tbe Fu (Ce) B ; To study the relation between stress and bifringence in a photoelastic crystal. ‘WEORY: hotoclasticity is a property, exhibited by some transparent crystals, whereby they become ifringent, when subjected to stress) x the unloaded state, the material exhibits an isotropic index of refraction m. Therefore, light fall orientations propagating along all axes through the material propagate with the same seed, namely w/o, 1 the loaded state, however, the orientation of the electric field vector of light with respect to 1e principal stress axes, and the magnitudes of the principal stresses’, determine the index of sfraction for that light wave. Fig. 1 Principal stress-element Effectively (a bireftingent material acts as a temporary wave plate (Fig. 1). The index of refraction 7, it having its electric field vector in the direction of the maximum principal normal stress 6; is given by nen Gy+c(Gx+0;) , la) where, ct and c2 are called the stress-optic coefficients, and, if birefringence is to occur, cl#e2. . Ina similar Way, the index of refraction n, for light having its amplitude vector in the direction of the minimum principal normal stress 62 is given by Tym KOGy+C{Gs+0)) , « 1b)) a and for light having its amplitude vector in the outof-plane direction, My My =O GytC(G+,) « «++. (10) Equations (1) ate called Maxwell’s equations. The principal stresses are the components of the stress tensor when the basis is changed in such a ‘vay that the shear stress components become zero. } | ¥.cet us consider that the light wave is propagating in the z direction, or 63 direction. The Icctric field vector of the light is then in the xy plane, and we will therefore be interested veimly,in Eqns. (1a) and (7b), Iris always possible to resolve a given electric field vector into ‘omponents aligned With the ot and 62 axes, Let us suppose that light wave with electric field rector the & direction propagate more slowly through the material than those with amplitude rector in the & direction, Then n,>1, . Fea -Fignrc. i Yext we consider the vera phase difference between orthogonal components Mi and \n of a light wave that epfered the material from the back in phase and aligned in the srincipal stress directions (Fig. 2), hs qresby ‘rom Eqns. 1(a) and (b), \e nyny=(cx-¢1)(o1-0): ctor) Ay where c is called the relatite stress-optic coefficient, whith is 4 material property. It is important to see in Eqn. (2) that the refraction-index difference\1;-n, is independent of 03. The results to follow therefore hold for arbitrary value of 65; that the material is in a state of plane stress. The path difference 8 between Mi and M2is given by ( hinrny)= he(or-o)) CY itlis not necessary to assume Fig. 2 Birefringent effect where h is the thickness of the material in the light propagation direction. The phase difference between the retarded wave fronts can be given by, = hele, —0,) } ! | | |sr toad normal or transverse load 3250 ren from Eqn. 1a) and 1(b) we get Scho, _cFh_ Wy SX” ahb” Fox here, Fis the Force at the erystal,/ib = area of cross section of crystal, iscalculated by balancing torque, as W y = F x, where W is the weight applied. Axis {OCEDURE erto attached inal manual ‘erimental setup is shown below (a & | F S “ i x 4 Nicol jource Lens Nicol - enna ' Prism a Babinet Lea Compensator Determi n of fringe width Arrange the setup such that the polarized Na light falls on the crystal and then passes through an analyzer and finally reaches the compensator with a retardation, such that a fringe pattern is seen through the compensator. Now keeping zero as the mean position at the center of a bright fringe, measure the e of the next eight fringes oy any one side from the ean position. Note down° AV Bs age ree width can be calculated by taking difference between I" and 5", 2% and i" oa ea 7 and." and 8" fringes. Then Averaging these differences and dividing them by 4 will give the required average fringe width, n of fringe shift ring the fringe shi we mei Determina orn ‘asure the distance between the initial position {ihe position of }* fringe) and the final position (or 8" fri ci both during Joading and unloading (ir cern MS ee table. in steps of 0.5 Kgs, till 4-5 Kgs) in'the given FOR DETAILS, REFER TO THE ATTACHED MANUAL OBSERVATION AND. CALCULATIONS: Least count of the vernier: Mechanical advantage of the cantilever yi Table 1: Determination of the fringe width rings Wo. ] =, ae en [Total 1 0 0 0 Average fringe-width = \ Cable 2: Determination of iringe shift Weight | : Loading Unloading Average (Ke) ~ __| MSR VSR Total MSR VSR Total} Shifts) Dead : 1K. | ty plotting a graph between ‘s’ and “W’, we can calculate the slope which will give us the ‘al value of Stress optical constant c. BY bt z 2) ex (ews) c= Me. Slope = 5 : abe SlopexAbx heey teference: Experimental Stress Analysis by James W. PhillipsPHOTOELASTIC CONSTANT IM: To determine the stress-optics constant for a crystal, for example glass or Perspex. PPARATUS: Sodium lamp, Nicol prism, lens, Babinet compensator, compounded with the alyzer, arrangement to apply stress (crystal holder, rod, loads , weight, hanger), screw gauge. HE@RY: Some substances, like glass, Perspex fall in the category of isotropic substance. hen a light falls on them, it refracts. If we apply mechanical stress, the crystal becomes sotropic and double refraction or bireftingence is observed. The double refraction or efringence is a phenomenon in which when an unpolarized beam enters in an anisotropic Stal, it splits up into two beams; each of them being characterized by a certain state cf arization. If by some method, we could eliminate one of the beams we could obtain a linearly acized beam. The purpose is served by a Nicol prism. Unpolarized light ray enters through the face