OFF-GRID SYSTEM DESIGN

Technical Service Department | Jinko Solar | SSA

 ▪ About Jinko (PV+ Solutions)

▪ Introduction

▪ Off-grid System

▪ Off-grid System Design

▪ Overview

Jinko
Jinko
Solar
Solar
Co.,Co.,
Ltd.Ltd. 07
 No.1 Shipment
for 4 Consecutive Years

100GW 12%
Delivered Market Share

19 50GW
World Records Module Capacity

*Data as of 2022 Q1
Jinko
Jinko
Solar
Solar
Co.,Co.,
Ltd.Ltd. 07
Solutions - PV+

Solar+ESS Solar+Lighting Solar+Pumping Solar+Building

Jinko Solar Co., Ltd. 17

Our Solutions - Energy Storage Products

Residential Storage System C&I Storage System Utility Storage System

(1kWh-50kWh) (50kWh-1MWh) (≥1MWh)

Jinko Solar Co., Ltd. 18

 INTRODUCTION
Offgrid Systems
An off-grid PV system refers to an installation that is not connected to the electricity grid. This means that all the
energy produced is stored and used on site.

Off-grid PV Applications

• Solar Home systems

• Telecommunications
• Solar Water Pumping
• Vehicle/Mobile Charging
Station
• Streetlights
• Traffic signs
• Minigrid
• Rural Businesses
• School
• Solar Lamps
INTRODUCTION

On-GRID VS Off-GRID Systems

On-Grid Solar System Off-Grid Solar System

Connects to utility’s grid for synchronization Does not need any connection to the electric grid.
and operation.
Can export excess solar energy to the grid Uses batteries to store solar energy for later use.
depending on the utility company’s
regulations, which require approvals and
documentation.
Does not produce solar energy when the grid Not affected by grid failures and shutdowns.
is down.
Lower maintenance and installation costs. Maintenance and installation costs are more
expensive.
A simple system and has fewer components. Can sometimes be complex but you will learn a lot
more.
No electricity Bills
No Hike in tariffs
Reduction of Carbon footprint
COMPONENTS OF SOLAR OFF-GRID SYSTEMS

Solar PV Modules
Hybrid Inverter OR Battery
Inverter
Charge controller
Battery
Generator (optional)
COMPONENTS OF SOLAR OFF-GRID SYSTEMS
System Configuration

Hybrid Inverter PV Inverter

Optional
DESIGN OF AN OFF-GRID SYSTEM.
Design Steps

Site Assessment and Energy Audit

Load Estimation
Energy Calculation
Battery Bank Sizing
Hybrid Inverter Sizing Or Battery Inverter +
Solar charge controller
Solar energy requirement
Solar Module Calculation.
DESIGN OF AN OFF-GRID SYSTEM.
Site Assessment and Energy Audit

Site Assessment
1. Space Available
2. Solar radiation (Geographical Coordinates)

Load/Energy Audit
1. Installation of Energy meter (Datalogger)
2. Electricity Bills
3. Manual calculations (Type of Electrical load, Hours
of operation

