Model Answers Winter 2018

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
WINTER – 2018 EXAMINATION

MODEL ANSWER
Subject: Data Communication Subject Code: 22322
Important Instructions to examiners:

1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model
answer scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to
assess the understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance
(Not applicable for subject English and Communication Skills).
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the
figure. The figures drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give
credit for any equivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant
values may vary and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model
answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant
answer based on candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on
equivalent concept.
Q. Sub Answer Marking

No Q.N. Scheme
.
1. Attempt any five of the following: 10
a) Enlist four standard organizations. 2M
Ans. List of standard organizations:
1) American National Standards Institute(ANSI) Any
2) Electronic Industries Association(EIA) four
3) International Telecommunications Union-Telecommunications 2M
Standards Sector(ITU-T)
4) Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers(IEEE)
5) International Standards Organization(ISO)
b) Draw a labeled diagram of coaxial cable. 2M
Ans.
Labeled
Diagram
2M
Diagram of coaxial cable
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MODEL ANSWER
c) Define line of sight propagation. 2M

Ans. Definition line of sight propagation:
Line of sight propagation is a characteristic of electromagnetic
radiation or acoustic wave propagation which means waves travel in a Correct
direct path from the source to the receiver. Electromagnetic definitio
transmission includes light emissions travelling in a straight line. The n 2M
rays or waves may be diffracted, refracted, reflected or absorbed by
atmosphere and obstructions with material and generally cannot
travel over the horizon or behind obstacles.
d) State advantages of multiplexing. 2M
Ans. Advantages of multiplexing:
1.Simple and easy Any two
2.Large capacities and scalable. advanta
3.Signals from different sources can be sent together through a single ges 1M
common channel. each
4.Signals may have varying speed.
e) State advantages of packet switching. 2M
Ans. Advantages of packet switching:
1.Line efficiency is high since the link can be dynamically shared. Any two
2.Stations can perform data rate conversions. advanta
3.Packets can be stored and forwarded. ges 1M
4.It has ability to prioritize the packets. each
f) State any two drawbacks of parity checking for error detection. 2M
Ans. Drawbacks of parity checking for error detection: Any two
1. Can be used to detect single bit errors drawbac
2.Cannot detect location of errors. ks 1M
3.Overheads are more. each
g) Enlist generations of mobile telephone system. 2M
Ans. Generations of mobile telephone system:
 First Generation
 Second Generation:2.5G, 2.75G Generati
 Third Generation:3.5, 3.75G ons 2M
 Fourth Generation
 Fifth Generation
2. Attempt any three of the following: 12
a) Compare amplitude modulation and frequency modulation (4 4M
points).
Ans.
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MODEL ANSWER
Parameter Amplitude modulation Frequency modulation

(AM) (FM)
Definition Amplitude modulation Frequency modulation
(AM) is the process of (FM) is the process of
changing the amplitude changing the frequency
of a high frequency of carrier signal in
carrier signal in proportion with the
proportion with instantaneous value of Any
the instantaneous value the modulating signal four
of the modulating signal keeping Amplitude points
keeping frequency &Phase constant. 1M each
&Phase constant.
Waveform AM wave: FM wave:
Bandwidth BW= 2fm(fm -frequency Bandwidth =2 [ ]

of modulating signal) (fm - frequency of
modulating signal)
Noise Less More
immunity
Modulation
index
Vm - Amplitude of
modulating signal fm - frequency of
Vc- Amplitude of carrier modulating signal
signal
Frequencie 535 – 1700 KHz 88.1 – 108.1 MHz
s used for
transmissio
n
b) Explain process of phase shift keying. 4M

Ans. Phase-shift keying (PSK) is a digital to analog modulation scheme
based on changing, or modulating, the initial phase of a carrier
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MODEL ANSWER
signal. PSK is used to represent digital information, such as binary

digits zero (0) and one (1).The modulation of PSK is done using a
balance modulator, which multiplies the two signals applied at the Explana
input. For a zero binary input, the phase will be 180° and for a high tion 2M
input, the phase reversal is of 0°. Following is the diagrammatic
representation of PSK Modulated output wave along with its given
input.
Diagram
2M
The output sine wave of the modulator will be the direct input carrier
or the inverted (180° phase shifted) input carrier, which is a function
of the data signal.
Amplitude and frequency of the original carrier signal is kept
constant.
c) Draw a labeled diagram of fiber optic cable and state its 4M
advantages.
(Note: Any other relevant diagram can also be considered)
Ans.
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MODEL ANSWER
Diagram
2M
Advantages of fiber optic cable:

