Part 1 Water Supply System

Plumbing Matrix Guideline
Powered By : Eng. Ali Hassan

Course Contents
Plumbing Introduction
Part I : Water supply system
Part II : Drainage system
Part III : Water features
Part IV : Compressed air system
Part V : Gas fuel system
Part VI : Liquid fuel system
Part VII : Medical gas system

To Contents
01- Plumbing Definition
*Refer to Wikipedia website
 Is the art and technique of installing pipes, fixtures & other apparatuses in
buildings & for bringing the supply, liquids, substances &/or ingredients & removing
them.
 From the Latin plumbum for lead as pipes were once made from lead.
 Refers to a system of pipes and fixtures installed in a building for the distribution of
potable water and the removal of water borne wastes.
01- Plumbing Definition
*Refer to Wikipedia website
 Al-Jazari was born in the island of Ibn Omar, which is located today in the northern Syrian
provinces on the Tigris River, then he worked as the chief engineer in Diyarbakir (AMD) north of the
Euphrates Island.
 Al-Jazari had the patronage of the rulers of Diyarbakir from the Banu Ertik, and he entered the
service of their kings for twenty-five years, beginning in the year 570 AH / 1174 CE, and he became
chief engineer of mechanics in the court.
 Al-Jazari designed many machines of great importance, many of which were not known anywhere
in the world before. Among his machines: water-lifting machines, water clocks with a self-alert
system, transfer valves, self-control systems and many others explained in his wonderful author
with illustrative drawings, which he called "the combination of science and useful work in making
tricks."
01- Plumbing Definition Cont’d
Ancient Toilet Modern Toilet

02- Plumbing (Topics)
Water supply & drainage Swimming pools
Jacuzzi Fountains
01- Plumbing (Topics) Cont’d
Compressed air Medical gases
Fuel System Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)

03- Plumbing codes
Code Title
NSPC National standard plumbing code
IPC International plumbing code
UPC Uniform plumbing code
ASPE American society of plumbing engineering
EGYPTIAN ‫ﺍﻟﻛﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺻﺭﻱ ﻷﺳﺱ ﺗﺻﻣﻳﻡ ﻭﺷﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻔﻳﺫ ﻟﻬﻧﺩﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﻛﻳﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺻﺣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﻧﻲ‬
CODE 301‫ﻛﻭﺩ‬
HTM-02 Health technical memoranda
NFPA-99 Health care facilities code
NFPA-54 National fuel code
IFGC International fuel gas code
 Educational book
 Engineered plumbing design by [Dr Alfred Steele]
03- Plumbing codes (Cont’d)
To Contents
Part I - Contents
01- Plumbing Fixtures
02- WS System Components
03- Water Supply Systems
04- Potable WS System Design
05- Drinking Chilled WS Design
06- WS System Hydrostatic Test

Water Supply System
01- Plumbing Fixtures (Cont’d)
*Refer to Beacon Design Manual
 Water Closet
• Operates by principal of siphon jet reverse trap
 Types
1. Flush Tank – typically for residential use
2. Flush Valve – typically for non-residential use (public places)
3. Floor mounted – typically for residential use
4. Wall mounted – for residential and non-residential use (more hygienic)
5. Handicapped
6. Asiatic WC
 Water Closet
 Water Closet flushing methods
01- Flush tank 02- Flush Valve

 Flush Tank Water Closet types
01- Exposed flush tank 02- Recessed flush tank

 Water Closet discharge types

 Handicapped water closet

 Asiatic WC
 Bidet
• The bidet is about the same size and shape as a water closet and could be
classified as a small bath. It is used primarily for washing the anal regions
after using the water closet.
• The hot and cold water supply and the drain fitting are very similar to those
used for lavatories, Instead of the water entering the bowl from a spout,
however, it is introduced through a flushing rim
 Urinals
 Lavatories
1. Wall Hung
• Splash back (most common)
• Slab
• Shelf Back
• Ledge Back
• Pedestal
• Half pedestal
2. Above & Under Counter
3. Handicapped
4. Sterilization
 Lavatories (Cont’d)
1. Wall Hung
Splash Back Slab Shelf Back
Pedestal Half Pedestal Ledge Back

2. Above & under counter
Under Counter Above Counter

2. Handicapped
3. Sterilization
 Janitor (Service Sink)

• Wall mounted faucet, pail hook and hose
• Vacuum breaker prevents backflow
 Kitchen Sink
Two Bowl Single Bowl Commercial

 Showers
Shower Experience Shower

 Bathtub
 Emergency Eye Wash

 Emergency Shower
 Others
Laundry Ice Maker Steam Room (Spa)

02- WS System Components
 Water Supply Sources
Water
Sources
Municipality Well Tanks
Non-
Potable Grey Storm Irrigation Fire Fighting
Potable.
02- WS System Components (Cont’d)
 Municipality Water
• Corporation Stop Valve
A connection to the street main that is approved by the municipal water
authority, consisting of a connection or tap, and a valve.
*Refer to NSPC 2009Ed Cha.10 – Sec. 10.12.1
• Curb Stop Valve
An underground valve accessible from the surface to enable shut-off of the
water service from outside of a building.
 Well Water
 Well Water
• Generally, well water can be made potable by on-site treatment systems.
• The water is first tested to determine the type of treatment that is required.
• Types of contamination
a) Bacterial
b) Chemical
c) Radiological
 Water Tanks (Types)

