sulphate solution, blue colour solution become colourless, reddish
brown Cu gets deposited.
146. Aluminium strip was placed in a solution of copper
sulphate. After one hour, it was observed that the colour of
solution changes. What will be the colour of solution? Give
reason.
Ans. The solution become colourless because aluminium displaces
Cu from copper sulphate solution.
147. When an aluminium strip is kept immersed in freshly
prepared ferrous sulphate solution taken in a test tube. What
change is observed in the test tube?
Ans. The green solution of ferrous sulphate slowly turns brown. As
aluminium is more reactive than iron, it displaces iron from ferrous
sulphate solution.
(i) What happens when a strip of copper was placed in a beaker
containing zinc sulphate solution?
(ii) Blue copper sulphate solution is added to a test tube containing
zinc granules. What will be the colour of the resulting solution?
(iii) When you place an iron nail in copper sulphate solution, what
will be the nature of the reddish brown coating formed on the nail?
Ans. (i) Copper is less reactive than zinc and, therefore, no reaction
occurs.
(ii) White.
(iii) The coating is soft and dull.
149. Ferrous sulphate solution should not be stored in zinc
containers, why?
Ans. Ferrous sulphate solution cannot be placed in zinc containers
because zinc is more reactive than iron, it will displace iron.
Zn + FeSO4 → ZnSO4 + Fe
150. 10 mL of freshly prepared iron sulphate was taken in each
of the four test tubes. Strips of copper, iron, zinc and
aluminium was introduced in separate test tubes, A residue
was obtained in two of
them ? What will be the right pair of metals forming the
precipitates?
Ans. Zinc and aluminium being more reactive will replace iron from
iron sulphate.
Zn + FeSO4 → ZnSO4 + Fe
Al + FeSO4 → (Al)2SO4 + Fe
151. An aqueous solution of zinc sulphate was taken in four
test tubes. Zinc, iron, copper and aluminium pieces were
dropped into separate test tubes. In which test tube reaction
will be observed?
Ans. Reaction will take place only in (IV) test tube. Al is more
reactive than Zn.
152. A cleaned aluminium foil was placed in an aqueous
solution of zinc sulphate. When the aluminium foil was taken
out of the zinc sulphate solution after 15 minutes, its surface
was found to be coated with a silvery grey deposit. From the
given observation, what can be concluded?
Ans. Surface of aluminium foil was found to be coated with a silvery
grey deposit due to the formation of aluminium sulphate as
aluminium is more reactive than zinc.
153. Consider the following table given below and answer the
questions with reasons :
S. Metals Iron (II) sulfate Copper (II) sulfate

No.
1. I No reaction Displacement reaction
2. II Displacement reaction Displacement reaction
3. III No reaction No reaction
4. IV No reaction No reaction
(i) Which metals are more reactive than iron?
(ii) Which metals are more reactive than copper?
(iii) Which of the following is correct?
(a) Metal IV is least reactive.
(b) Metal I is least reactive.
(c) Metal II is least reactive.
(d) Metal I is most reactive.
(iv) Which metals are least reactive?
Ans. (i) Metal II is more reactive than iron as only this displaces iron
from iron sulphate solution.
(ii) Metal II and I are more reactive than copper as both of them
displace copper from copper sulphate solution.
(iii) Metal IV does not displace any metal from iron sulphate and
copper sulphate solutions. Therefore, the correct option is (a).
(iv) Metal III and IV are least reactive as both of them cannot
displace copper or iron from their respective solutions.
154. Give reasons for following:
(i) Copper is used for making electrical circuits but brass is not.
(ii) Steel is used for making utensil but pure iron is not.
Ans. (i) Copper is pure metal and its electrical conductivity is high,
whereas brass is an alloy of copper and zinc hence, it is not very
good conductor of electricity. Thus, copper is used for making
electrical circuits.
(ii) Pure iron is soft and stretches easily, hence it cannot be used for
making utensils as on heating during cooking the utensils will change
shape. Whereas, steel is an alloy of iron containing Fe, Ni and Cr.
Steel has modified properties, i.e., it is hard, retains shape on
heating and does not change its shape. Thus, steel is used for
making utensils but pure iron is not rusted.
155. Mr. Joe has a long-cherished wish of wearing a golden
frame spectacle. He expressed his wish in front of his chemist
daughter. His daughter was overwhelmed to hear her father’s
wish and decided to set up the experiment herself to get the
golden frame. Suggest the rough set up of experiment with a
diagram.
Ans. She can take an aluminium frame for spectacles which would
behave as cathode where Au metal would get deposited and a small
bar made of gold can be used as anode. Both the electrodes are
dipped in a suitable electrolyte. Both the electrodes are cannoted
through the outer circuit.
156. From the given table, answer the following
questions :
S. No. Metals Non-metals
1. Lustrous Non-lustrous
2. Hard Soft
3. Ductile Non-ductile
4. Malleable Non-mallaeable
5. Good conductors Poor conductors