of the crystal and is split into two orthogonally polarized, differently directed rays by birefringence property of the calcite. One of these rays (the ordinary or o-ray) experiences a active index of no = 1.658 in the calcite and it undergoes total internal reflection at the ite-glue interface because its angle of incidence at the glue layer (refractive index n = 1.55) 2eds the critical angle for the interface. Thus this beam is eliminated by total internal ‘ction. The extra ordinary component passes through and the beam emerging from the crystal nearly polarized. The effect so produced can be observed by using analyzing Nicol prism. analyzing Nicol is fitted to a Babinet compensator which is used to study the variation in the sity accurately. ANET COMPENSATOR: It is very useful device employed in the production and analysis ptically polarized light, Essentially, it consists of two wedge shaped Quartz prism ABC (X) ADC (1), placed with their hypotenuse in contact so as to form a rectangular block ABCD own in the fig(a). ‘The prisms are cut so that the optic axes are parallel to the external faces ind CD of the compensator but perpendicular to each other and also to the direction of igation PQ of the light. One of the wedges is fixed and other is arranged to slide wart. it by 5 0f.a micrometer screw. Jane polarized light falls normally on the face AB with the plane of vibration inclined at 8 to the optic axis, it will split up into two components ordinary (o) and extraordinary (e). ‘component, parallel to the optic ays in X, travels slower than ‘o” component until it #510 the second wedge Y. In wedge ¥ the optic axis is perpendicular to that in wedge X. 2}te e ray in X behaves as ordinary in Y, while the ordinary in X behaves as yinY. 4o are the refractive indices of quartz for extraordinary and ordinary rays. t; be the verse by the rays in wedge X. The path difference introduced between o and e rays = dn entering Y the e-ray behaves as ordinary ray and vice versa. Hence if tp is the versed in Y, the path difference introduced by Y is (j1g — pio) tz or ~(jte - po) to- le resultant path difference introduced by compensator is obtained by adding the xpressions and is given by = (j1p_ Ho) (ti-t2) . Along the center where both path are Yective path difference is zero and the emergent light will be plane polarized in the e. On each side one vibration will be behind or ahead of the other on account of ssed different thickness in either prism. Thus the light emerging from Y can be made arly or elliptically polarized i.e. the compensator, serves the effect of a waveplate of ness. Thus it has the advantage over a quartz wave plate. The latter causes the path actly for 2 particula wavelength. A D E: Determination of Fringe width: The source, the Nicol prism NI (line Babinet compensator (BC), the 2" Nicol prism Nz ( attached to the BC) and rst adjusted to be in a straight line. rough a narrow aperture is made to pass through the prism of BC with its plane of i° to the optic axis of the prism. Owing to the variation of the effective thickness Pensator at a distance from mid- point, for which the retardation is even multiple 4, 32......4 the light is polarized in the same plane as transmitted by N; and iguished by N2. Since the compensator is of constant thickness in vertical field of view will be crossed by 4 series of equidistant parallel dark bands. At a ay between them the path difference are odd multiple of 1/2 ie 2/2 3N/2, 5N/2 ransmitted light is also plane polarized but vibrating in a plane making an angle 20‘h the incident plane of vibration. Here 0 is the angle between that plane and the direction of ic axis in the front prism. The Nicol N2 will not extinguish the light and if O= 45°, the light m these plane will be completely transmitted by the Nicol No. In general we have two system bands along which the light is plane polarized and the plane of polarization of the two are lined at 26. In between these positions the light will, in general, be elliptically polarized. w Keep the crosswire on any fringe (bright or dark) note the micrometer screw reading. Keep crosswire on the next bright or dark fringe and again note the micrometer screw reading. xe the reading for 12 consecutive fringe (bright/ dark). Calculate the fringe width ‘f. termination of birefringes on loading: First place the crystal on the wooden block in the stal holder. Place the given rod on the crystal with the help of level screw, attached to the side he.wooden block. At the other end of the iron bar provision is made to attach the load with help of a hanger. The source, the Nicol prism Nj, the crystal, the Babinet compensator, the Nicol prism and eyepiece are first adjusted to be in streight line. The fringes are observed 1 sodium light. Set the crosswire atthe centre of bright band and note down the micrometer ling. This is the reading with no load or dead load. Now apply the load to the end of the zontal bar and adjust the level screw to ensure uniform loading of the crystal. Because of the ss on the crystal, it becomes birefringent and hence a shift is observed in the fringe pattern i.e \dditional phase difference 9 is introduced by the crystal. In other words, when the load is lied, the fringe shifts and moves away from original position. Bring it back to the original tion (i.e dead load position) by moving the micrometer screw. Then the shift is calculated by ig at dead load minus the present micrometer reading with load (m). The more the load is, more is the stress applied and more is the shift observed. A suitable value of mechanical intage (i.e y/x) is chosen and stress is applied. y is the distance between the level screw and srystal holder edge. x is the distance between the level screw and the crystal holder.