01-Potable
02-Non-Potable (01) (02)

03-Gray
Tank
04-Storm
(03) (04)
05-Irrigation
06-Fire Fighting
(05) (06)
 Water Tanks
Tank
Underground Roof Ground

 Water Tanks (Material)

1- Concrete tanks.
2- Steel tanks.
3- PPr tanks. ( most popular these days)
4- Sectional Glass Reinforced Plastic (GRP)
(1) (2) (3) (4)

 Water Tanks (Elevated)

• Roof tanks should be elevated enough above roof level to have enough
pressure for the upper apartment , otherwise booster pump is needed.
*Refer to NSPC 2009Ed Cha.10 – Sec. 10.5.7
 Water Tanks (Piping)

 Piping
 Piping (Material)
• There is various piping materials to be used for water service piping and water
distribution piping.
• Generally, the most popular materials are:
a) Water Service Pipe

1. Type K copper tubing
2. Steel pipe
3. PVC plastic pipe
4. Polypropylene plastic pipe [PP-R] (common)
5. Pex (Cross Linked Polyethylene)
*Refer to ASPE volume-4 cha.2
 Piping (Material) – (PEX-AL-PEX) tubing

• The tubing is rated for 125 psi at 180°F (862 kPa at 82°C). It is available in
sizes of ⅜ through 2½ inches (9.12 through 60.75 mm). Table 2-19 lists the
dimensions for PEX-ALPEX tubing.
Manifold Water Supply Floor Heating

 Piping (Material) – (PEX-AL-PEX) tubing

b) Water Distribution Pipe
• High density polyethylene (HDPE).
• Galvanized steel pipe
• uPVC plastic pipe
HDPE Steel uPVC

 Difference Between SDR and PN and PE and CL and Schedule ?
Item Definition
SDR is the "Standard Dimensional Ratio" and refers to the geometry of the pipe. SDR is
defined as the ratio of the nominal outside diameter to the nominal wall thickness.
SDR = dn/en (dn=nominal outside dia. & en=nominal thickness)
(ex. SDR 11 – SDR 9 …...)
PN “Pressure Nominal” indicates the pressure in bars the pipe can support with water
at 20 oC (ex. PN16 = 16bar)
PE “Polyethylene” pipes are classified by the type of material used
PE 100, PE 80, PE63, PE 40 or PE 32
CL PVC pipe types labeled “Class” (abbreviated “CL“) are based on the pipe’s pressure
rating. Cl 200 PVC pipe is rated for 200 PSI of water pressure.
Schedule The schedule number on pipe products relates to the thickness of the wall on the
pipe: as the number increases, the thicker the wall thickness becomes.
(ex. Sch.40 – sch.80)
 Piping (Insulation)
• Required for energy conservation for all hot water piping.
• To prevent condensation on cold water pipes.
 Piping (Insulation)
• Insulation thickness estimated from below table
 Piping (Fittings)
 Piping (Fittings)
*Refer to NSPC- Cha.10 – Sec.10.12.8
 Piping (Water Meter)

• Records water consumption for revenue billing and other purposes.
 Piping (Water Meter)

 Piping (Valves) - Backflow Preventer

• Prevents water within a building from flowing back into the public water
main, which would otherwise contaminate the public water supply.
• Types:
a) Double check valve
b) Reduced Pressure Zone
• Remarks
a) Must adhere to Health department requirements
b) Heated, lighted enclosure
c) Cannot be located underground
*Refer to IPC – Cha.6 – Sec.604.8
 Piping (Valves) - Pressure Reducing Valve (PRV)

• Required where pressure exceeds 80 psi (5.5bar)
• High water pressures can damage plumbing fixtures, cause leaks
 Piping (Valves) - Globe Valve


• “Angle valve” required at each plumbing fixture such as (WC, Lav)

• “wall concealed valve” required at toilet water inlet
 Piping (Valves) - Gate Valve

 Piping (Valves) - Gate Valve

• required at main pipes and pump rooms & toilets main inlet..... etc.
 Piping (Valves) - Butterfly Valve

• required at main pipes and pump rooms ..... etc.
 Piping (Valves) - Balance valve

• For adjusting hot water return flow rate to force hot water return from farthest
point.
[Balance valve = globe+check+gate]

 Piping (Valves) - Balance valve
CW
HW
HWR
 Piping (Valves) - Float Valve

• required to control water level in tanks
• Types : 01- Mechanical
 Piping (Valves) - Float Valve

• required to control water level in tanks
• Types : 02- Electrical
Valve Open Valve Closed

 Piping (Valves) - Automatic Air Vent (AAV)

• required for air bleeding from the system
 Piping (Valves) - Hose Bibs

• For connecting hoses.
• Vacuum breakers required to prevent backflow.
 Piping (Valves) - Water Hammer Arrestor

• Quick closing valves cause water pressure shock waves, causing pipe noise
and vibration, as well as possible damage.
• Water hammer arrestors absorb excess pressure, and are required near all
quick closing valves such as WC with flush valve.
*Refer to Standard PDI – WH201

*Refer to Standard PDI – WH201

*Refer to Watts catalogue
 Piping (Valves) – Thermostatic Mixing Valve

 Piping (Disinfection)
• All new water distribution piping must be purged of harmful matter and
disinfected.
• This can be achieved by

