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Lecture Notes - Atomic Models

The document provides a summary of the historical development of atomic models from Dalton's model in 1803 to the modern quantum mechanical model developed in the 1920s. It describes John Dalton's initial atomic theory of indivisible particles and how subsequent scientists like J.J. Thomson, Ernest Rutherford, Niels Bohr, Erwin Schrödinger, and Werner Heisenberg contributed improved models. Their work led to the current understanding that atoms are composed of a small, dense nucleus of protons and neutrons surrounded by electrons that exist in probabilistic electron clouds.

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442 views3 pages

Lecture Notes - Atomic Models

The document provides a summary of the historical development of atomic models from Dalton's model in 1803 to the modern quantum mechanical model developed in the 1920s. It describes John Dalton's initial atomic theory of indivisible particles and how subsequent scientists like J.J. Thomson, Ernest Rutherford, Niels Bohr, Erwin Schrödinger, and Werner Heisenberg contributed improved models. Their work led to the current understanding that atoms are composed of a small, dense nucleus of protons and neutrons surrounded by electrons that exist in probabilistic electron clouds.

Uploaded by

gellert grindelwald
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© © All Rights Reserved
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**Lecture Notes: Models of the Atom**

**I. Introduction:**

A. Definition of an Atom: The basic unit of matter, consisting of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

B. Historical Perspective: The development of models to understand the structure of the atom.

**II. Dalton's Model (1803):**

A. John Dalton's Atomic Theory:

1. Elements are composed of indivisible particles called atoms.

2. Atoms of the same element are identical in size, mass, and properties.

3. Compounds result from the combination of atoms in simple, whole-number ratios.

**III. Thomson's Model (1897):**

A. Discovery of the Electron:

1. J.J. Thomson's Cathode Ray Experiment.

2. Model: "Plum Pudding" or "Chocolate Chip Cookie."

3. Electrons embedded in a positively charged "pudding."

**IV. Rutherford's Model (1911):**

A. Discovery of the Nucleus:

1. Ernest Rutherford's Gold Foil Experiment.

2. Model: Nuclear Model.

3. Atom mostly empty space with a small, dense, positively charged nucleus.

**V. Bohr's Model (1913):**

A. Incorporating Quantum Ideas:

1. Niels Bohr's model addressed the instability of Rutherford's model.

2. Electrons orbit the nucleus in fixed energy levels.

3. Quantized energy levels.


**VI. Quantum Mechanical Model (1926 onwards):**

A. Development of Quantum Mechanics:

1. Erwin Schrödinger and Werner Heisenberg.

2. Model: Electron Cloud Model.

3. Electrons exist in probability regions known as orbitals.

**VII. Modern Atom Structure:**

A. Subatomic Particles:

1. Protons: Positively charged particles in the nucleus.

2. Neutrons: Neutral particles in the nucleus.

3. Electrons: Negatively charged particles in electron clouds.

B. Atomic Number and Mass Number:

1. Atomic Number (Z): Number of protons in an atom.

2. Mass Number (A): Sum of protons and neutrons.

**VIII. Isotopes and Atomic Notation:**

A. Isotopes: Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.

B. Atomic Notation: Writing atomic symbols with mass and atomic numbers.

**IX. Electron Configuration:**

A. Distribution of Electrons:

1. Aufbau Principle, Pauli Exclusion Principle, and Hund's Rule.

2. Electron configuration notation.

**X. Conclusion:**

A. Recap of key points: The evolution of atomic models reflects our deepening understanding of the
microscopic world. From Dalton's indivisible atoms to the modern quantum mechanical model, each
model has contributed to our current comprehension of the atom's structure and behavior.
Understanding these models is fundamental for various fields, including chemistry and physics.

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