(i) Give one example each of metals and non-metals.
(ii) Explain ductility.
(iii) Explain malleability.
(iv) What is meant by luster ?
Ans. (i) Sodium is metal and chlorine is a non-metal.
(ii) Ductility is the property of metals in which they are converted into
wires.
(iii) Malleability is the property of metals in which they are converted
into thin sheets.
(iv) The shiny appearance of metal is known as luster.
157. A farmer was working with an agricultural machine when
he observed a crack. He realized that if the crack is not mended
it will lead to further damage of the machine. He reached out to
the local mechanic who repaired the crack with some iron
compound and aluminium. What is the technique used by the
local mechanic? Write relevant chemical reaction equation for
the same.
Ans. The local mechanic used thermite reaction for repairing the
crack in machine.
In the thermite reaction, Iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3) with aluminium (Al)
are reacted. The reaction is accompanied by evolution of large
amount of heat, which is used to melt the metal around the crack
which solidifies after cooling and hence fills the crack.
Fe2O3(s) + 2Al(s) 2Fe(l) + Al2O3(s) + Heat
158. Define cation and anion.

159. Define the properties of metals such as malleability and
ductility.
160. What is an alloy?
161. Elements that are brittle and cannot be rolled into wires are
known as:
(a) liquid
(b) non-elastic
(c) non-metal
(d) metal
162. Which metal is stored in Kerosene Oil in a laboratory?
(a) Magnesium
(b) Copper
(c) Sodium
(d) Zinc
163. The metal that form amphoteric oxide is?
(a) Cobalt
(b) Sodium
(c) Zinc
(d) Calcium
164. Name a metal other than aluminium that is covered with an
oxide film layer.
165. Name two metal which have very low melting point.
166. Metals can be given different shapes according to our needs.
why?
167. Why alumina is dissolved in molten cryolite for electrolysis to
obtain aluminum metal.
168. Why metals are hard and have high melting point?
169. Why the item made of silver turns black when exposed to air?
170. An element X on reacting with O2 forms X2O. This oxide
dissolves in water and turns blue litmus paper red. Predict the nature
of element whether it is a metal or a non metal.
171. What is meant by the term ‘enrichment of ore’?
172. What would you observe when zinc is added to a solution of
iron (II) sulphate? Write the chemical reaction that takes place.
173. Write the electron dot structure for oxygen and magnesium.
174. Give reasons for the following:
(i) Zinc oxide is considered as amphoteric oxide.
(ii) Copper is used to make hot water tanks and not steel.
175. Assertion: Sodium is kept immersed in kerosene oil.
Reason: Sodium is very reactive metal.
176. What is the activity series of metals? Rearrange the following
metals in an increasing order of reactivity: aluminium, zinc, mercury.
177. What is roasting?

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1.

Metals: A substance with high electrical conductivity, lustre

22. Which one of the following properties is not generally

(d) Ag2S and Ag3N

Ans. (c) Ag2S

43. Which of the following alloys contain non-metal as one of

Directions: In the following questions, a statement of assertion is

1. Metal + Oxygen → Metal oxide

2. Metal + Water → Metal Hydroxide + Hydrogen

3. Metal + Acid(dil.) → Metal Salt + Hydrogen

4. Metal A + Salt Solution of Metal B → Salt solution of A + B

(a) 2AlCl3 + 3H2O

Metal CuSO4 ZnSO4 FeSO4 AgNO3

A No change No change No change A coating on

B Brown — Grey A coating on

C No change No change No change No change

E Brown New New New coating

61. Explain why:

Ans. (i) Ionic compounds conduct electricity in solution because they

Iron Steam Iron oxide Hydrogen

71. Define the following terms. [NCERT]

77. What would you observe when zinc is added to a solution of

1. Al2O3 + 6HCl → 2AlCl3 + 3H2O

Alumina Acid Salt

Alumina Base Salt

86. Name a metal/non-metal :[Board Question]

Zinc carbonate can be converted into free metal by first converting

ZnO (s) + C (s) → Zn + CO (g)

UIron (II) Copper (II)

C No reaction No reaction No reaction Diplsacement

D No reaction No reaction No reaction No reaction

Copper (I) sulphide Oxygen Copper (I) oxide Sulphur dioxide

Copper (I) oxide Copper (I) Copper metal Sulphur dioxide

1. They react with oxygen to form basic They react with

2. They react with water to produce metal They do not react

3. Generally they do not combine with They react with

(s) (s) (s) (l)

KCl has K+ and Cl– ions.

(iii) KCl has K+ and Cl– ions.

(iii) Two methods to prevent corrosions are:

2. In the next step, the moderately reactive metal zinc is extracted

Ca(s) + 2H2O → Ca(OH)2 (aq) + H2(g)

Ca(OH)2 CaO + H2O

Electron – dot structure for Oxygen (2, 8, 6):

Electron – dot structure for Magnesium (2, 8, 2):

(ii) Formation of Na2O by transfer of electron:

2HgO(s) Hg(l) + O2(g)

Mercury can be purified by distillation.

SO2 + H2O → H2SO4

(ii) Magnesium is a metal.

112. Answer the following questions:

113. What chemical process is used for obtaining a metal from

2Cl + 2e– → 2Cl–

(ii) It is ionic compound.

1. Al2O3 + 6HCl → 2AlCl3 + 3H2O

Alumina Acid Salt

Alumina Base Salt

Zinc sulphide Oyxgen Zinc oxide Sulphur dioxide

121. Answer the following questions: