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    Personal Identification

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    Mj Ili
    1. Fingerprinting has a long history in both China and Japan, where fingerprints and blood stamps were used on official documents and contracts to prove authenticity. 2. In the late 1600s, Italian physician Marcello Malpighi studied friction ridge skin and noted its function and structure. In the early 1800s, Purkinje classified fingerprint patterns into nine categories. 3. In the late 1850s, Herschel began using fingerprints in India for identification purposes and transactions, realizing their immutability over time. He introduced their use in prisons and for pensioners. This helped establish fingerprinting techniques.

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    Personal Identification

    Uploaded by

    Mj Ili
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    1. Fingerprinting has a long history in both China and Japan, where fingerprints and blood stamps were used on official documents and contracts to prove authenticity. 2. In the late 1600s, Italian physician Marcello Malpighi studied friction ridge skin and noted its function and structure. In the early 1800s, Purkinje classified fingerprint patterns into nine categories. 3. In the late 1850s, Herschel began using fingerprints in India for identification purposes and transactions, realizing their immutability over time. He introduced their use in prisons and for pensioners. This helped establish fingerprinting techniques.

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    1. Fingerprinting has a long history in both China and Japan, where fingerprints and blood stamps were used on official documents and contracts to prove authenticity. 2. In the late 1600s, Italian physician Marcello Malpighi studied friction ridge skin and noted its function and structure. In the early 1800s, Purkinje classified fingerprint patterns into nine categories. 3. In the late 1850s, Herschel began using fingerprints in India for identification purposes and transactions, realizing their immutability over time. He introduced their use in prisons and for pensioners. This helped establish fingerprinting techniques.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    10 views6 pages

    Personal Identification

    Uploaded by

    Mj Ili
    1. Fingerprinting has a long history in both China and Japan, where fingerprints and blood stamps were used on official documents and contracts to prove authenticity. 2. In the late 1600s, Italian physician Marcello Malpighi studied friction ridge skin and noted its function and structure. In the early 1800s, Purkinje classified fingerprint patterns into nine categories. 3. In the late 1850s, Herschel began using fingerprints in India for identification purposes and transactions, realizing their immutability over time. He introduced their use in prisons and for pensioners. This helped establish fingerprinting techniques.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 6

    Eastern Origin-

    Japan & China- China – It was a common practice for the Chinese to
    use ink fingerprints on official documents, land scales, contracts, loans
    and acknowledgements of debt. Finger seals for sealing documents to
    prove its authenticity. Early in the 12th century, in the novel, “The Story
    of the River Bank,” fingerprints found itself already in the criminal
    procedure of China and in the 16th century, a custom prevailed in
    connection with the sale of children.
    Palm and sole impressions were stamped for sale to prevent
    impersonation.
    Japan – A Japanese Historian, Kamagusu Minakata further commented
    about blood stamping. Apparently, contracts were accompanied by a
    written oath confirmed with a blood stamp. The blood stamp was a print
    of the ring finger in blood drawn from that digit.
    Canada-
    Malpighi- In 1687, the Italian physiologist Marcello Malpighi (Figure 1–3)
    published Concerning the External Tactile Organs, in which the function,
    form, and structure of friction ridge skin was discussed. Malpighi is
    credited with being the first to use the newly invented microscope for
    medical studies. In his treatise, Malpighi noted that ridged skin increases
    friction between an object and the skin’s surface; friction ridge skin thus
    enhances traction for walking and 1–9 History C H A P T E R 1 grasping
    (New Scotland Yard, 1990; Ashbaugh, 1999, p 40). In recognition of
    Malpighi’s work, a layer of skin (stratum Malpighi) was named after him.
    Bewick- In 1770, he engraved his fingerprints and used them to
    ornament three of his books. He was one of the first to recognize the
    individuality of a finger mark.

    Purkinje- In his 1823 thesis titled “Commentary on the Physiological


    Examination of the Organs of Vision and the Cutaneous System”, Dr.
    Johannes E. Purkinje (1787–1869), professor at the University of
    Breslau in Germany, classified fingerprint patterns into nine categories
    and gave each a name (Figure 1–5) (Lambourne, 1984, p 26; Galton,
    1892, pp 85–88). Although Dr. Purkinje went no further than naming the
    patterns, his contribution is significant because his nine pattern types
    were the precursor to the Henry classification system.