1.Higher data rate
2.Large Bandwidth
3.Less signal attenuation Any 2
4.Light weight. Advanta
5.More reliability ges 1M
6.Long distance. each
7.Higher security.
d) Differentiate between circuit switching and packet switching. 4M

Ans.
Circuit switching Packet switching
1.Dedicated transmission path 1.No dedicated path
2.Continuous transmission of 2.Transmission of packets. Any
data. four
3.Messages are not stored. 3.Packets may be stored until points
delivered. 1M each
4.Fixed bandwidth 4.Dynamic bandwidth
5.After call setup, no overhead 5.Overhead bits in each
bits. packet.

a) Draw a BFSK waveform to represent the following bit stream 0 1 4M
1 0 1 0.
Ans.
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MODEL ANSWER
4M
for
proper
wavefor
m
b) Draw and explain block diagram of satellite communication. 4M

(Note: Any other relevant block diagram may also be considered).
Ans. Satellites are the bodies that revolve around the earth just in same
way moon revolves around the earth. Satellite communication is
similar to terrestrial microwave communication except that satellite
acts as one of the station. Satellite performs the functions of an
antenna and the repeater together. Ground station A sends
information to ground station B via the satellite.
Diagram
2M
Two frequency bands are used for signals from earth to satellite
(uplink) and from satellite to earth (downlink). Satellite takes uplink Explana
signal coming from sender, processes it and converts to downlink tion 2M
frequency and transmit it towards earth. The coverage area over
which the signal of satellite is available is called as footprint of
satellite.
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MODEL ANSWER
c) Compare DSSS with FHSS. 4M

Ans.
Compare DSSS FHSS
Definition PN sequence of large Data bits are transmitted in
bandwidth is multiplied different frequency slots
with narrow band data which are changed by PN 1M for
signal. sequence. each
Modulation M-ary FSK BPSK point
method
Acquisition Short Long
time
Effect of More Less
distance
d) Explain the process of CRC with respect to following example. If 4M

G (X) = 110010 and M (X) = 101 then calculate CRC for above
stream.
Ans. Procedure:- data bits= G(X)=110010 divisor=M(X)=101
Here divisor is 3 bits so we need to append 2 zeroes (2 bit) to the data
bits for division.
Division carried is the normal binary division.
Result is calculated by the following condition: Stepwise
1. If the remainder after division process is zero , it indicates that the procedu
data bits has no errors and the data bit is acceptable re 2M
2. If the remainder after division is non-zero , it indicates that the
data bits has errors and we have to append the remainder bits to the
original data bits and then send the data again. This remainder bits
are called as the CRC. So the data bits transmitted will be DATA +
CRC
DATA CRC
BITS
Consider the given example, lets perform division process for CRC.
Here the divisor is 3 bits hence we append 2 zeroes to the data bits,
so the data bits will be 11001000 this will be divided by 101
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MODEL ANSWER
CRC
2M
Since remainder is 0 there is no error in the data.

a) Explain the following concept with neat diagram: 4M
i) Bit Rate ii) Baud Rate
Ans. i) Bit Rate: Bit rate is the number of bits transmitted in one second. It
is represented as bits per second(bps).
Definitio
n of
each
term 1M
Wavefor
m of
each
term 1M
Bit Rate
ii) Baud Rate: Baud rate is defined as the number of signal units per
second. It is always less than or equal to bit rate. It is represented as
bauds or symbols/second.
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MODEL ANSWER
Baud Rate
b) "In satellite communication different frequency bands are used 4M

for uplink and downlink". Explain. Definitio
Ans. Uplink frequency is used for transmission of signals from earth n of
station transmitter to satellite. Downlink frequency is used for uplink
transmission of signals from satellite to earth station receiver. and
downlin
Both the frequencies are different because: k 1M
1. The satellite transmitter generates a signal that would jam its own and any
receiver if both uplink and downlink shared same frequency. three
2. Trying to receive and transmit an amplified version of the same reasons
uplink waveform at same satellite will cause unwanted feedback why to
or ring around from downlink antenna back to the receiver. use the
3. Frequency band separation allows the same antenna to be used for frequenc
both receiving and transmitting simplifying satellite hardware. y 3M
c) Explain virtual circuit approach of switching used in computer 4M

networks.
Ans. In virtual circuit approach a logical connection is established between
sending and receiving devices called virtual circuits. This connection
remains the same and is retained unless and until the complete
communication takes place. During the entire communication, data is Explana
transmitted through the same connection and once the communication tion 2M
is finished the logical connection is dissolved or terminated or
disconnected. It is then ready for creating new
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(Autonomous)

