Unit II

Leveraging Information

Systems

Information System and Project Management

Leverage Information Systems delivers end-to-end digital

infrastructure solutions to support your business objectives

and to leverage your IT investments.

What is Project Management Information System?

The Project Management Information System (PMIS) is a

software application used to store, organize, and control

project data and information.

Need for Project Management Information System

⮚With the old traditional project management systems, project

managers have had trouble. It is because of various reasons like

managing data and information regarding the project.

⮚ The communication and the knowledge between the other teams are

also lagging in the traditional project management system. To overcome

these issues, the Project Management Information System has been

developed as a software tool that project managers can use to manage

and communicate with the project.

⮚It provides various features and benefits when compared to traditional

project management.
Project Performance

The performance measurement of management is another feature available

in the PMIS. The existing plans are updated in the case of any changes made

internally or by the customers. Some of the changes have to be accepted

and updated in the project plan. The current status of the project is

identified with the help of calculations like Estimate at Completion (EAC),

Estimate to Complete (ETC), Variance at Completion (VAC), etc.

Managing Data Resources
Data Resource Management
• Data are a vital organizational resource that needs to be

managed like other important business assets. Today's business

enterprises can not survive or succeed without quality data

about their internal operations and external environment.

• That's why organizations and their managers need to practice

data resource management, a managerial activity that applies

information systems technologies like database management,

data warehousing, and other data management tools to the task

of managing an organization's data resources to meet the

information needs of their business stakeholders.

File Organization Terms and Concepts:

● A computer system organizes data in a hierarchy that starts with bits and

bytes and progresses to fields, records, files, and databases.

● A group of bits, called byte, represents a single character, which can be

letter, a number, or another symbol.

● A grouping of characters into a word, a group of words, or a complete

number, is called field.

● A group of fields comprises a record.

● A group of records of the same type is called a file.

● A record describes an entity.

● An entity is a person, place, thing, or event on which we maintain info.

Each characteristic or quality describing a particular entity is called an

attribute.

Problems with Traditional File

Designing Database
Database Network Data Model The network data model is a variation of the hierarchical data model. The databases
can be translated from hierarchical to network and vice versa to optimize processing speed and convenience.
Whereas the hierarchical depict one-to-many relationships, network model depicts as many-to-many relationships.
Each parent can have multiple children,
Data Mining
• Data mining is a major use of data warehouse databases. In data

mining, the data in a data warehouse are analyzed to reveal hidden

patterns and trends in historical business activity. This can be used to

help managers make decisions about strategic changes in business

operations to gain competitive advantages in the marketplace. Data

mining can discover new correlations, patterns, and trends in vast

amounts of business data (frequently several terabytes of data), stored

in data warehouses. Data mining software uses advanced pattern

recognition algorithms, as well as a variety of mathematical and

statistical techniques to sift through mountains of data to extract

previously unknown strategic business information.

Leveraging Information Systems

Business Process integration and Enterprise Systems

Business Process Integration

Business Process Integration (BPI) is essential for businesses looking to connect

systems and information efficiently. BPI allows for automation of business

processes, integration of systems and services, and the secure sharing of data

across numerous applications.

It provides the technology to automate business processes within the organization

as well across customers, partners, and suppliers.

Need for BPI

Enterprises strive to synchronous their internal processes and to also bring

connectivity to external processes, like supply and customer related processes. For

instance, BPI could be had by linking processes of marketing, sales, and purchases

with those of accounting and support. Through automation, enterprises would be

readily equipped to drive new business.

Following are three types of BPIs that

ensure synchronous business processes:

Process Trigger

Activity in a particular system will trigger a process in the Business Process Management.

Pull

This involves automatic transference of information from any particular system to the

BPM, thereby allowing the various process users to access it.

Push

Push is where the data is transferred from the BPM to another system. For instance, a

process is a recruitment so that the HRM system could be transferred with the selected

candidate’s information.
Enterprise Systems
What is Enterprise?

At the time a customer places an order, for example, the salesperson might not be

able to tell him whether the desired items are in inventory or are to be produced.

To overcome such difficulties, in recent years, many organizations have opted to

replace several distinct information systems with a single integrated system that

can support business activities for different business functions. Such systems are

called enterprise systems.

Enterprise Systems
An enterprise system, also known as enterprise resource planning (ERP) system, is a

cross-functional information system that provides organization-wide coordination and

integration of the key business processes and helps in planning the resources of an

organization.

With the help of enterprise resource planning systems, information can flow seamlessly

across the firm. Also, different business processes from sales, production, manufacturing,

logistics, and human resources,can be integrated into organization-wide business processes.

An ERP system is driven by the ERP software suite-a set of integrated software

modules–and a common centralized database. The software modules support the basic

business processes under different functional areas and the database stores data from and

feed the data to various applications supporting the internal business activities.

Enterprise resource planning, supply chain management, and customer relationship

management systems are examples of enterprise systems.

These systems are used as a central command hub to help automate the business and

make reporting and decision making easier.

Nowadays, a variety of ERP software offered by different software

vendors is available in the market.

Some major enterprise resource planning software along with their

vendors are:
Enterprise System Overview
Enterprise systems integrate a number of different applications, protocols and

formats. In doing so, an enterprise system allows companies to integrate business

processes, such as sales, deliveries and accounts receivable, by sharing information

across business functions and employee hierarchies. These systems can replace

multiple independent systems that may or may not interact with other systems and

that process data to support particular business functions or processes.