1) Flushing
2) Disinfecting
3) Monitoring
*Refer to engineered plumbing design (Dr. steel) cha.19
 Piping (Disinfection - Procedure)

1. The pipe system shall be flushed with clean, potable water until dirty water does not appear at the
points of outlet.
2. The system or part thereof shall be filled with a water/ chlorine solution containing not less than 50
parts per million (50 mg/L) of chlorine, and the system or part thereof shall be valved off and allowed
to stand for 24 hours; or the system or part thereof shall be filled with a water/chlorine solution
containing not less than 200 parts per million (200 mg/L) of chlorine and allowed to stand for 3 hours.
3. Following the required standing time, the system shall be flushed with clean potable water until the
chlorine is purged from the system.
4. The procedure shall be repeated where shown by a bacteriological examination that contamination
remains present in the system.
5. If it is impossible to disinfect the potable water-storage tank as provided above, the entire interior of
the tank shall be swabbed with a solution containing 200 parts per million of available chlorine and the
solution allowed to stand two hours before flushing and returning to service.
 Water Pumps
 Water Pumps (Difference between positive vs. Dynamic Pumps)
Criteria Positive displacement pumps Dynamic pumps
Flow rate Low, typically up to 100gpm High, typically up to

300,000gpm
Pressure High Low
Priming Very rarely Always
Flow type Pulsating Steady
Flow rate changes With RPM changing With head at same RPM
Viscosity Virtually no effect Strong effect
 Water Pumps (Positive displacement – Reciprocating)

 Water Pumps (Positive displacement – Rotary)

 Water Pumps (Dynamic Pumps – Centrifugal)
seat
 Water Pumps (Dynamic Pumps – Centrifugal - Components)
seat
 Water Pumps (Dynamic Pumps – Centrifugal - Components)

 Water Pumps (Dynamic Pumps – Centrifugal – Performance Curve)

 Water Pumps (Dynamic Pumps – Centrifugal – Performance Curve)

 Water Pumps (Dynamic Pumps – Centrifugal – NPSH)

 Water Pumps (Dynamic Pumps – Centrifugal – Usage)
Pump Usage
Transfer pump (Filling) To transfer water from low level tank to elevated tank
Booster pump For boosting water to levels near to elevated tank
Hot water circulation pump For central hot water circulation
Irrigation pump For irrigation system for plants
Filtration pump For pools & water features circulation system
Dosing pump For dosing chemicals in treatment processes
Display pump For fountain jet nozzles
 Water Heating Systems
Heater Types
Individual Central
Instantaneous Storage Storage

 Individual (Gas – Electric)

 heating appliance is located where water is heated.
 Most Common type – used in residential buildings
1) Instantaneous type
• Water is heated almost instantaneously as it flow through tubes surrounding
a coil.
• Used for applications with a continuous hot water flow demand.
2) storage type

 Central water heaters
a) Storage type.
b) Pump circulates hot water to maintain hot water in permanent manner in pipes.
c) Used where large quantities of hot water are required at intervals, where required
quantities fluctuate, or where there is a limited amount of available energy, e.g.
schools.
d) Used in every where if distance between fixture and heater greater than 30m (100ft).
HW CI. pump
*Refer to NSPC 2009Ed Cha.10 – Sec.10.15

a) Pump generally used to continuously circulate hot water from heater to hot water
pipes supplying most remote fixtures, to eliminate delay when hot water faucet is first
opened.
b) Often controlled by time clock and thermostat.



• Anode Rod : Most water heater tanks are steel with a thin glass lining to protect the
metal from corrosion. Since the lining eventually cracks, tanks have a second line of
defence against rust: a long metal “anode rod” that attracts corrosive elements in the
water. When the rod itself becomes so corroded that it can no longer do its job, the
tank soon rusts out, leaks and needs replacement. However, if you replace your water
heater anode rod before it fails, about every five years, you can double the life of your
water heater.

• Relief valves
• As water temperature increases in confined volume, pressure increases; beyond
limit, tank could rupture and cause harm/damage. A pressure and temperature
relief valve is required on all above with storage tanks.
• Provisions to prevent scalding

• Hot water systems must be designed to limit hot water temperature at plumbing
fixtures within safe temperature (110 0F.)
• Lavatories, sinks , Shower valves
Heating
Sources
Electric Gas Boiler Solar Heat Pumps

 Water Heating Systems (Electric heater)

 Water Heating Systems (Gas heater)

 Water Heating Systems (Boiler)

 Water Heating Systems (Boiler)

 Water Heating Systems (Solar Heater)

 Water Heating Systems (Solar Heater – Flat Plate)

 Water Heating Systems (Solar Heater – Evacuated tube)

 Water Heating Systems (Heat Pump)

Water Storage
Heat Pump
 Water Heating Systems (Heat Pump)

 Water Treatment Devices
Treatment
Filters Ultraviolet Chlorination Softener Aerator
Sand Multimedia Private

 Water Treatment Devices (Sand Filter)

 Water Treatment Devices (Sand Filter)

 Water Treatment Devices (Multimedia Filter)

 Water Treatment Devices (Private Filter)

 Water Treatment Devices (Ultraviolet “UV”)

 Water Treatment Devices (Gas Chlorinator)

 Water Treatment Devices (Powder Chlorinator)

