Chapter 11 Class 10 Science

Chapter 11 Class 10 Electricity
Electric current: The flow of electric charges across a cross-section of a conductor

constitutes an electric current. It is defined as the rate of flow of the electric charge through
any section of a conductor.
Electric current = charge/Time or I = Q/t
• Electric current is a scalar quantity.
• Ampere: It is the S.I. unit of current.
• Direction of current is taken opposite to flow of electrons as electrons were not
known at the time when the phenomenon of electricity was discovered first and
current was considered to be flow of positive charge.
1A - If one coulomb of charge flows through any section of a conductor in one second,
then current through it is said to be one ampere.
1 ampere = 1 coulomb/1 second
1 A = 1C/1s = 1C.s-1
1 milli ampere = 1 mA = 10-3 A
1 microampere = 1µA = 10-6 A
Charge: Like mass, the charge is the fundamental property of matter. There are two types
of charge (i) Positive charge (ii) Negative charge.
Coulomb: It is the S.I. unit of charge.
1 coulomb = 1 ampere × 1 second.
Charge on 1 electron = Negative charge of 1.6 x 1019 C

i.e. Q = ne
Where, Q = Charge (total)
n = No. of electrons
e = Charge on 1 electron.
Electric Potential: The amount of electric potential energy at a point is called electric
potential.
Potential Difference (V): Work done to move a unit charge from one point to another.
V= W/C
S. I. unit of Potential difference = Volt (V)
1 Volt: When 1 joule work is done in carrying one Coulomb charge then potential
difference is called 1 volt.
1V=1JC
Current always flow from higher poten to lower potential.
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Electric Circuit: Electric circuit is a continuous and closed path of electric current.
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Ohm's Law -
Potential difference across the two points is directly proportional to current passing
through the circuit at a constant temperature.
This means potential difference V varies as electric current.
V∝I
V = RI
I = VR
R = VI
Where, R is constant for the given conductor at a given temperature and is called
resistance.
From the expression of Ohm’s Law, it is obvious that electric current through a resistor is
inversely proportional to resistance. This means electric current will decrease with an
increase in resistance and vice versa. The graph of V (potential difference) versus I (electric
current) is always a straight line.
Resistance (R): It is the property of a conductor to resist the flow of charges through it.
S.I. unit of resistance is Ohm (Ω)
1 ohm = When potential difference is 1 V and current through the circuit is 1 A, then
resistance is 1 ohm.
1 Ω = 1 volt/1ampere
Variable Resistance: The component of an electric circuit which is used to regulate the
current, without changing the voltage from the source, is called variable resistance.
Rheostat: Variable resistance is a component used to regulate current without changing
the source of voltage.
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Factors on which the Resistance of a Conductor depends - Resistance in a conductor

depends on nature, length and area of cross section of the conductor.
Resistance of a uniform metallic conductor is:
(i) directly proportional to the length of conductor,
(ii) inversely proportional to the area of cross section,
(iii) directly proportional to the temperature and
(iv) depend on nature of material.
Resistance (R) ∝ length of conductor (l)
R ∝ l …(i)
resistance (R) ∝ 1/Area of cross section of conductor (A)
R ∝ 1/A ….(ii)
From equations (i) and (ii)
R ∝ l/A
R = ρ l/A
Where, ρ (rho) is the proportionality constant. It is called the electrical resistivity of the
material of conductor.
Resistivity (P): It is defined as the resistance offered by a cube of a material of side 1m
when current flows perpendicular to its opposite faces.
The S.I. unit of resistivity (ρ) is Ωm.
Resistivity does not change with change in length or area of cross-section but it changes
with change in temperature.
Range of resistivity of metals and alloys is 108 to 10 Ωm .

Range of resistivity of insulators is 1012 to 107 Ω
Resistivity of alloy is generally higher than that of its constituent metals.
Alloys do not oxidize (burn) readily at high temperature, so they are commonly used in
electrical heating devices.
Copper and aluminium are used for electrical transmission lines as they have low
resistivity.
Combination of Resistors
(i) Series combination
(ii) Parallel combination.
Resistors in Series
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When two or more resistors are connected end to end, the arrangement is called series
combination.
Let, three resistors R1, R2, and R3 get connected in series.

