• Inline functions

• Friend function and classes

•Static data members
•Static member functions

Prepared by: Anil Kumar Tailor, Assistant Prof.,

Engineering College Ajmer
Inline functions
 Every time a function is called, it takes a lot of
extra time in executing series of instructions.
 Solution for small functions is inline functions
 Inline function: A function that is expanded in line
when it is invoked.
 The compiler replaces the function call with the
corresponding function code.

Prepared by: Anil Kumar Tailor, Assistant Prof.,

Engineering College Ajmer
Inline functions
 Syntax-
inline function-header
{
function body;
}
 Example:
inline double cube (double a)
{
return(a*a*a);
}
c=cube(3.0); // invoke function

Prepared by: Anil Kumar Tailor, Assistant Prof.,

Engineering College Ajmer
Inline functions
 inline keyword only sends a request, not a command to
the compiler .
 compiler may ignore this request if the function is too
long and compile it as a normal function.
 inline expansion may not work if:
 a loop, a switch or a goto exists.
 contain static variables.
 functions are recursive.

Prepared by: Anil Kumar Tailor, Assistant Prof.,

Engineering College Ajmer
Friend function and classes
 A normal function that is declared with the keyword
friend inside the class is called friend function.
 It can be common to two classes.
 A friend function has following characteristics:
 It is invoked like a normal function, not with object of
the class.
 It can access the private members of the class by using
the object of that class.
 It can be declared anywhere in the class.
 Generally, it has objects as arguments.
Prepared by: Anil Kumar Tailor, Assistant Prof.,
Engineering College Ajmer
Friend function and classes
 Example-
class ABC; //forward class declaration
class XYZ
{
int x;
public:
XYZ(int y)
{
x=y;
}
void show_x()
{
cout<<x<<“\n”;
}
friend void swap(XYZ &, ABC &); //swap values of two variables
};
Prepared by: Anil Kumar Tailor, Assistant Prof.,
Engineering College Ajmer
Friend function and classes
class ABC
{
int a;
public:
ABC(int b)
{
a=b;
}
void show_a()
{
cout<<a<<“\n”;
}
friend void swap(XYZ &, ABC &); //swap values of two variables
};
Prepared by: Anil Kumar Tailor, Assistant Prof.,
Engineering College Ajmer
Friend function and classes
void swap(XYZ & r, ABC & s) //friend
function
{
int t=r.x;
r.x=s.a;
s.a=t;
}

Prepared by: Anil Kumar Tailor, Assistant Prof.,

Engineering College Ajmer
Friend function and classes
int main()
{
XYZ obj1(5);
ABC obj2(10);
obj1.show_x();
obj2.show_a();
swap(obj1,obj2); //calling friend function
obj1.show_x();
obj2.show_a();
return 0;
}
Output-
5
10
10
5 Prepared by: Anil Kumar Tailor, Assistant Prof.,
Engineering College Ajmer
Friend function and classes
 A member function of a class can be friend function of
another class.
 For example
class A
{
void fun(); // member function of A
};
class B
{
- ------
friend void A::fun();
--------
};
 The function fun() is a member function of class A and
friend function of class B.

Prepared by: Anil Kumar Tailor, Assistant Prof.,

Engineering College Ajmer
Friend function and classes
 If all the member function of one class are declared as
friend functions in another class, then the class is called
friend class.
 For example-
class C
{
- ------
friend class A; //All member functions of class A are friend
to class C.
- ------
};
Prepared by: Anil Kumar Tailor, Assistant Prof.,
Engineering College Ajmer
Static data member
 A data member declared with static keyword.
 Characteristics of static data member-
 It is initialized to zero when the first object of its class
is created.
 Only one copy of that member is created for the entire
class and is shared by all the objects of that class.
 It is visible only within the class but its life time is the
entire program.

Prepared by: Anil Kumar Tailor, Assistant Prof.,

Engineering College Ajmer
Static data member
 Example-
class item
{
static int count; //count is static
int number;
public:
void getdata(int a)
{ number=a;
count++; }
void getcount(void)
{ cout<<”count:” <<count<<“\n”; }
};
int item :: count ; //definition of static data member

Prepared by: Anil Kumar Tailor, Assistant Prof.,

Engineering College Ajmer
Static data member
int main( )
{
item a,b,c; // count is initialized to zero
a.getcount( ); // display count
b.getcount( );
c.getcount( ):
a.getdata( 10):
b.getdata( 20);
c.getdata( 30);
cout<<“After reading data”<<“\n”;
a.getcount( ); // display count
b.getcount( );
c.getcount( ):
return 0;
} Prepared by: Anil Kumar Tailor, Assistant Prof.,
Engineering College Ajmer
Static data member
 Output
count:0
count:0
count:0
After reading data
count: 3
count:3
count:3
 While defining static data member, some initial value can
also be assigned. For example-
int item :: count =10;
Prepared by: Anil Kumar Tailor, Assistant Prof.,
Engineering College Ajmer
Static member function
 A member function declared with static keyword.
 Properties of static member functions-
 It can access only other static data members and
member functions in the same class.
 They are invoked using the class name.

Prepared by: Anil Kumar Tailor, Assistant Prof.,

Engineering College Ajmer
Static member function
 Example-
class test
{
int x;
static int y;
public:
void set_xy(int a)
{ x=a; y++; }
void show_x(void)
{ cout<<“x=”<<x<<“\n”; }
static void show_y(void)
{ cout<<“y=”<<y; }
};
int test :: y; //define static data member
Prepared by: Anil Kumar Tailor, Assistant Prof.,
Engineering College Ajmer
Static member function
int main()
{
test t1, t2;
t1.set_xy(10);
t2.set_xy(20);
t1.show_x();
t2.show_x();
test::show_y(); // calling static function
return 0;
}
 Output
x=10
x=20
y=2

Prepared by: Anil Kumar Tailor, Assistant Prof.,

Engineering College Ajmer
Thank You

Prepared by: Anil Kumar Tailor, Assistant Prof.,

Engineering College Ajmer