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Module 4

Measures of Central Location and Variability

Introduction
This module deals with the measures of location and of variability or
dispersion which includes the range, variance and standard deviation. It
also describes the kinds of distribution based on how the scores are
spread in the given distribution.

Student Learning Objectives (SLO)


At the end of this module you will be able to:
 compute the quartile, decile, percentile, range, variance, and
standard deviation.
 Interpret the results of computed values.
 describe kinds of distribution considering measures of variability.

Content
A. Measures of Central Location
The measures of location or point measures are the quartiles, deciles
and percentiles.
1. Quartiles. These are points dividing the distribution into four equal parts.

a. The first quartile (Q1) is located one-fourth of the number of cases, such that
25% of all the cases lie at or below it and 75% at or above it.
b. The value of the second quartile (Q2) is equal to the value of the median and

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fiftieth (50th) percentile. 50% of all the cases lie within or below it and 50% lie
within or above.
c. The value of the third quartile (Q3) corresponds to the value of the seventy-
fifth (75th) percentile. 75% of all the cases lie at or above it and 25% lie or
below it.

Finding the Quartiles of Ungrouped Scores

where: Qk = Quartile
N = population
k = quartile location

Example 1. Find the first, second, and third quartiles of the scores in the First
Quarterly Test in English. The scores are 53, 45, 59, 48, 54, 46, 51, 58, 55, and 47.

Solution.
Step 1. Arrange the data in order.

45, 46, 47, 48, 51, 53, 54, 55, 58, 59

1(10+1)
Q 1=
4

11
Q 1= =2.75 position
4

Q1=46+ ( 47−46 ) (0.75)

Q1=46.75

2(10+1)
Q 2=
4

22
Q 2= =5.5 position
4

(51+53)
Q 2=
2

Q2=52
3(10+1)
Q 3=
4

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33
Q 3= =8.25 position
4

Q3=55+(58−55)(0.25)

Q3=55.75

2. Deciles. These are points which divide the total number of cases in a
frequency distribution into ten equal parts. (D1, D2, D3, …D10)

3. Percentiles. These are points that divide the score distribution into one
hundred equal parts.

Percentile

Decile

k (N +1) k (N +1)
Dk = Pk =
10 100

B. Measures of Variability
Measure of variability is a single value that is used to describe the spread
of the scores in a distribution. The term variability is known as variation or dispersion.
It describes how close or how far is the distance of the scores of students in a certain
test from the average performance of the group.
1. Range
Range (R) is the difference between the highest score and the lowest score
in a distribution. Range is the simplest and the crudest measure of variation, simplest
because we shall only consider the highest score and the lowest score.

a. Range for Ungrouped Data


R = Highest Score – Lowest Score
Example 2. Find the range of the two groups of score distribution.
Group A: 10, 12, 15, 17, 25, 26, 28, 30, 35
Group B: 15, 16, 16, 17, 17, 23, 25, 26, 30
Solution: R A =35−10=25 R B=30−15=15
Analysis: Since the range of the scores in group A is greater than the range of group
B, then the scores in group A is more spread out/more scattered then the scores in
group B.

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b. Range for Grouped Scores
R = HSUB – LSLB
where:
R = range value
HSUB – upper boundary of the highest score
LSLB – lower boundary of the lowest score

Example 3. Find the range of the scores of 50 students in Mathematics Achievement


Test.

X F
89 – 97 2
81 – 88 3
73 – 80 8
65 – 72 6
57 – 64 12
49 – 56 4
41 – 48 5
33 – 40 7
25 – 32 3
n = 50
Solution:
R = 97.5 – 24. 5 = 73

Properties of Range
1. It is quick and easy to understand.
2. It is rough estimation of variation.
3. It is easily affected by extreme scores.

Interpretation of Range Value


When the range value is large, the scores in the distribution are more
dispersed, widespread or heterogeneous. On the other hand, when the range value
is small, the scores in the distribution are less dispersed, less scattered or
homogeneous.

2. Variance
Variance (s 2) shows variation of the scores around the mean. If the variance is
large, it means the scores varied largely around the mean. However, if the variance
is small, the scores varied closely around the mean.

Sample Variance
2
s=
∑ ( X −x )2
( n−1)
Population Variance
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σ
2
=
∑ ( X−x )2
n

Example 4. Using the data below, find the variance of the sample scores of 10
students in a Science quiz. Interpret the result.

X X −x ¿
19 4.4 19.36
17 2.4 5.76
16 1.4 1.96
16 1.4 1.96
15 0.4 0.16
14 -0.6 0.36
14 -0.6 0.36
13 -1.6 2.56
12 -2.6 6.76
10 -4.6 21.16
∑ X=146 ∑ ¿¿
x=14.6

Solution:
s=
∑2( X −x )2
( n−1)

2 60.31
s=
9
2
s =6.70

Interpretation: The score’s variation around the mean value of 14.6 is 6.71.

3. Standard Deviation
It is the most commonly used and the most stables measures of variation. It is
also known as the square root of the variance. It is the average distance of all the
scores that deviates from the mean value.

Sample Standard Deviation

s=
√ ∑ ( X −x )2
(n−1)

Population Standard Deviation

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σ=
√ ∑ ( X−x )2
n

Interpreting Standard Deviation


1. If the value of the standard deviation is large, on the average, the scores in the
distribution will be far from the mean. Therefore, the scores are spread out
around the mean value. The distribution is also known as heterogeneous.
2. If the value of the standard deviation is small, on the average, the scores in the
distribution will be close to the mean. Therefore, the scores are less
dispersed/compressed around the mean value. The distribution is also known
as homogeneous.

Example 5. Using the data in example 4, find the standard deviation of the sample
scores of 10 students in a Science quiz. Interpret the result.

s=
√ ∑ ( X −x )2
(n−1)

s= √ 6.70

s=2.59

Interpretation: The average distance of all the scores that deviates around the mean
value of 14.6 is 2.59. The scores are less dispersed around the mean and the
distribution is homogeneous.

Properties of Variance and Standard Deviation


1. The most commonly used measures of variation most especially in research.
2. It shows variation of the individual scores about the mean.

C. Measures of Variability in Different Distributions

1. Leptokurtic Distribution. Lepto means “skinny” or “thin”. If the distribution


has small measure of variability, the scores tend to be compressed toward the
mean. It is said to be homogeneous. The group tends to be almost of the
same ability.

2. Platykurtic Distribution. Platy means “flat”. If the distribution has large


measure of variability, the scores tend to be expanded or widely spread away
from the mean. It is said to be heterogeneous. The class has different kinds
of ability.
3. Mesokurtic Distribution. Meso means “middle”. If the distribution has
moderate value of measure of variability, the scores tend spread evenly around
the mean. The distribution tends to be symmetrical. It is said to be close to

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normal.

Assessment and Evaluation


Consider the following scores that were taken from a class of boys and girls in a 20-
item test in English. (30 pts.)

Boys: 5, 7, 7, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19

Girls: 9, 10, 10, 12, 13, 13, 15, 16, 16, 17

1. Find the range, variance, and standard deviation of boys, girls and the whole
class. Interpret the result.
2. Which group has a better performance?
3. Which group is more spread?
4. Which group is more homogeneous?

References
Adamos, J. and de Guzman, E., Assessment of Learning 1 and 2

Callo, Ede C. and Yazon, A., Assessment in Student Learning

Calmorin, L., Assessment of Student Learning 2

Garcia, C., Measuring and Evaluating Learning Outcomes: A Textbook in Educational


Assessment 1 & 2

Prepared:

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Mrs. JENNIFER A. REYES
Instructor

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