For example, enterprise resource planning supports the entire sales process that

includes pre-sales activities, sales orders, inventory sourcing, deliveries, billing and

customer payments. Enterprise resource planning, supply chain management and

customer relationship management systems are each examples of enterprise

systems.

Three Different Types of Enterprise Systems

 supply chain management
 Enterprise resource planning
 customer relationship management

Enterprise Resource Planning

The enterprise resource planning system integrates software applications, such as

purchasing, finance, human resources and inventory management. Within an ERP

system, the integrated software modules, such as sales, quality management and

accounts receivable, communicate and share data. Each of these modules consists of

multiple applications that execute end-to-end business processes. For example, the

sales module includes the applications necessary to create and manage sales

contracts, sales orders, sales invoices and sales order pricing. ERP applications
support not only various operational and administrative tasks, such as the creation of

an account payable or a timesheet, they may also be customized to support a number

of different industries, including oil and gas, retail and banking.

Customer Relationship Management

Customer relationship management systems were developed to address the need to raise a sales

department’s productivity and provide an effective way to increase sales. With CRM functions,

such as sales opportunity management, a company learns more about its customers’ needs and

buying behavior and combines this information with market information to enhance the quality

of the company’s marketing plans and sales forecasts.

Other attributes of the CRM system include integration with other systems and accessibility

via mobile devices, allowing employees to update and compare data and to access information

from any client site or other location. Equally importantly, CRM supports mass e-mail

communications and automates the sales process workflow to improve employee productivity.

Supply Chain Management

A supply chain is the collection of people, tasks, equipment, data and other resources

required to produce and move products from a vendor to a customer. Supply chain

management refers to the management of supply chain activities in an effective and

efficient way to provide a company with a strategic advantage.

These activities may include product development, material sourcing, production and

logistics as well as the information systems that coordinate these activities. Information

flows allow supply chain partners to coordinate their strategic and operational plans as

well as the day-to-day flow of goods and materials through the supply chain. The physical

flows include the manufacture, transport and storage of goods or materials

ICT forDevelopment E- Governance
ICT(Information and Communication Technology)
E-Governance
● The implementation of information technology in the government process and
functions so as to cause simple, moral, accountable and transparent
governance.
● The basic purpose of e-governance is to simplify processes for all i.e.
government, citizen, business , national, State and local levels
● Also known as Electronic governance
● application of information and communication technology (ICT) for
delivering government services
● exchange of information, communication transactions
● integration of various stand-alone systems & services between
government-to-customer (G2C), government-to- business
 (G2B), government-to-government (G2G) Introduction
E- governance delivers SMART government
●S -Simple
●M -Moral
●A -Accessible
●R -Responsive
●T - Transparent Government

ICT and E-Governance

The ICT field has seen lots of technological advancement in recent time and India has been at the forefront
of the IT revolution so ICT has facilitated the Government services and prepare them to serve the need of
diverse society, It is the most recent paradigm in public administration.
E-governance means achieving the goals of public welfare state by using Information and Communication
Technology in government activities and projects.
E-governance in India has started with the rapid adoption of digital technology in the Government
departments, the government of India has launched the e-governance scheme in the country in late 90’s,
after
that the Central Government Approved the national e-governance plan on 8th may 2006.
The Plan consists of the 27 mission mode project and 8 parts to promote e-governance initiative in India.
The department of Information and Communication Technology and Department of administrative reforms
and public grievances prepared the blueprint of the national e-governance.
Advantages of E-governance
● Reduce corruption
● High transparency
● Increased Convenience
● Direct Participation of constituents
● Reduction in Overall cost.
● Expanded reach of government

Types Of E-Governance
●Government to Citizen(G2C)
●Government to Business(G2B)
●Government to Government(G2G)

Examples:
● http://agriculture.gov.in/7/12
● https://portal1.passportindia.gov.in/AppOnlineProject/welcomeLink
● https://bhulekh.mahabhumi.gov.in
Government to Citizen (G2C) Initiatives
1) Computerization of rural Land Records
2) Bhoomi Project (Karnataka)
3) Gyandoot (Madhya Pradesh)
4) e-Mitra Project (Rajasthan)
5) e-Seva (Andhra Pradesh)
6) Admission to Professional Colleges through Common Entrance Test (CET)
7) Online platform mygov.nic.in
8) e-Kranti scheme
9) Mobile Seva service
Examples:
● https://etenders.gov.in/eprocure/app

● IT refers to the interaction between different government

departments, organizations and agencies .
● Example, Central to state
● In G2G, government agencies can share the same database using
online communication.
Example:
● https://www.epfindia.gov.in/site_en/index.php
● It covers 3 main factors :
● Salary/PF
● Training
● Schedule
Knowledge Management System
Introduction
What is Knowledge?
● Personalized information
● State of knowing and understanding
● An object to be stored and manipulated
● A process of applying expertise
● A condition of access to information
● Potential to influence action

Sources of Knowledge of an Organization

● Intranet
● Data warehouses and knowledge
repositories
● Decision support tools
● Groupware for supporting collaboration
● Networks of knowledge workers
● Internal expertise

Activities in Knowledge Management

● Start with the business problem and the business value to be delivered first.
● Identify what kind of strategy to pursue to deliver this value and address the
KM problem.
● Think about the system required from a people and process point of view.
● Finally, think about what kind of technical infrastructure are required to support
the people and processes.
● Implement system and processes with appropriate change management
and iterative staged release.

Levels in knowledgement
Level of Knowledge Management