Potential difference across R1, R2 and R3 = V1, V2 and V3
Current flowing through the combination = I
We, know that According to Ohm’s Law :
V1 = IR1 ….(i)
V2 = IR2 ….(ii)
and V3 = IR3 ….(iii)
Let, total V= V1 + V2 + V3
From equations (i) and (ii) and (iii)
IRs = IR1 + IR2 + IR3
IRs = I(R1 + R2 + R3)
Rs = R1 + R2 + R3
When the resistors are connected in series, Equivalent resistance is larger than the largest
individual resistance.
Resistors in Parallel
When three resistors are connected together between points X and Y, the combination is
called parallel combination.
Let three resistors R1, R2 and R3 connected in parallel.

Potential difference across point = V
Currents flowing through resistors R1, R2 and R3 = I1, I2 and I3 respectively.
We, know that,
I = I1 + I2 + I3 …….(i)
Since, the potential difference across R1, R2, and R3 is the same = V
According to Ohm’s Law,
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The potential difference across each resistor in parallel is equal to the potential difference
used. And the total current is equal to the sum of the currents passing through each
individual resistor.
Equivalent resistance is less than the value of the smallest individual resistance in the
combination.
Advantages of Parallel Combination over Series Combination

• In series circuit, when one component fails, the circuit is broken and none of the
component works.
• Different appliances have different requirement of current. This cannot be
satisfied in series as current remains same.
• The total resistance in a parallel circuit is decreased.
Heating Effect of Electric Circuit
If an electric circuit is purely resistive, the source of energy continually get dissipated
entirely in form of heat. This is known as heating effect of electric current. This heating
effect is used in many appliances, such as electric iron, electric heater, electric geyser, etc.
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Joule's Law of Heating Effect of Electric Current

Let, an electric current, I is flowing through a resistor having resistance = R.
The potential difference through the resistor is = V.
The charge, Q flows through the circuit for the time, t
Thus, work done in moving of charge (Q) of potential difference (V),
W=V×Q
Since this charge, Q flows through the circuit for time t
Therefore, power input (P) to the circuit can be given by the following equation :
P = WT
P = V × Q/t …..(i)
We know, electric current, I = Qt
Substituting Qt = I in equation (i), we get,
P = VI …(ii)
Since, the electric energy is supplied for time t, thus, after multiplying both sides of
equation (ii) by time t, we get,
P × t = VI × t = VIt ……(iii)
i.e., P = VIt
Thus, for steady current I, the heat produced (H) in time t is equal to VIt
H = VIt
We know, according to Ohm’s Law,
V = IR
By substituting this value of V in equation (iii), we get,
H = IR × It
H = I2Rt ……(iv)
It is known as Joule’s Law of Heating, which states that heat produced in a resistor is
directly proportional to the square of current given to the resistor, directly proportional to
the resistance for a given current and directly proportional to the time for which the
current flowing through the resistor.
• In electric bulb, most of the power consumed by the filament appears a heat and a small
part of it is radiated in form of light.
• Filament of electric bulb is made up of tungsten because:
(i) it does not oxidise readily at high temperature.
(ii) it has high melting point (3380 C).
• The bulbs are filled with chemically inactive gases like nitrogen and argon to prolong
the life of filament.
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Electric Fuse: It is a safety device that protects our electrical appliances in case of short
circuit or overloading. Fuse is always connected in series with live wire. Fuse has low
melting point. Current capacity of fuse is slightly higher than that of the appliance.
Electric Power: The rate at which electric energy is consumed or dissipated in an electric
circuit.
P=VI
P = I²R= V²/R
S.I. unit of electric power is watt (W).

1W = 1 volt × 1 ampere = 1V × 1A
I kilowatt or 1kW = 1000 W
Consumption of electricity (electric energy) is generally measured in kilowatt.
Unit of electric energy is kilowatt-hour (kWh).
1 kWh = 1000 watt × 1 hour = 1 unit = 1000 W × 3600 s
1 kWh = 3.6 x 106 watt second = 3.6 × 106 J
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Chapter 11 Class 10 Science

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Chapter 11 Class 10 Science

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Chapter 11 Class 10 Electricity

Electric current: The flow of electric charges across a cross-section of a conductor

Charge on 1 electron = Negative charge of 1.6 x 1019 C

Factors on which the Resistance of a Conductor depends - Resistance in a conductor

Range of resistivity of metals and alloys is 108 to 10 Ωm .

Let, three resistors R1, R2, and R3 get connected in series.

Let three resistors R1, R2 and R3 connected in parallel.

Advantages of Parallel Combination over Series Combination

Heating Effect of Electric Circuit

Joule's Law of Heating Effect of Electric Current

S.I. unit of electric power is watt (W).

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