    Purkinje & Galton-


    Welcker- German anthropologist Hermann Welcker (1822–1898) of the
    University of Halle led the way in the study of friction ridge skin
    permanence. Welcker began by printing his own right hand in 1856 and
    then again in 1897, thus gaining credit as the first person to start a
    permanence study. However, in the paper Welcker published in 1898, he
    sought no credit, but rather seemed only to offer assistance to prior
    claims of permanence in reference to friction ridge skin (Wilder and
    Wentworth, 1918, pp 339–340). Welcker is not cited often. Generally, the
    credit for being the first person to study the persistence of friction ridge
    skin goes to Sir William James Herschel.
    Herschel- In 1858, he began fingerprinting the natives with whom he
    had official transactions. He demanded an imprint of signers hand
    instead of signature to avoid any future repeated trickery. Later, he
    modified his procedure, using only imprint of last finger joint instead of
    entire hand. He tested the persistency of ridge characteristics of his own
    finger,palm prints and sole prints at different long intervals. He realized
    the immutability and persistency of ridge details. He was the first person
    to use fingerprints for identification purposes in India between 1858 and
    1878. In 1877, he introduced the system to pensioners to prevent
    impersonation by others after death and also in prisons to ensure that
    actual prisoner could always be accounted for.
    Herschel Success-
    Faulds- In 1880, he published a report of experiments showing methods
    of taking fingerprints. He suggested that skin ridge patterns are
    important for the identification of criminals. Faulds was convinced that
    fingerprints furnished infallible proof of identity. He was the first person to
    suggest the most valuable idea of identifying criminals from fingerprints
    found at crime scene, which plays in important role in the modern
    methods of scientific criminal investigations. He also wrote a textbook on
    fingerprint procedure.

    Faulds & Herschel-


    Vucetich- In 1891, Juan Vucetich, an Argentine Police Official, began
    the first fingerprint files based on Galton pattern types. At first, Vucetich
    included the Bertillon System with the files. In 1892, Juan Vucetich made
    the first criminal fingerprint identification. He was able to identify a
    woman by the name of Rojas, who had murdered her two sons, and cut
    her own throat in an attempt to place blame on another. Her bloody print
    was left on a door post, proving her identity as the murderer.

    Galton- Sir Francis Galton, He published a classic book on fingerprints


    in 1892. In this book, he described the anatomy of fingerprints and
    offered practical methods of recording them. He classified fingerprints
    into three groups that were arches, loops and whorls. In 1893 he
    published a book again named ‘decipherment of blurred fingerprints’. He
    stated all the three principles of the fingerprints:
    ● 1st principle- Ridge patterns on the friction skin remain permanent
    throughout the life of the individual.
    ● 2nd principle- Each person’s print constitutes unique
    characteristics.
    ● 3rd principle- He realized that it was essential to devise a system
    of classification.

    He succeeded in proving the all three facts and his system of registration
    then, known as A-L-W method ( each letter stands for arches, loops and
    whorls).

    Edward Henry- In 1897, the first classification system of fingerprints use


    In India was proposed by him. He published a textbook on ‘classification
    and uses of fingerprints. He evolve a system of fingerprint classification
    which is fundamentally simple and practical. Two Bengali officers –
    Khan BahadurAzizulHaque and RaiBahadur Hemachandra Bose of
    anthropometric bureau played an important role in development of
    fingerprint classification by assisting Henry. Henry also modified the A-L-
    W system and classified fingerprint patterns into 4 groups. They were
    arches, loops, whorls and composites.
    Alphonse Bertillon- In 1882, Alphonse Bertillon, clerk in the police
    department in Paris, devised a system of classification, known as
    anthropometry or the Bertillon System, using measurements of parts of
    the body. This classification was based on eleven measurements of the
    body by a metric system such as head length, head width, length of the
    middle finger, length of the left foot; and length of the forearm from the
    elbow to the tip of the middle finger. Bertillon also established a system
    of photographing faces – what became known as mugshots.

    West Case- The Bertillon System was generally accepted in many


    countries during the next three decades, however the anthropometric
    measurement system never recovered from the events of 1903, when a
    man named Will West was sentenced to the US Penitentiary at
    Leavenworth, Kansas. It was discovered there was already a prisoner at
    the penitentiary, whose Bertillon measurements were nearly the same,
    and his name was William West. Upon investigation, it was determined
    there were two men who looked very similar. Their names were William
    and Will West. Their Bertillon measurements were similar enough to
    identify them as the same person. However, fingerprint comparisons
    quickly and correctly determined the biometrics (fingerprints and face)
    were from two different people. (According to prison records made public
    years later, the William and Will West were identical twins and both had
    a record of correspondence with the same immediate family relatives.

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