 Water Treatment Devices (Tablet Chlorinator)

 Water Treatment Devices (Softener)

 Water Treatment Devices (Softener)

 Water Treatment Devices (PH - Regulation)

 Water Treatment Devices (PH - Regulation)
+PH -PH
*Refer to www.pureaqua.com
 Water Treatment Devices (Reverse Osmosis Unit)

RO unit component :
1) Pressure Vessels & Membranes

2) Reverse Osmosis Skid
3) Cartridge Filter
4) High Pressure Pump
5) Control Panel
 Potable water supply system (PWS)
Water Supply
System
Indirect
Direct Supply
Supply
With elevated
With elevated
& ground
tank
tanks
 Potable water supply system (PWS)

04- Potable WS Systems Design
 Project Design Stages
Schematic
design and basis Developed
Concept design. Detailed design.
of design report design.
(BODR).
As built (after Tender

Shopdrawings.
construction). document.
(Cont’d)
 Design Procedure
Tanks
Pumps
Equipment
Heaters
Design Treatment units
Pipes
Piping
Valves
(Cont’d)
 Potable water tank sizing
No of Demand Storage Tank

Application
capita Per Capita days volume
Tank Volume = No of capita X demand/capita X Storage days
• Application : Hotel, Apartments, Club, School, Factory …….

• No of capita : Person, Meal, Seat, Student, Room …… (From arch.)
• Demand Per Capita : Tables (From local or international codes)
• Storage days : 1 day for elevated tank & 2days for ground/underground tanks (depend
on project nature and water stability and designer decision)
(Cont’d)
*Refer to NFPA 101 – 2018ED
 No. of capita (From NFPA 101)

(Cont’d)
*Refer to NFPA 101 – 2018ED
 No. of capita (From NFPA 101)

(Cont’d)
*Refer to practical plumbing design guide (James C.Church)
 Demand per capita (From Practical plumbing design guide)
• Note : Demands in above table is in gal/day.

(Cont’d)
*Refer to ASPE 2013ED Volume-4 table (10-3)
 Demand per capita (From ASPE)

(Cont’d)
*Refer to Egyptian Plumbing code – 2009ED (code 301/1)
 Demand per capita (From Egyptian plumbing code)

(Cont’d)
*Refer to kahramaa regulations
 Demand per capita (From Qatar Kahramaa regulations)

(Cont’d)
*Refer to IPC 2009Ed Chapter 6 – Sec/606 & NSPC 2009Ed – Sec.10.5.7
 Water tank pipe size

(Cont’d)
 Other Water Tank Sizing

= (1/3 daily potable demand + irrigation demand) x Storage days
 Daily potable demand (m3/day) – Refer to previous slides
Non-Potable Tank  Irrigation demand (100 Lit/palm, 80 Lit/tree, 14 Lit/m2 for
ground cover & shrubs, 12 Lit/m2 Lawn)
 Storage days (1-2 days)
= Rain intensity x Roof area x Storage days

 Rain intensity (mm/hr)
 Roof area (m2)
Storm Tank  Storage days (1-2 days)
= (67% daily potable demand) x Storage days

 Daily potable demand (m3/day) – Refer to previous slides
 Storage days (1-2 days)
Gray Tank
 Waste water treatment unit shall be sized according to daily
gray water consumption.
(Cont’d)
 Potable water pumps (Flow)

 To design any pump two parameters shall be calculated (Flow & Head & Power)
1) Transfer (Filling) pump Flow Calculation
• Filling Time : Taken between 4 to 8 hr.

(Cont’d)

2) Booster pump Flow Calculation
a) Tabulate No. of fixture of each type serviced by the pump
b) Get fixture unit (WSFU) for each type [from table] Fixtures
c) Multiply WSFU for each fixture to their No.
d) Sum total WSFU for all fixtures
e) Convert WSFU value to gallon/minute (gpm) [from table]
f) From previous step get pump flow in any unit required
(Cont’d)
*Refer to IPC 2009Ed - Appendix E – table (E103.3(2))
 Potable water pumps (Flow) To Pipe To heater
2) Booster pump Flow Calculation – Water supply Fixture Unit (WSFU) Tables
(Cont’d)

2) Booster pump Flow Calculation – WSFU conversion to gpm tables
(Cont’d)

2) Booster pump Flow Calculation – WSFU conversion to gpm tables
(Cont’d)

3) Hot water circulation pump Flow Calculation
Method 1 - Flow rate in simple way take as 1gpm for every

20 hot water fixture unit in the system.
Method 2 - Flow rate can be calculated by heat loss for piping

in both hot water and hot water return taken that 1gpm for
every 10000 Btu/hr
Method 3 - An allowance of 0.5gpm is assigned for

each small hot water riser (0.75 to 1 in.), 1 gpm for
each medium sized hot water riser (1.25 to 1.5 in.),
and 2gpm for each large size hot water riser (2 in.
and larger).
(Cont’d)

4) Boiler hot water circulation pump Flow Calculation
.
P = m x Cp x ∆T
P
Q=
ρ X Cp X ∆T
 P = calorifier thermal power (KW)

 Cp = water heat capacity = 4.18 (KJ/Kg.K)
 ∆T = temp. difference between boiler inlet & outlet
hot water (taken as 20C to avoid thermal shock)
 Q = pump flow (m3/s)
 ρ = water density = 1000 kg/m3
(Cont’d)
*Refer to IPC 2009Ed Chapter 6 – Sec/604
 Potable water pumps (Head)