MODEL ANSWER
connection for communication of some different nodes. In this type of

approach packets are forwarded more quickly.
E.g.consider a network in which sender wants to sendthe data .this
can be diagramatically represented as follows:
Diagram
matic
represen
tation of
flow of
packets
2M
Virtual circuit approach
d) Assuming even parity technique find the parity bit for following 4M
frames:
i) 0000010 ii) 1111000
iii) 1010101 iv) 1011011
Ans.
Sr. Data Parity bit
No
1 0000010 1 Each
correct
2 1111000 0 parity bi
t 1M
3 1010101 0
4 1011011 1
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MODEL ANSWER
e) Explain the concept of pico net and scatter net of Bluetooth. 4M

Ans. Piconet:- It is a Bluetooth network that consists of one primary
(master) node and seven active secondary (slave)nodes. It can have 8
active nodes within the distance of 10 meter.
Communication between primary and secondary can be one-to-one or Piconet
one-to-many. All communication is between master and slave. There explanat
can be only one primary or master station in each piconet. ion with
diagram
2M
PICONET
Scatternet:- Scatternet is formed by combining various piconets.

Slave in one piconet acts as a master or primary in other piconet.
A node can receive messages from master in first piconet and deliver
the messages to its slave I other piconet where it is acting as master.
This node is called bridge slave. This node cannot be the master of
two piconets.
Scattern
ert
explanat
ion with
diagram
2M
Scatternet
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MODEL ANSWER
5. Attempt any two of the following: 12

a) Differentiate between twisted pair coaxial cable and fiber optic 6M
cable (any 4 points).
Ans.
Sr. Twisted pair Coaxial cable Fiber optic cable
No. cable
1 Transmission of Transmission of Signal transmission
signals of takes signals takes takes place in an
place in theplace in the optical form over a
electrical form electrical form glass fiber.
over the metallic over the inner
conducting wires. conductor of the Any
cable. four
2 In this medium Coaxial having Optical fiber has points -
the noise higher noise highest noise 11/2M
immunity is low. immunity than immunity as the for each
twisted pair cable. light rays are point
unaffected by the
electrical noise.
3 Twisted pair Coaxial cable is Not affected by the
cable can be less affected due external magnetic
affected due to to external field.
external magnetic magnetic field.
field.
4 Cheapest medium Moderate Expensive
Expensive
5 Low Bandwidth Moderately high Very high
bandwidth bandwidth
6 Attenuation is Attenuation is Attenuation is very
very high low low
7 Installation is Installation is Installation is
easy fairly easy difficult
b) Explain the following flow and error control techniques: 6M

i) Stop and wait
ii) Go back N ARQ.
Ans.
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MODEL ANSWER
i) Stop and wait:

In this method of flow control, the sender sends a single frame to
receiver & waits for an acknowledgment.
• The next frame is sent by sender only when acknowledgment of
previous frame is received.
• This process of sending a frame & waiting for an acknowledgment
continues as long as the sender has data to send.
• To end up the transmission sender transmits end of transmission
(EOT) frame Each
Techniq
ue with
diagram
3M
ii) Go-Back-N ARQ:

In Go-Back-N ARQ method, both sender and receiver maintain a
window.
Fig: Go-Back-N ARQ
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MODEL ANSWER
 The sending-window size enables the sender to send multiple

frames without receiving the acknowledgement of the previous
ones.
 The receiving-window enables the receiver to receive multiple
frames and acknowledge them. The receiver keeps track of
incoming frame’s sequence number.
 When the sender sends all the frames in window, it checks up to
what sequence number it has received positive acknowledgement.
 If all frames are positively acknowledged, the sender sends next
set of frames.
 If sender finds that it has received NACK (negative
acknowledgement)or has not receive any ACK for a particular
frame, it retransmits all the frames after which it does not receive
any positive ACK.
c) Compare first, second, third and fourth generation mobile 6M
telephone systems (any 3 points).
Ans.
Technology 1G 2G/2.5G 3G 4G
Bandwidth 2Kbps 14-64kbps 2Mbps 200Mbps
Technology Analog Digital Broadband Unified IP
cellular cellular width/CD and
MA/IP seamless
Technolog combo of
y LAN/WA Any
N/WLAN three
Service Mobile Digital Integrated Dynamic points-
telephony voice, high informatio 2M for
Short quality n access, each
messaging audio, variable point
video and devices.
data
Multiplexin FDMA TDMA/CD CDMA CDMA
g MA
Switching Circuit Circuit/circ Packet All packet
uit for except for
access air
network interface
and air
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(Autonomous)

