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Complex Analysis Hints

The document summarizes several key theorems and results in complex analysis, including: 1) The Cauchy-Riemann equations characterize holomorphic functions. 2) The Cauchy-Goursat theorem states that the line integral of a holomorphic function over a closed path is 0. 3) Cauchy's integral formula expresses the value of a holomorphic function at a point in terms of a contour integral. 4) The residue theorem relates the contour integral of a function to the sum of the residues of its singularities enclosed by the contour. 5) Möbius transformations map circles and lines to circles and lines, and send bigons to bigons.

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16 views4 pages

Complex Analysis Hints

The document summarizes several key theorems and results in complex analysis, including: 1) The Cauchy-Riemann equations characterize holomorphic functions. 2) The Cauchy-Goursat theorem states that the line integral of a holomorphic function over a closed path is 0. 3) Cauchy's integral formula expresses the value of a holomorphic function at a point in terms of a contour integral. 4) The residue theorem relates the contour integral of a function to the sum of the residues of its singularities enclosed by the contour. 5) Möbius transformations map circles and lines to circles and lines, and send bigons to bigons.

Uploaded by

geetharaman1699
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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COMPLEX ANALYSIS

THEOREMS AND RESULTS


JAMES BROOMFIELD

Theorem. (Cauchy-Riemann Equations) A function f : C → C given


by f (z) = u(x, y) + i · v(x, y), where u and v are differentiable real functions,
is holomorphic on a domain Ω if and only if the following equations are
satisfied on Ω

∂u ∂v
=
∂x ∂y
(1)
∂u ∂v
=−
∂y ∂x

Theorem. (Cauchy-Goursat Theorem) If f : C → C is holomorphic on


a simply connected open subset U of C, then for any closed rectifiable path
γ ∈ U,
I
f (z)dz = 0
γ

Theorem. (Cauchy’s Integral Formula) Let U be a simply connected


open subset of C, let γ ∈ U be a closed rectifiable path containing a, and let
γ have winding number one about the point a. If f : U → C is holomorphic,
then
I
(n) n! f (z)
f (a) =
2πi γ (z − a)n+1
This also formula holds for n < m if f is only m-times differentiable.

Theorem. (Residue Theorem) Let D be an open set, E a discrete subset


of D, and γ a null-homotopic piecewise smooth closed curve in D which
doesn’t intersect E and has winding number one with respect to each a ∈ E.
Under these conditions, if f : D \ E → C is holomorphic, then
I X
f (z) dz = 2πi Res (f, a)
γ a∈E
1
2 JAMES BROOMFIELD

Definition. (Line integrals) Let γ be a smooth path parameterized by


γ(t), for a ≤ t ≤ b. If f is a complex function on γ, then the line integral
of f over γ is
Z Z b
f (z)dz = f (γ(t))γ 0 dt.
γ a

Result. (Trivial estimation for line integrals) Let γ be a smooth path


parameterized by γ(t), for a ≤ t ≤ b. If f is a complex function on γ, then
the line integral of f over γ is
Z
f (z) dz ≤ sup |f (z)| · length (γ).
γ z∈γ

Theorem. (Morera’s Theorem) If D isR a connected open set and f :


D → C is a continuous function such that T f dz = 0 for each triangular
path T in D, then f is analytic.

Theorem. (Open Mapping Theorem) If D is a domain in the complex


plane, and f : D → C is a non-constant holomorphic function, then f is an
open map. That is, f maps open subsets of D to open subsets of C.

Theorem. (Louiville’s Theorem) A bounded entire function is constant.

Theorem. (Maximum Modulus Principle) An analytic function on a


region D which attains its maximum on the interior of D is constant.

Theorem. (Schwarz’s Lemma) Let f map the open unit disk to itself
with the origin fixed. Then |f (z)| ≤ |z| for all z in the disk, and |f 0 (0)| ≤ 1.
Further, if either |f (z)| = z or |f 0 (z)| = 1, then f (z) = c · z for some c of
modulus 1, i.e. f is a rotation.

Theorem. (Schwarz Reflection Principle) Let D be a region of the


complex plane that is symmetric with respect to the real axis. Denote the
D+ , D0 , and D− to be the intersection of D with the upper half plane, the
real axis, and the lower half plane respectively.

If f : D+ ∪ D0 → C is a continuous function which is analytic on D+ ,


then f admits a unique extension to an analytic function. This extension is
defined by f (z) = f (z) for z ∈ D− .
COMPLEX ANALYSIS THEOREMS AND RESULTS 3

Theorem. (Argument Principle) Let D be an open set, let f be a mero-


morphic function on D, and let γ be a null-homotopic piecewise smooth
closed curve in D which doesn’t intersect either set of zeros of f or the set
of poles of f . Then
Z 0
1 f (z)
dz = N − P
2πi γ f (z)
Where N is the number of zeros of f in γ and P is the number of poles of
f in γ.

Theorem. (Roché’s Theorem) Let f be holomorphic on an open set U


containing D, where ∂D is a simple closed path. Suppose that f does not
vanish on ∂D. If another holomorphic function g on U satisfies
|f (z) − g(z)| < |f (z)|,
for all z ∈ ∂D, then f and g have the same number of zeros inside of f .

Theorem. (Great Picard’s Theorem) Every nonconstant entire func-


tion attains every comple value with at most one exception. Furthermore,
every analytic function assumes every complex value, with possibly one ex-
ception, infinitely often in any neighborhood of an essential singularity.

If f is an analytic function from C to the extended complex plane, then f


assumes every complex value, with possibly two exceptions, infinitely often
in any neighborhood of an essential singularity.

Theorem. (Identity Theorem) Let f and g be holomorphic functions on


a connected open set D. If f = g on a subset S having an accumulation
point in D, then f = g on D.

Definition. (Möbius Transformation) A function


az + b
f (z) =
cz + d

with a, b, c, d ∈ C and ad − bc 6= 0 is called a Möbius transformation.

Result. (Conformality of Möbius transformation) A Möbius trans-


formation
az + b
f (z) =
cz + d
−d
is conformal except at c . When vied as an extended complex-valued func-
tion, f is conformal everywhere.
4 JAMES BROOMFIELD

Result. (Möbius transformation of bigons) Möbius transformations


send bigons to bigons.

Result. (Inverse of Möbius transformations) Let


az + b
f (z) =
cz + d
be a Möbius transformation. Then
dz − b
f −1 (z) =
−cz + a

is an inverse for restriction of f to C \ { −d


c }

Definition. (Cayley Transformations) A Möbius transformation taking


the upper half plane to the unit disk is called a Caley transformation. An
example of such a map is
z−i
f (z) = .
z+i
The inverse for this example is
 
−1 z+1
f (z) = i
−z + 1

Theorem. (Riemann Mapping Theorem) Let D ( C be simply-connected.


Then D is conformally equivalent to the open disk.

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