User Requirement and Budget

1. Critical Loads
2. Load Separation.
 DESIGN OF AN OFF-GRID SYSTEM.
Design Flow

CASE 1: LOAD HYBRID

INVERTER SIZING
SOLAR PV SIZING
REQUIREMENT

BATTERY SIZING

LOAD
CASE 2 ROOF SPACE SOLAR PV SIZING
HYBRID SEPARATION FOR
INVERTER SIZING CRITICAL LOADS

Battery Sizing
 DESIGN OF AN OFF-GRID SYSTEM.
Load Estimation
RATING RATING
Appliances QTY (W) (KW) 8am to 4pm 4pm to 9pm KWHd KWHn TKWH
Florescent Double
bulb 20 72 1.44 5 2 7.2 2.88 10.08
AC 2HP Ken star 1 1820 1.82 4 1 7.28 1.82 9.1
Ac 2hp Panasonic 1 1610 1.61 3 1 4.83 1.61 6.44
Max Power = 8.18KW
Fan 5 128 0.64 5 2 3.2 1.28 4.48
Intercom TD200 1 25 0.03 5 3 0.125 0.075 0.2 Daily Energy = 43.5KWh
Desktop 2 120 0.24 5 2 1.2 0.48 1.68
Energy consumed from
Laptop 10 60 0.60 5 2 3 1.2 4.2
8am to 4pm = 31.7KWh
Water dispenser 1 500 0.50 2 1 1 0.5 1.5
Fridge 1 180 0.18 4 2 0.72 0.36 1.08 Energy consumed from
Printer 2 250 0.50 1 1 0.5 0.5 1 4pm to 9pm = 11.8KWh
Scanner 1 100 0.10 1 1 0.1 0.1 0.2
Florescent Double
bulb 6 72 0.43 5 2 2.16 0.864 3.024
Fan 1 90 0.09 4 2 0.36 0.18 0.54
8.18 31.675 11.849 43.524
 DESIGN OF AN OFF-GRID SYSTEM.
Battery Bank Sizing
Battery Terminologies
• Nominal Voltage: This is the characteristic operating voltage or rated voltage of a battery.
• Nominal Capacity: The capacity of a battery is expressed in Ampere-hours, Ah and it expresses the average amount of current it releases
over some time under normal use.
• Nominal Energy: This is the overall amount of power a battery or cell can deliver over time. Product of the battery's or cell's voltage, discharge
rate, and discharge time. Usually expressed in Watt-hours (Wh) or Wh = V x A x hrs.
• Cycle Life: The life or cycle life of a battery is the number of cycles that a cell or battery can be charged and discharged under specific
conditions before the available capacity falls to a specific performance criterion (EOL) normally 70% of the rated capacity.
• Depth of Discharge (DOD): The amount of energy that has been removed from a battery (or battery pack). It indicates the percentage of the
battery that has been discharged relative to the overall capacity of the battery. DOD is used to describe how deeply the battery is discharged or
should be discharged.
• State of Charge (SOC): is the ratio of the remaining charge of the battery to the total charge while the battery is fully charged at the same
specific standard conditions. It is associated with the remaining quantity of electricity available in the cell.

S0C = 100%-DOD

Assuming the Energy of the Battery is 3000Wh, if the Allowable DOD is 90%, then the Usable or Available capacity is 0.9 * 3000Wh = 2700Wh
 DESIGN OF AN OFF-GRID SYSTEM.
Battery Bank Sizing
C-rate Cycle Life
C-rate is a measure of the rate of charge or discharge Cycle life is the number of charging and discharging cycles after
of the battery relative to its capacity. which the battery capacity reaches its EOL (value)

50Ah = 50A * 1hr Lead Acid Batteries = 300 – 1500 cycles

50Ah = 25A * 2hrs Lithium-ion Batteries >= 4000 cycles
50Ah = 100A * 30mins
Cycle life depends on DOD and Temperature

𝐼(𝐴) = 𝑁𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑥 𝐶 − 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 Battery Performance at different temperature levels

1
𝑇 ℎ𝑟 =
𝐶 − 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒

48V 50Ah, 0.5C

𝐼 𝐴 = 50 𝑥 0.5 = 25A

1
𝑇 ℎ𝑟 = = 2ℎ𝑟s
0.5
 DESIGN OF AN OFF-GRID SYSTEM.
Battery Bank Capacity.
Batteries should be capable of meeting both the power and energy requirements of the system.

1. Days of Autonomy (DOA)

2. Depth of Discharge Energy Required from the battery;

3. Energy demand E = 11.85KWh + (1.5h * 8.18KW) = 24KWh

4. Efficiency
𝑬∗𝑨
𝑵=
1. Battery Energy = 5.12KWh 𝑩𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒚 𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 ∗ 𝑫𝑶𝑫 ∗ 𝑬𝒇𝒇
2. Nominal Voltage = 51.2V
3. Nominal Capacity = 100Ah
𝟐𝟒𝑲𝑾𝒉 ∗ 𝟏 𝟐𝟒𝑲𝑾𝒉
4. Cycles = 5000 𝑵= =
5. Depth of discharge (DOD) =90%
𝟓. 𝟏𝟐𝑲𝑾𝒉 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟗 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎 𝟒. 𝟏𝟓𝑲𝑾𝒉
6. C-rate = 1C
𝟐𝟒
Others; 𝑵 = = 𝟓. 𝟕𝟖
𝟒. 𝟏𝟓
1. Number of days of autonomy or reserve A = 1day
2. Energy demand E = 11.85 – 43.5KWh considering We can go for 5 or 6 batteries, based on budget.
bad weather and low sun.
3. Efficiency = 0.90
In total, we have 5*5.12Kwh = 25.6KWh
 DESIGN OF AN OFF-GRID SYSTEM.
Inverter Capacity Sizing
To size the inverter, the possibility that all the loads may be turned on at the same time and run
continuously is considered and also charging of the battery bank. This however, means that most of
the time that the inverter is running,

Factors
𝑷 ∗ 𝑪 ∗ 𝑺𝑭
1. Max Power 𝑰𝑵𝑽 =
𝑬𝒇𝒇
2. Battery capacity
3. Power clipping
4. Safety Factor (for Tolerance) 𝟖. 𝟏𝟖 ∗ 𝟏. 𝟎𝟓 ∗ 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝑲𝑾
𝑰𝑵𝑽 = =
5. Efficiency 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓

Values 𝟏𝟎. 𝟕𝟒
𝑰𝑵𝑽 = = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝑲𝑾
1. Max Power = P= 8.18KW 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓
2. Battery Charging: C= 1.05
3. Safety Factor: SF = 1.25
4. Efficiency = 95% We can go for a 12KW Hybrid Inverter
DESIGN OF AN OFF-GRID SYSTEM.
Understanding Solar Panel specifications

How PV module electrical parameter changes if the ambient

temperature is changed by 1°C
 DESIGN OF AN OFF-GRID SYSTEM.
Understanding Solar Panel specifications

For a site with temperatures ranging from 20°C ~ +35°C

Without considering Temp effect
𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆
Max no of PV to connect in series = 𝑽𝒐𝒄

𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎
n= = 𝟒𝟎
𝟑𝟕.𝟑𝟏

Considering Temp effect

For TigerPro 415 Wp HC: Voc = 37.31 and Temp Coeff = -0.28
𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆
Voc@20°C = 37.31 – [-0.28*(25-20)] Max no of PV to connect in series = 𝑽𝒐𝒄
Voc@20°C = 37.31 – [-0.28*5]
= 37.31 + 1.4 = 38.71V
𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎
Voc@35°C = 37.31 – [-0.28*(25-35)]
n= 𝟑𝟖.𝟕𝟏
= 𝟑𝟖
Voc@35°C = 37.31 – [-0.28*-10]
= 37.31 – 2.8 = 34.51V
 DESIGN OF AN OFF-GRID SYSTEM.
Solar Panel Sizing
Selecting a Manufacturer? Things to
consider 𝐓𝐄𝐃
Power Requirement =
Bankability 𝐏𝐒𝐇∗𝐄𝐟𝐟
Warranty 𝟒𝟑.𝟓𝟐𝐊𝐖𝐡
Power Requirement = = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟏𝐤𝐖𝐩
𝟒𝐡∗𝟎.𝟗
Test Reports
Technology (Efficiency, Temperature Coefficient, Cell
technology).
Next is to determine the number of panels
Presale and Aftersales services.
required;
𝟏𝟐.𝟏𝐤𝐖𝐩
Factors to design Number of Panels =
𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐚𝐧𝐞𝐥
1. Total Energy Demand = 43.5KWh 𝟏𝟐.𝟏𝐤𝐖
= = 𝟑𝟎
2. Inverter Size(Power clipping): 12kW 𝟒𝟏𝟓𝐖
3. Efficiency = 90%
4. Solar Profile (PSH):
PV Power = 30 x 415Wp = 12.45kWp
https://globalsolaratlas.info/
5. Solar Panel = JKM415M-54HL4-V
DESIGN OF AN OFF-GRID SYSTEM.
Solar Panel Stringing configuration

Wattage 415Wp

Vmp 30.79V
𝟔𝟓𝟎
Imp 13.48A Number of Panels in Series = = 17
𝟑𝟕.𝟑𝟏
Voc 37.31V

Isc 14.01A
Solar Array Configuration: 2P15S = 30Panels

PV STRING INPUT DATA

Solar Array Configuration: 2 strings of 15
Max. DC Input Power (W) 15600
panels in series.
PV Input Voltage (V) 550(160-800)
String Voc = 15 x 37.31V = 559.65V
MPPT Voltage Range (V) 200-650
String Isc = 14.01A
PV Input Current(A) 26 + 13

Max. PV ISC(A) 34 + 17

Number of 2+1
MPPT/Strings per MPPT
 OVERVIEW

Component Sized Calculated Component Sized

Hybrid Inverter 8.18KW 12KW

Battery 24KWh 25.6KWh

Solar Modules 12.1KWp 12.45KWp

Sizing Software

1. PVsyst
2. SAM
3. Helioscope
4. Homer
Residential Energy Storage Solutions

5kWh Battery Pack Single Phase Three Phase

• Battery Voltage: 51.2V

Voltage range: 46.4V – 55.2V
• Nominal Capacity: 100Ah
• C-rate: 1C (Charge and Discharge).
• Cycle life: 6000 cycles @250C, 90%
DOD and 70% EOL JKS-3.6K-SG03LP1-EU JKS-8K-SG04LP3-EU
• Protection Class: IP20 JKS-5K-SG03LP1-EU JKS-10K-SG04LP3-EU
• Weight: 44kg JKS-8K-SG01LP1-EU JKS-12K-SG04LP3-EU