Pump Head = Residual head + head losses + static head
1) Residual Head
(Cont’d)
*Refer to NSPC 2009Ed Appendix B – Table (B.7.3.E)

2) Head Losses
a) Pipe Friction Losses

b) Fitting Losses
c) Filter & other treatment
units losses (if found)
 Note :
Friction losses can roughly
considered as 4m/100m of
longest pipe path
(Cont’d)

2) Head Losses

b) Fitting Losses
 Note :
You can assume that Fitting
losses equal to 50% of pipe
friction losses
(Cont’d)
*Refer to filters catalogues

2) Head Losses

b) Fitting Losses
(Cont’d)

3) Static Head
 Note :
1bar = 10m water column
(Cont’d)

• For hot water circulation pump & boiler circulation pump
Pump Head = Head losses
2) Head Losses

b) Fitting Losses
 Note :
 Friction losses can roughly considered
as 4m/100m of longest pipe path
 You can assume that Fitting losses
equal to 50% of pipe friction losses
(Cont’d)
 Potable water pumps (Power)

(Cont’d)
 Friction losses closer look

(Cont’d)
*Refer to IPC 2009Ed – Cha.7– Sec.703 & ASPE 2013Ed – Volume 1 cha.1

1. Darcy Equation 2. Hazen Williams Equation
 Continue to Moody Chart

(Cont’d)

(Cont’d)
 Water Heaters design
Heater Design
Individual Central
Instantaneous Storage Heating Element Storage Heating Element
Gas Electric Gas Electric Solar Boiler

(Cont’d)
 Individual Water Heaters design

1) Instantaneous Type
a) Tabulate No. of fixture of each type service by the heater
b) Get hot water fixture unit (HWFU) for each type [from table]
c) Multiply HWFU for each fixture to their No.
d) Sum total HWFU for all fixtures
e) Convert HWFU value to gallon/minute (gpm) [from table]
f) Multiply previous step by usage factor to get heater capacity in any
unit required (Lpm)
g) Calculate heating capacity from below equation
ρ X Flow X Cp X (∆Temp.) x UF
Power input =
Efficiency
• ∆Temp taken as 50C • ρ = 1000 kg/m3
• Efficiency = 95% • Cp = 4.18 KJ/Kg.K
• Flow from step 4 • UF = usage factor
(Cont’d)

1) Instantaneous Type (Common types)
Application Usage Factor Heater Capacity (Lit/min)

Hospital, Hotel 0.5 6
Residential 0.33 10
Office 0.25
6 lit/min 10 lit/min
(Cont’d)

2) Storage Type
1) Obtain No. of fixture (ex. 2 lavatory, 1 bathtub, 1 Shower,…..etc.)
2) Possible max demand (GPH) from table (9) for each fixture type
3) Maximum demand = Step 1 X Step 2 (ex. 2 x 2gph + 1 x 20gph + ….)
4) Probable max demand (GPH) = Step 3 X demand factor from table 9
5) Storage tank capacity (gal) = Step 4 X storage factor from table 9
6) Calculate power input from below equation
ρ X V X Cp X (∆Temp.)
Power input =
Efficiency

• V from step 4
(Cont’d)
*Refer to ASHRA handbook (SI) - 2019Ed - table-10

2) Storage Type
(Cont’d)

2) Storage Type (Common Capacities - Electric)
Heater Capacity (Lit) Electric Load (KW)

15 1.2
30 1.2
50 1.5
80 2
100 3
150 4
(Cont’d)
 Central Water Heaters design

1) Storage Type design method-1 (Based on fixture type & occupancy)
1) Obtain No. of fixture (ex. 10 lavatory, 15bathtube, 12Shower,…..etc)
2) Possible max demand (GPH) from table (9) for each fixture type
3) Maximum demand = Step 1 X Step 2 (ex. 10 x 2gph + 15 x 20gph + ….)
4) Probable max demand (GPH) = Step 3 X demand factor from table 9
5) Storage tank capacity (gal) = Step 4 X storage factor from table 9/0.7
ρ X V X Cp X (∆Temp.)
Power input =
Efficiency

• V from step 4
(Cont’d)

1) Storage Type design method-2 (Based on daily use)
1) Obtain hot water demand per person/day from table 16-2
2) Obtain No. of person in occupancy from arch.
3) Daily demand = Step 1 X Step 2
4) Maximum hourly demand = Step 3 X max. hr. demand in relation with day use
from table 16-2
5) Obtain storage capacity in relation to day use from table 16-2
6) Storage tank capacity = Step 5 X Step 3 /0.7
• ∆Temp taken as 50C

ρ X V X Cp X (∆Temp.) • Efficiency = 95%
Power input = • V from step 4
Efficiency • ρ = 1000 kg/m3
• Cp = 4.18 KJ/Kg.K
(Cont’d)

1) Storage Type design method-2 (Based on daily use)
(Cont’d)

1) Storage Type design method-3 (Based on Hunter curves)
1) Find the chart and curves that fit the occupancy type
2) Find the storage capacities on the bottom of the chart or the recovery
capacities on the left
3) Follow this perpendicularly to find the “other” factor.
4) Now you have the storage and the recovery requirements for each unit.
Multiply these values by the number of units to get the storage and recovery
capacities required for the system
• ∆Temp taken as 50C