MODEL ANSWER
interface
Core PSTN PSTN Packet Internet
Network network
6. Attempt any two of the following: 12

a) Explain the following multiplexing techniques with block 6M
diagram:
i) TDM ii) FDM
Ans.
i) TDM (Time Division Multiplexing):
1.TDM is the digital multiplexing technique. Each
2. In TDM, the channel/link is divided on the basis of on the basis of techniqu
time. e with
diagram
3. Total time available in the channel is divided between several 3M
users.
4. Each user is allotted a particular time interval called time slot or
time slice during which the data is transmitted by that user.
5. Thus each sending device takes control of entire bandwidth of the
channel for fixed amount of time.
6. In TDM the data rate capacity of the transmission medium should
be greater than the data rate required by sending or receiving devices.
7. In TDM all the signals to be transmitted are not transmitted
simultaneously. Instead, they are transmitted one-by-one.
8. Thus each signal will be transmitted for a very short time. One
cycle or frame is said to be complete when all the signals are
transmitted once on the transmission channel.
9. The TDM system can be used to multiplex analog or digital
signals, however it is more suitable for the digital signal multiplexing.
10. The TDM signal in the form of frames is transmitted on the
common communication medium.
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MODEL ANSWER
Fig. Time Division Multiplexing

ii) FDM(Frequency-Division Multiplexing):
1.FDM is a scheme in which numerous signals are combined for
transmission on a single communications line or channel.
2. It is analog multiplexing technique. Each signal is assigned a
different frequency (sub channel) within the main channel. It requires
channel synchronization.
3.FDM requires that the bandwidth of a link should be greater than
the combined bandwidths of the various signals to be transmitted.
Thus each signal having different frequency forms a particular logical
channel on the link and follows this channel only. These channels are
then separated by the strips of unused bandwidth called guard bands.
These guard bands prevent the signals from overlapping as shown in
Fig.
4.In FDM, signals to be transmitted must be analog signals. Thus
digital signals need to be converted to analog form, if they are to use
FDM.
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MODEL ANSWER
b) Explain the layered architecture of ISO-OSI model along with 6M

functions of each layer.
Ans. Layered Architecture of ISO-OSI Model:
1.The basic idea of a layered architecture is to divide the ISO-OSI
model into small pieces. Each layer adds to the services provided by
the lower layers in such a manner that the highest layer is provided a
full set of services to manage communications and run the
applications.
2. A basic principle is to ensure independence of layers by defining Descript
services provided by each layer to the next higher layer without ion of
defining how the services are to be performed. layered
3.In an n-layer architecture, layer n on one machine carries on architect
conversation with the layer n on other machine. The rules and ure 2M
conventions used in this conversation are collectively known as the
layer-n protocol.
7 Layers of OSI reference Model
ISO-OSI model has 7 layered architecture.

Functions of each layer are given below
Layer1 :Physical Layer

 It activates, maintains and deactivates the physical connection.
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MODEL ANSWER
 It is responsible for transmission and reception of the unstructured

raw data over network.
 Voltages and data rates needed for transmission is defined in the
physical layer.
 It converts the digital/analog bits into electrical signal or optical
signals.
 Data encoding is also done in this layer. Any one
function
of all the
Layer2: Data Link Layer
layers
1. Data link layer synchronizes the information which is to be 4M
transmitted over the physical layer.
2. The main function of this layer is to make sure data transfer is
error free from one node to another, over the physical layer.
3. Transmitting and receiving data frames sequentially is managed by
this layer.
4. This layer sends and expects acknowledgements for frames
received and sent respectively. Resending of non-
acknowledgement received frames is also handled by this layer.
Layer3:The Network Layer

1. Network Layer routes the signal through different channels from
one node to other.
2. It acts as a network controller. It manages the Subnet traffic.
3. It decides by which route data should take.
4. It divides the outgoing messages into packets and assembles the
incoming packets into messages for higher levels.
Layer 4: Transport Layer

1. Transport Layer decides if data transmission should be on parallel
path or single path.
2. Functions such as Multiplexing, Segmenting or Splitting on the
data are done by this layer
3. It receives messages from the Session layer above it, convert the
message into smaller units and passes it on to the Network layer.
4. Transport layer can be very complex, depending upon the
network requirements.
Transport layer breaks the message (data) into small units so that they
are handled more efficiently by the network layer.
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MODEL ANSWER
Layer 5: The Session Layer

