Momentum and Collisions

Storyline
Chapter 9:
Linear Momentum and Collisions
Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 10e

Raymond A. Serway
John W. Jewett, Jr.
Reading Question 10.1
Which of these is a. velocity

not a vector? Pick b. force
the scalar quantity c. momentum
from the list. d. energy
©Cengage Slide 10-2

Which of these is a. velocity

not a vector? Pick b. force
the scalar quantity c. momentum
from the list. d. energy

A prototype a. Double the velocity

consumer drone b. Quadruple the velocity (four
aircraft has a times larger)
momentum of 230 c. Halve the mass
kg m/s as it passes d. Quarter the mass
over a monitoring
station. Which of (assuming everything else is
these modifications constant)
would give it four
times the original
momentum?

A prototype a. Double the velocity

consumer drone b. Quadruple the velocity
aircraft has a (four times larger)
momentum of 230 c. Halve the mass
kg m/s as it passes d. Quarter the mass
over a monitoring
station. Which of (assuming everything else is
these modifications constant)
would give it four
times the original
momentum?

A 1.0 kg steel a. undefined if the relative

sphere is at the velocity is unknown
origin, and a 0.1 kg b. on the x axis, closer to the steel
sphere at the origin
sphere of brass is on
the x axis at 0.1 m. c. on the x axis, closer to the
brass sphere at 0.1 m
The center of mass
d. at the center of the heavier
of this two particle steel sphere
system is...

A 1.0 kg steel a. undefined if the relative

sphere is at the velocity is unknown
origin, and a 0.1 kg b. on the x axis, closer to the
steel sphere at the origin
sphere of brass is on
the x axis at 0.1 m. c. on the x axis, closer to the
brass sphere at 0.1 m
The center of mass d. at the center of the heavier
of this two particle steel sphere
system is...

Linear Momentum
A 60-kg archer stands at rest

on frictionless ice and fires a
0.030-kg arrow horizontally at
85 m/s. With what velocity
does the archer move across
the ice after firing the arrow?
Linear Momentum
System is isolated:
internal forces only
 
F12  F21
 
F12  F21  0
Linear Momentum
 
m1a1  m2 a 2  0
 
dv1 dv 2
m1  m2 0
dt dt
 
d  m1 v1  d  m2 v 2 
 0
dt dt
d  
 m1 v1  m2 v 2   0
dt
Linear Momentum

The linear momentum p of a particle or an object
that can be modeled as a particle of mass m
moving with a velocity v is defined to be the
product of the mass and velocity of the particle:
 
p  mv
px  mvx p y  mv y pz  mvz
Linear Momentum and Force
 
 dv
 F  ma  m dt

 d  mv  dp
 F  dt  dt
The time rate of change of the linear momentum of a

particle is equal to the net force acting on the particle
Quick Quiz 9.1
Two objects have equal kinetic energies. How do the
magnitudes of their momenta compare?
(a) p1 < p2
(b) p1 = p2
(c) p1 > p2
(d) not enough information to tell
Quick Quiz 9.1
Two objects have equal kinetic energies. How do the
magnitudes of their momenta compare?
(a) p1 < p2
(b) p1 = p2
(c) p1 > p2
(d) not enough information to tell
Quick Quiz 9.2
Your physical education teacher throws a baseball to
you at a certain speed and you catch it. The teacher is
next going to throw you a medicine ball whose mass is
ten times the mass of the baseball. You are given the
following choices: You can have the medicine ball
thrown with
(a) the same speed
(b) the same momentum
(c) the same kinetic energy
as the baseball.
Rank these choices from easiest to hardest to catch.
Quick Quiz 9.2
(1) the same momentum

(2) the same kinetic energy
(3) the same speed
Analysis Model: Isolated System
(Momentum)
d   d  
 m1 v1  m2 v 2   0   p1  p 2   0
dt dt

p tot  constant

p tot  0
   
p1i  p 2i  p1 f  p 2 f
p1ix  p2ix  p1 fx  p2 fx p1iy  p2iy  p1 fy  p2 fy

p1iz  p2iz  p1 fz  p2 fz
Analysis Model: Isolated System
(Momentum)
Whenever two or more particles in an isolated

system interact, the total momentum of the
system does not change.
For energy: system isolated if there are no transfers

of energy across boundary of system
For momentum: must be no external forces on system
Analysis Model:
Isolated System (Momentum)

p tot  0
Example 9.1:
The Archer
A 60-kg archer stands at rest on frictionless ice and
fires a 0.030-kg arrow horizontally at 85 m/s. With
what velocity does the archer move across
the ice after firing the arrow?
Example 9.1:
The Archer

m1  60 kg, m2  0.030 kg, and v 2 f  85î m/s
    
p  0  p f  p i  0  p f  p i
 
 m1 v1 f  m2 v 2 f  0
 m2 
v1 f   v2 f
m1
 0.030 kg 
 
 60 kg 
85 î m/s 
 4.25 î cm/s
Example 9.1:
The Archer
What if the arrow were fired in a direction that makes
an angle  with the horizontal? How will that change
the recoil velocity of the archer?
m1v1 f  m2 v2 f cos   
v1 f 
m2
m1
 
v2 f cos    4.25 cm/s î cos 
Example 9.2: Can We Really Ignore the Kinetic
energy of the Earth?
Earlier, we claimed that we can ignore the kinetic
energy of the Earth when considering the energy of a
system consisting of the Earth and a dropped ball.
Verify this claim.
Example 9.2: Can We Really Ignore the Kinetic
Energy of the Earth
2
KE mE v E
1 2
 mE   vE 
 2
2
  
Kb mb vb
1
2  mb   vb 
 vE mb
p  0  pi  p f 
 0  mb vb  mE vE vb mE
2
K E  mE  mb  mb
   