ρ X V X Cp X (∆Temp.) • Efficiency = 95%
Power input = • V from step 4
Efficiency
• ρ = 1000 kg/m3
• Cp = 4.18 KJ/Kg.K
(Cont’d)

1) Storage Type design method-3 (By Hunter curves)
(Cont’d)

(Cont’d)

(Cont’d)

(Cont’d)

1) Heating Method
Heating
Element
Hot Water Hot Water Refrigerant
Gas Electricity
Calorifier
(Cont’d)

1) Heating Method
 For example : If we have hotel with 300 room what is expected calorifiers
capacities and recovery and select appropriate water heating method
 Answer : Using method 2 (Based on daily use)

(Cont’d)

1) Heating Method (By Electric)
 Electric Heater Selection
1) Daily use for hotel/person = 20 gal/day
2) Maximum daily use = 20 x 300 = 6000 gal/day
3) Maximum hourly demand = 6000 x 1/7 = 858 gph
4) Storage capacity = 6000 x (1/5) / 0.7 = 1715 gal.
5) Selecting 3 heaters each have capacity 600 gal.
6) Thermal power required for heaters = 1 x 0.9 x 4.18 x (60-10) /0.95 = 198kw
7) Selected 3 water heater with electric load 85 kw & 286 gph for each.
Note :
(Cont’d)
*Refer to Hubbell catalogue

(Cont’d)

(Cont’d)

(Cont’d)

(Cont’d)

(Cont’d)

2) Heating Method (By Gas)
 Gas Heater Selection
5) Selecting 3 heaters each have capacity 600 gal
6) Thermal power required for heater = 1 x 0.9 x 4.18 x (60-10) /0.95 = 198kw
7) Selected 3 water heater with natural gas load 600,000 Btu/hr (176Kw) & 286gph for each.
(Cont’d)
*Refer to Aosmith catalogue

(Cont’d)
*Refer to Aosmith catalogue

(Cont’d)

3) Heating Method (By Boiler)
Boiler Body
Burner
Boiler design
Chimney
Exhaust fan
(Cont’d)

 Boiler can be selected by three elements
1. Thermal power needed
2. Fuel type (Gas or Liquid)
3. Boiler rated pressure (High or low pressure)
Total thermal power calculated for appliances

Power input =
Boiler Efficiency
(Cont’d)

 Boiler Selection
5) Selecting 2 calorifiers each have capacity 1000 gal.
6) Thermal power required for calorifiers = 1 x 0.9 x 4.18 x (60-10) /0.95 = 198kw
7) Boiler power needed = 198 / 0.9 = 220 kw
8) Selecting 2 boilers with capacity 127 kw for each (total 254 kw)
9) Each boiler have 50% of full load required
10) Selected boiler rated pressure 6bar
(Cont’d)
*Refer to Viessman catalogue

(Cont’d)

(Cont’d)

(Cont’d)

(Cont’d)
*Refer to Oilon catalogue

 Burner Selection
(Cont’d)

 Chimney Size
(Cont’d)
*Refer to NFPA 54 HB – 2018ED – Cha.13

 Chimney Size
(Cont’d)
*Refer to Enervex catalogue

 Chimney exhaust fan selection
1. Selected according to flue cfm
2. Static pressure
 Exhaust gas mass flow rate for 1 boiler = 164 kg/hr

 Exhaust volume flow rate = 164 x (1/1.1839) x 35.31 x (1/60) = 81.6 cfm - for each boiler
 Static pressure = length of chimney x safety factor x 3.28 x 0.15/100
 Static pressure = 25 x 2 x 3.28 x 0.15/100 = 0.246 IWC
(Cont’d)
*Refer to Enervex catalogue

 Chimney exhaust fan
(Cont’d)

4) Heating Method (By Solar)
 Solar System Design
5) Selecting 2 calorifiers each have capacity 1000 gal
6) Thermal power required for calorifiers = 1 x 0.9 x 4.18 x (60-10) /0.95 = 198kw
7) Latitude for Egypt = 30
8) Panel vertical angle = latitude + 15 = 45
(Cont’d)
*Refer to Central Solar Hot Water Systems Design Guide

10) Energy demand
Qs = 7.6 x 1.16 x 50 = 441 kwh
11) Collector Yield

Cy = 4.46 x 0.6 x 0.85 = 2.3 kwh/m2
(Cont’d)
*Refer to global solar atlas website

(Cont’d)

12) Total Collector area required = Energy demand / Collector yield
= 441 / 2.3 = 192 m2
13) Solar fraction taken as 90% - Electric auxiliary 10% (or fixed value for ex. 3kw)
14) Actual Collector area required = 192 x 0.9 = 173 m2
15) Selecting solar collector with area = 2 m2
16) Total No. of collectors = 173 / 2 = 87
(Cont’d)
*Refer to schettler calculation sheet

12) Assuming collectors arranged as 5 rows x 20m length so roof area required = 295m2
(Cont’d)
*Refer to ASHRAE 200 HVAC – Cha.12

 Expansion tank sizing
Notes :
 P1 : usually is system working pressure
 P2 : usually taken as 1.5 – 2 times P1
(Cont’d)
*Refer to Alfa Laval design guide