1. Session Layer manages and synchronize the conversation
between two different applications.
2. Transfer of data from source to destination session layer streams
of data are marked and are resynchronized properly, so that the
ends of the messages are not cut prematurely and data loss is
avoided.
Layer 6: The Presentation Layer

1. Presentation Layer takes care that the data is sent in such a way
that the receiver will understand the information (data) and will
be able to use the data.
2. While receiving the data, presentation layer transforms the data to
be ready for the application layer.
3. Languages(syntax) can be different of the two communicating
systems. Under this condition presentation layer plays a role of
translator.
4. It performs Data compression, Data encryption, Data conversion
etc.
Layer 7: Application Layer

1. Application Layer is the topmost layer.
2. Transferring of files disturbing the results to the user is also done
in this layer. Mail services, directory services, network resource
etc are services provided by application layer.
3. This layer mainly holds application programs to act upon the
received and to be sent data.
c) Two channels one with a bit rate of 100 Kbps and another with 6M
bit rate of 200 Kbps are to be multiplexed.
Answer the following questions:
i) Calculate size of frames in bits
ii) Calculate the frame rate
iii) Calculate the duration of frame
Ans.
Channel 1 has a bit rate of 100Kbps. Channel 2 has a bit rate of
200Kbps Hence channel 2 is demultiplexed into 2 channels of
100Kbps each. Hence 3 channels of 100 Kbps are multiplexed
effectively.
Let us consider that one slot of the channel 1 is allocated and two
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MODEL ANSWER
slots of the channel 2 is allocated in the frame .
i) Calculate size of frames in bits: Thus each frame carries 3 bits.
ii) Calculate the frame rate: The total bit rate of the multiplexed Each bit
link is 300kbps. Each frame has 3 bits. The frame rate is100,000 2M
frames per second (Any other assumption may also be considered).
iii) Calculate the duration of frame: Thus the frame duration is

1/100,000s or 1 s.
Page 20 / 20

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MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

WINTER – 2018 EXAMINATION

Important Instructions to examiners:

Q. Sub Answer Marking

Diagram of coaxial cable

WINTER – 2018 EXAMINATION

c) Define line of sight propagation. 2M

WINTER – 2018 EXAMINATION

Parameter Amplitude modulation Frequency modulation

Bandwidth BW= 2fm(fm -frequency Bandwidth =2 [ ]

b) Explain process of phase shift keying. 4M

WINTER – 2018 EXAMINATION

signal. PSK is used to represent digital information, such as binary

WINTER – 2018 EXAMINATION

Advantages of fiber optic cable:

d) Differentiate between circuit switching and packet switching. 4M

3. Attempt any three of the following: 12

WINTER – 2018 EXAMINATION

b) Draw and explain block diagram of satellite communication. 4M

WINTER – 2018 EXAMINATION

c) Compare DSSS with FHSS. 4M

d) Explain the process of CRC with respect to following example. If 4M

WINTER – 2018 EXAMINATION

Since remainder is 0 there is no error in the data.

4. Attempt any three of the following: 12

WINTER – 2018 EXAMINATION

b) "In satellite communication different frequency bands are used 4M

c) Explain virtual circuit approach of switching used in computer 4M

WINTER – 2018 EXAMINATION

connection for communication of some different nodes. In this type of

Virtual circuit approach

WINTER – 2018 EXAMINATION

e) Explain the concept of pico net and scatter net of Bluetooth. 4M

Scatternet:- Scatternet is formed by combining various piconets.

WINTER – 2018 EXAMINATION

5. Attempt any two of the following: 12

b) Explain the following flow and error control techniques: 6M

WINTER – 2018 EXAMINATION

i) Stop and wait:

ii) Go-Back-N ARQ:

Fig: Go-Back-N ARQ

WINTER – 2018 EXAMINATION

 The sending-window size enables the sender to send multiple

WINTER – 2018 EXAMINATION

6. Attempt any two of the following: 12

WINTER – 2018 EXAMINATION

Fig. Time Division Multiplexing

WINTER – 2018 EXAMINATION

b) Explain the layered architecture of ISO-OSI model along with 6M

7 Layers of OSI reference Model

ISO-OSI model has 7 layered architecture.

Layer1 :Physical Layer

WINTER – 2018 EXAMINATION

 It is responsible for transmission and reception of the unstructured

Layer3:The Network Layer

Layer 4: Transport Layer

WINTER – 2018 EXAMINATION

Layer 5: The Session Layer