Module 4 in Assessment 2 Upload
Module 4 in Assessment 2 Upload
Module 4 in Assessment 2 Upload
Introduction
This module deals with the measures of location and of variability or
dispersion which includes the range, variance and standard deviation. It
also describes the kinds of distribution based on how the scores are
spread in the given distribution.
Content
A. Measures of Central Location
The measures of location or point measures are the quartiles, deciles
and percentiles.
1. Quartiles. These are points dividing the distribution into four equal parts.
a. The first quartile (Q1) is located one-fourth of the number of cases, such that
25% of all the cases lie at or below it and 75% at or above it.
b. The value of the second quartile (Q2) is equal to the value of the median and
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fiftieth (50th) percentile. 50% of all the cases lie within or below it and 50% lie
within or above.
c. The value of the third quartile (Q3) corresponds to the value of the seventy-
fifth (75th) percentile. 75% of all the cases lie at or above it and 25% lie or
below it.
where: Qk = Quartile
N = population
k = quartile location
Example 1. Find the first, second, and third quartiles of the scores in the First
Quarterly Test in English. The scores are 53, 45, 59, 48, 54, 46, 51, 58, 55, and 47.
Solution.
Step 1. Arrange the data in order.
1(10+1)
Q 1=
4
11
Q 1= =2.75 position
4
Q1=46.75
2(10+1)
Q 2=
4
22
Q 2= =5.5 position
4
(51+53)
Q 2=
2
Q2=52
3(10+1)
Q 3=
4
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33
Q 3= =8.25 position
4
Q3=55+(58−55)(0.25)
Q3=55.75
2. Deciles. These are points which divide the total number of cases in a
frequency distribution into ten equal parts. (D1, D2, D3, …D10)
3. Percentiles. These are points that divide the score distribution into one
hundred equal parts.
Percentile
Decile
k (N +1) k (N +1)
Dk = Pk =
10 100
B. Measures of Variability
Measure of variability is a single value that is used to describe the spread
of the scores in a distribution. The term variability is known as variation or dispersion.
It describes how close or how far is the distance of the scores of students in a certain
test from the average performance of the group.
1. Range
Range (R) is the difference between the highest score and the lowest score
in a distribution. Range is the simplest and the crudest measure of variation, simplest
because we shall only consider the highest score and the lowest score.
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b. Range for Grouped Scores
R = HSUB – LSLB
where:
R = range value
HSUB – upper boundary of the highest score
LSLB – lower boundary of the lowest score
X F
89 – 97 2
81 – 88 3
73 – 80 8
65 – 72 6
57 – 64 12
49 – 56 4
41 – 48 5
33 – 40 7
25 – 32 3
n = 50
Solution:
R = 97.5 – 24. 5 = 73
Properties of Range
1. It is quick and easy to understand.
2. It is rough estimation of variation.
3. It is easily affected by extreme scores.
2. Variance
Variance (s 2) shows variation of the scores around the mean. If the variance is
large, it means the scores varied largely around the mean. However, if the variance
is small, the scores varied closely around the mean.
Sample Variance
2
s=
∑ ( X −x )2
( n−1)
Population Variance
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σ
2
=
∑ ( X−x )2
n
Example 4. Using the data below, find the variance of the sample scores of 10
students in a Science quiz. Interpret the result.
X X −x ¿
19 4.4 19.36
17 2.4 5.76
16 1.4 1.96
16 1.4 1.96
15 0.4 0.16
14 -0.6 0.36
14 -0.6 0.36
13 -1.6 2.56
12 -2.6 6.76
10 -4.6 21.16
∑ X=146 ∑ ¿¿
x=14.6
Solution:
s=
∑2( X −x )2
( n−1)
2 60.31
s=
9
2
s =6.70
Interpretation: The score’s variation around the mean value of 14.6 is 6.71.
3. Standard Deviation
It is the most commonly used and the most stables measures of variation. It is
also known as the square root of the variance. It is the average distance of all the
scores that deviates from the mean value.
s=
√ ∑ ( X −x )2
(n−1)
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σ=
√ ∑ ( X−x )2
n
Example 5. Using the data in example 4, find the standard deviation of the sample
scores of 10 students in a Science quiz. Interpret the result.
s=
√ ∑ ( X −x )2
(n−1)
s= √ 6.70
s=2.59
Interpretation: The average distance of all the scores that deviates around the mean
value of 14.6 is 2.59. The scores are less dispersed around the mean and the
distribution is homogeneous.
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normal.
1. Find the range, variance, and standard deviation of boys, girls and the whole
class. Interpret the result.
2. Which group has a better performance?
3. Which group is more spread?
4. Which group is more homogeneous?
References
Adamos, J. and de Guzman, E., Assessment of Learning 1 and 2
Prepared:
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Mrs. JENNIFER A. REYES
Instructor
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