 Heat exchanger sizing
 To design any heat exchanger by
calculating
1) Required thermal power
2) Required cold & hot side temp.
difference
3) Get Heat exchanger area
(Cont’d)

(Cont’d)

Notes :
1) The design of plate heat exchangers gives much higher turbulence, and thereby
thermal efficiency, than a shell and-tube exchanger.
2) A typical k-value (water/water) for a plate heat exchanger is 6,000-7,500 W/m² °C while
a typical shell-and-tube exchanger gives only 2,000-2,500 W/m² °C.
3) A typical Rf-value used for shell-and-tube exchangers is 1 x 10-4 m² °C/W. With k-

values 2,000-2,500 W/m² °C this give a Margin of 20-25%. (M = kc x Rf).
4) To achieve M = 20-25% in the plate heat exchanger with 6,000-7,500 W/m² °C the Rf -
value should only be 0.33 x 10-4 m² °C/W.
5) As guide allowable pressure drop through heat exchanger 20 – 100kpa

(Cont’d)
*Refer to Brazetetk catalogue

(Cont’d)
 Water treatment design

 Water Filter Sizing
 To design any filter
1) Required water flow
2) Get Filtration area
Q=AxV
 Q = Water Flow (m3/hr)
 A = Filter area = (π/4) x d2 (m2)
 V = Filtration rate (m3/hr/m2)
 Typical filtration rate between 30
to 50 m3/hr/m2
(Cont’d)
*Refer to Aqua catalogue

 Water Filter Sizing
(Cont’d)

 Water Softener Sizing
 To design any softener
1) Required Inlet & outlet water hardness

2) Required Water usage per day
3) Get resin volume
4) Get salt mass per generation
(Cont’d)

 Example : Design water softener for 5 apartment each have the following
 1 kitchen sink (KS)

 3 lavatories (LAV)
 2 water closets – flush tank (WC)
 1 Shower
 1 Bathtub (BT)
 Total hardness for water is 350ppm
(Cont’d)

 Answer :
1) Get flow rate for fixtures
Fixture Fixture No. Fixture Unit (FU) Total FU
KS 5 1.4 7
LAV 15 0.7 10.7
WC 10 2.2 22
SH 5 1.4 7
BT 5 1.4 7
Total 53.5
Flow (gpm) 32
(Cont’d)

 Answer :
2) Get required grain removal (grain/gal)
 Hardness = Inlet water hardness – Outlet water hardness = 350 – 75 = 275 ppm
 275 ppm = 275/17.1 grain/gal = 16.1 grain/gal
From Catalogue in
3) Water usage per day = 32 x 60 x 24 = 46080 gal/day (grain/ft3 of resin)
4) Total grain/day = 16.1 x 46080 = 741888 grain/day
5) Resin volume required = Step 4 x no. of days / resin capacity
= 741888 x 1 / 150000 = 4.9 ft3 of resin = 0.14m3
6) Salt consumption per generation = resign volume x salt dosage =4.9 x 15= 73.5 Ib =33.5kg
(Cont’d)

 Answer :
7) Selection (from watts)
(Cont’d)

 Water Reverse Osmosis Sizing
 To design any reverse osmosis
 Required Flow (gpm) or usage (gal/day)
 Get full data (dimension – pressure – electric power)
(Cont’d)
 Water Piping design

 Water Pipe Sizing
 To design any pipe
 Required Fixture type
 Required Fixture No. of each type
 Assuming velocity inside pipe between 4 to 8 ft/s (1.2 to 2.4m/s)
 For velocity for branches taken as 1.5m/s & for risers taken as 2m/s
 Get pipe size
Velocity ≥ 10ft/s
• High friction
• Noisy
(Cont’d)

Pipe size (in) PP-R (mm) CU (mm)
1/2 20 15
3/4 25 22
1 32 28
1¼ 40 35
1½ 50 42
2 63 54
2½ 75 67
3 90 76
4 110 108
6 160 150
(Cont’d)

 Example : Calculate pipe size for each fixture and toilet tie-in for toilet have following
 1 lavatories (LAV)
 1 water closets – Flush tank (WC)
 1 Shower (SH)
 1 Bathtub (BT)
HWR
HW
CW
(Cont’d)
 Water Piping design Fixture unit tables

 Answer :
1) Find flow rate
Fixture Fixture No. CW-FU HW-FU Total FU

LAV 1 0.5 0.5 0.7
WC 1 2.2 - 2.2
SH 1 1 1 1.4
BT 1 1 1 1.4
Total 4.7 2.5 5.7
Flow (gpm) 9.4 6.5 10.7
(Cont’d)

 Answer :
2) Pipe sizing (Method-1) Pipe sizes in inch
Q=AXV Fixture CW size HW size HWR size
A = (3.14/4) X d2 LAV 0.5 0.5 -
d = √ (Q/V) X (4/3.14)
V = 1.5m/s WC 0.5 - -
SH 0.5 0.5 -
BT 0.5 0.5 -
Tie - In 0.75 0.5 0.5
 Note :
Hot water return pipe size = 0.5 Hot water pipe size
(Cont’d)

 Answer :
2) Pipe sizing (Method-2 – ASPE code)
(Cont’d)

 Answer :
2) Pipe sizing (Method-2 - ASPE code)
(Cont’d)
*Refer to Egyptian Plumbing code – 2009ED (code 301/1)

 Answer :
2) Pipe sizing (Method-3 – Egyptian code)
(Cont’d)
*Refer to IPC 2009Ed Chapter 6 – Sec/604.8

 Water Valves Sizing
 Pressure reducing valve (PRV)
 Shall be installed if pressure inlet to toilet or floor exceed 80 psi
P1
 Pump head = residual + static + losses head

 P2 > P1
 If P2 > 80 psi so PRV shall be installed
P2
(Cont’d)
*Refer to IPC 2009Ed – Appendix E

 Water meter sizing
 According IPC code (Annex E)
1) Required water meter size.

