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Fluid Mechanics - Lecture 01

This document provides an introduction to fluid mechanics. It defines mechanics as the science describing the motion and rest of solid bodies and fluids under forces. Fluid mechanics has two major branches: fluid statics, which studies fluids at rest, and fluid dynamics, which studies fluids in motion. It also defines types of fluids as ideal fluids, which have no viscosity or compressibility, and real fluids, which exhibit viscosity and compressibility. Real fluids can be Newtonian or non-Newtonian, with non-Newtonian fluids having viscosity dependent on shear rates or time. The document categorizes and provides examples of different types of non-Newtonian fluids.

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Shiela Salvilla
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20 views

Fluid Mechanics - Lecture 01

This document provides an introduction to fluid mechanics. It defines mechanics as the science describing the motion and rest of solid bodies and fluids under forces. Fluid mechanics has two major branches: fluid statics, which studies fluids at rest, and fluid dynamics, which studies fluids in motion. It also defines types of fluids as ideal fluids, which have no viscosity or compressibility, and real fluids, which exhibit viscosity and compressibility. Real fluids can be Newtonian or non-Newtonian, with non-Newtonian fluids having viscosity dependent on shear rates or time. The document categorizes and provides examples of different types of non-Newtonian fluids.

Uploaded by

Shiela Salvilla
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTRODUCTION TO FLUID

MECHANICS
FLUID MECHANICS
LECTURE 01
MECHANICS
• the science which describes and predicts the conditions of rest or
motion of solid bodies or fluids under the action of forces.
MAJOR BRANCHES
• FLUID STATICS
• study of fluids at rest.

• FLUID DYNAMICS
• study of fluids in motion.
OTHER CATEGORIES
• HYDRODYNAMICS
• the study of the motion of fluids that are practically incompressible (such as liquids,
especially water, and gases at low speeds)

• HYDRAULICS
• A subcategory of hydrodynamics is which deals with liquid flows in pipes and open
channels.

• GAS DYNAMICS
• deals with the flow of fluids that undergo significant density changes, such as the flow of
gases
• through nozzles at high speeds.
OTHER CATEGORIES
• AERODYNAMICS
• deals with the flow of gases (especially air) over bodies such as
aircraft, rockets, and automobiles at high or low speeds.

• Some other specialized categories such as METEOROLOGY,


OCEANOGRAPHY, and HYDROLOGY deal with naturally occurring
flows.
FLUIDS
• Substances which are capable of flowing and have particles that easily
mover or change their relative position without separation of mass.
• e.g are liquid and gas.
DISTINCTION BETWEEN A SOLID AND A FLUID
TYPES OF FLUIDS
• 1. IDEAL FLUIDS
• assumed to have no viscosity (nonviscous, no shear resistance)
• incompressible
• have uniform velocity when flowing
• no friction between moving layers of fluid
• no eddy currents or turbulence
TYPES OF FLUIDS
• 2. REAL FLUIDS
• exhibit infinite viscosities
• non-uniform velocity distribution when flowing
• compressible
• experience friction and turbulence in flow
TYPES OF REAL FLUIDS
• 2.1 NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
• The viscosity coefficient is independent of the rate of shear
• Fluid's viscosity remains constant, no matter the amount of shear
applied for a constant temperature.
• These fluids have a linear relationship between viscosity and shear
stress.
• Examples: Water, Mineral oil, Gasoline, Alcohol
TYPES OF REAL FLUIDS
• 2.2 NON- NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
• The viscosity at a given pressure and temperatures is a function of the
velocity gradient.
• When shear is applied to non-Newtonian fluids, the viscosity of the
fluid changes.
CATEGORIES OF NON- NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
• 2.2.1 According to viscosity changes in respect to the amount of
shear or stress applied to the fluid.

• 2.2.1.1 Bingham Plastics ( ideal plastics)


• Can withstand a certain amount of shearing stress. When the shear
stress has reached a certain yield value, the material deforms.
• e.g sewage sludge
CATEGORIES OF NON- NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
• 2.2.1 According to viscosity changes in respect to the amount of
shear or stress applied to the fluid.

• 2.2.1.2 Pseudoplastic Fluids


• Viscosity decreases with rate of shear but the material deforms as
soon as the shearing stress is applied.
• e.g ketchup, gels, polytyrene in organic solvents, and metallic scraps in
gasoline.
CATEGORIES OF NON- NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
• 2.2.1 According to viscosity changes in respect to the amount of
shear or stress applied to the fluid.

• 2.2.1.3 Dilatant Fluids


• Viscosity increases with the rate of shear.
• e.g quicksand, butter and starch suspension
CATEGORIES OF NON- NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
• 2.2.1 According to viscosity changes in respect to the amount of shear or
stress applied to the fluid.

• 2.2.1.4 Viscoplastic Fluids


• these materials do not deform when subjected to a shear stress smaller than a
certain value, which is called the yield stress.
• In this range of applied shear stress, these materials behave as ideal rigid
solids. If the shear stress in the fluid exceeds the yield stress then the fluid
deforms as a (nonlinearly) viscous fluid and is typically shear thinning since the
fluid structure breaks down progressively with shear.
CATEGORIES OF NON- NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
• 2.2.2 According to how viscosity changes in respect to shear applied
over time to the fluid.

• 2.2.2.1 Rheopectic Fluids


• very similar to dilatant in that when shear is applied, viscosity
increases. The difference here, is that Viscosity increases with time.
• e.g. gypsum paste, cream
CATEGORIES OF NON- NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
• 2.2.2 According to how viscosity changes in respect to shear applied
over time to the fluid.

• 2.2.2.2 Thixotropic Fluids


• Fluids with thixotropic properties decrease in viscosity when shear is
applied. The viscosity decreases with time
• e.g. paint, cosmetics, asphalt, and glue

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