2) Get longest run for farthest fixture from tie-in point.
3) Get total fixture unit for all fixtures in the building.
4) Get pressure at tie-in provided from municipality.
(Cont’d)

 According IPC code (Appendix E)
(Cont’d)

(Cont’d)

(Cont’d)

(Cont’d)
*Refer to kahramaa regulations

 According to Qatar regulation water meter sizing according to water daily consumption
Daily consumption (UK gal) Water meter size (mm)

5000 – 10000 28
15000 – 20000 42
25000 – 60000 54
70000 - 125000 80
 For internal tenant areas in any building water meter size is 22mm
05- Drinking Chilled Water Supply
System Design
 Drinking Chilled Water Supply Design

 To design any central chilled drinking water system
1) Require chiller load
2) Required circulation pump flow & head
3) Required storage capacity
4) Get type of building
5) Get No. of person served in peak load
6) Get pipe size & length
7) Get inlet water & room temperature
System Design (Cont’d)

Chiller load = (Usage load + circulation pipe losses + Circulation pump heat input) x 1.15
 Usage load (Btu/hr) = No. of person x

demand per person x refrigeration load

 Pipe losses load (Btu/hr) = pipe length x

heat loss for each size


2) Required circulation pump (head & flow & power)
Method-1 : Pump Flow (Q1) = 3gpm per branch circuit (or)

Method-2 : Pump Flow (Q2) = gpm to limit heat losses to maximum 5F (from table) X 1.2
So Final Pump Flow = Maximum (Q1 ; Q2)
 Pump head = Head losses

 Pump power refer to previous slide

3) Required Storage capacity
Storage capacity = 0.5 x total water demand per hour


 Example : Take, for instance, an office building with 60 drinking fountains, room
temperature 80°F, inlet water 75°F, chilled water 45°F, 5 branch circuits, 600
ft. of 1-in. pipe, 200 ft. of 1 1/4-in. pipe, 100 ft. of 1 ½ -in. pipe, 3/4 H.P. circulating
pump.
150 gal
*Refer to HydroThrift catalogue

 Chiller selection
 1 ton = 12000 Btu/hr

 Load = 93792 / 12000
= 7.82 ton
06- WS System Hydrostatic Test
 WS System Hydrostatic Test

 The rough piping installation should be subject to a hydrostatic pressure of
1.5 times the working pressure of the system, but in no case less than 125
psi. The test should extend over a period of at least three hours and
demonstrate water tightness without any loss of pressure.
Ali Hassan Mohamed
FF & PL design engineer
(+02) - 01001737218
alihassanmohamed466@gmail.com

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Plumbing Matrix Guideline

Powered By : Eng. Ali Hassan

Part I : Water supply system

Part II : Drainage system

Part III : Water features

Part IV : Compressed air system

Part V : Gas fuel system

Part VI : Liquid fuel system

Part VII : Medical gas system

Ancient Toilet Modern Toilet

Water supply & drainage Swimming pools

Compressed air Medical gases

Fuel System Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)

01- Plumbing Fixtures

02- WS System Components

03- Water Supply Systems

04- Potable WS System Design

05- Drinking Chilled WS Design

06- WS System Hydrostatic Test

 Water Closet flushing methods

01- Flush tank 02- Flush Valve

 Flush Tank Water Closet types

01- Exposed flush tank 02- Recessed flush tank

 Water Closet discharge types

 Handicapped water closet

Splash Back Slab Shelf Back

Pedestal Half Pedestal Ledge Back

Under Counter Above Counter

 Janitor (Service Sink)

Two Bowl Single Bowl Commercial

Shower Experience Shower

 Emergency Eye Wash

Laundry Ice Maker Steam Room (Spa)

 Water Supply Sources

Municipality Well Tanks

 Water Tanks (Types)

02-Non-Potable (01) (02)

Underground Roof Ground

 Water Tanks (Material)

(1) (2) (3) (4)

 Water Tanks (Elevated)

 Water Tanks (Piping)

a) Water Service Pipe

 Piping (Material) – (PEX-AL-PEX) tubing

Manifold Water Supply Floor Heating

 Piping (Material) – (PEX-AL-PEX) tubing

HDPE Steel uPVC

 Piping (Water Meter)

 Piping (Water Meter)

 Piping (Valves) - Backflow Preventer

 Piping (Valves) - Pressure Reducing Valve (PRV)

 Piping (Valves) - Globe Valve

 Piping (Valves) - Globe Valve

 Piping (Valves) - Globe Valve

 Piping (Valves) - Gate Valve

 Piping (Valves) - Gate Valve

 Piping (Valves) - Butterfly Valve

 Piping (Valves) - Balance valve

[Balance valve = globe+check+gate]