K b  mb   mE  mE
K E mb 1 kg
  25  10 25
K b mE 10 kg
Analysis Model:
Nonisolated System (Momentum)
 dp
 F  dt
 
dp   Fdt
   
 Fdt
tf
p  p f  p i  
ti
 
 Fdt
tf
Impulse: I  
ti
Impulse
 1 tf 
 F avg
 
t ti
 Fdt
 
I  F  t
avg
  
 F  avg

  F F constant 
 
I   F t  constant net force 
Impulse and Momentum
The change in the momentum of a particle is equal to the

impulse of the net force acting on the particle:
 
p  I
Impulse, Momentum, and Average Force
Impulse approximation:
assume one of the forces
exerted on particle acts
for a short time but is
much greater than any
other force present
  
p  I   F  avg
t
Quick Quiz 9.3 Part I
Two objects are at rest on a frictionless surface.
Object 1 has a greater mass than object 2.
When a constant force is applied to object 1, it
accelerates through a distance d in a straight line.
The force is removed from object 1 and is applied to
object 2. At the moment when object 2 has accelerated
through the same distance d, which statements are true?
(a) p1 < p2 (b) p1 = p2 (c) p1 > p2
(d) K1 < K2 (e) K1 = K2 (f) K1 > K2
When a constant force is applied to object 1, it
accelerates through a distance d in a straight line.
object 2. At the moment when object 2 has accelerated
through the same distance d, which statements are true?
(a) p1 < p2 (b) p1 = p2 (c) p1 > p2
(d) K1 < K2 (e) K1 = K2 (f) K1 > K2
Quick Quiz 9.3 Part II
When a force is applied to object 1, it accelerates for a
time interval t.
object 2 for the same time interval t. Which
statements are true?
(a) p1 < p2 (b) p1 = p2 (c) p1 > p2
(d) K1 < K2 (e) K1 = K2 (f) K1 > K2
When a force is applied to object 1, it accelerates for a
time interval t.
object 2 for the same time interval t. Which
statements are true?
(a) p1 < p2 (b) p1 = p2 (c) p1 > p2
(d) K1 < K2 (e) K1 = K2 (f) K1 > K2
An automobile dashboard, seat belt, and air bag, are
each used alone in separate collisions from the same
speed. In terms of impulse, rank these from greatest to
least.
speed. In terms of impulse, rank these from greatest to
least.
All three are the same.

speed. In terms of the average force each delivers to a
front-seat passenger, rank these from greatest to least.
speed. In terms of the average force each delivers to a
front-seat passenger, rank these from greatest to least.
dashboard, seat belt, air bag

Analysis Model:
Nonisolated System (Momentum)
 
p  I
Example 9.3:
How Good Are the Bumpers?
In a particular crash test, a car of mass 1 500 kg

collides with a wall as shown in the figure. The
initial and final velocities of the car are
 
v i  15.0 i m/s and v f  2.60 i m/s,
respectively. If the collision lasts 0.150 s, find the
impulse on the car during the collision and the
average net force exerted on the car.
Example 9.3:
       
I   p   p f   p i  mv f  m v i  m  v f  v i 

 1500 kg   2.60 î m/s  15.0 î m/s 
  
4 ˆ
 2.64  10 i kg  m/s

 I 2.64  104 î kg  m/s
 F  avg

t

0.150 s
 1.76  105 î N
Example 9.3:
What if the car did not rebound from the wall?
Suppose the final velocity of the car is zero and the
time interval of the collision remains at 0.150 s. Would
that represent a larger or a smaller net force on the car?
   
I  p  p f  p i

 0  1500 kg  15.0 î m/s 
4 ˆ
 2.25  10 i kg  m/s

 I 2.25  10 4 î kg  m/s
 F  avg

t

0.150 s
5 ˆ
 1.50  10 i N
smaller net force

During a collision, a. An elastic collision

many external forces b. An inelastic collision
acting on a system c. Impulse conservation
can be neglected d. Impulse approximation
because they’re
weaker than the
interactions involved
in the collision.
What is this called?

During a collision, a. An elastic collision

many external forces b. An inelastic collision
acting on a system c. Impulse conservation
can be neglected d. Impulse approximation
because they’re
weaker than the
interactions involved
in the collision.
What is this called?

Which of these a. Change in velocity of a particle

descriptions b. Change in velocity of a system’s
best captures center of mass
the idea of c. Integral of force through time
impulse? d. Integral of momentum through time

Which of these a. Change in velocity of a particle

descriptions b. Change in velocity of a system’s
best captures center of mass
the idea of c. Integral of force through time
impulse? d. Integral of momentum through time

Momentum can a. True

be conserved in b. False because kinetic energy can be
two-dimensional conserved in 2-d collisions
collisions, but c. False because momentum is only
kinetic energy is conserved when all three
dimensions are included
only conserved
d. False because kinetic energy can
in some one only be conserved if all three
dimensional dimensions are included
collisions.

Momentum can a. True

be conserved in b. False because kinetic energy
two-dimensional can be conserved in 2-d
collisions
collisions, but
kinetic energy is c. False because momentum is only
conserved when all three
only conserved dimensions are included
in some one d. False because kinetic energy can
dimensional only be conserved if all three
collisions. dimensions are included

A completely a. Particles that stick together

inelastic collision b. Particles that break and move apart
features... rapidly
c. A target particle that begins at rest
d. Particles that leave the collision in
directions 90° apart.

A completely a. Particles that stick together

inelastic collision b. Particles that break and move apart
features... rapidly
c. A target particle that begins at rest
d. Particles that leave the collision in
directions 90° apart.

Collisions in One Dimension
Perfectly Inelastic Collisions

p  0
 
p i  p f
  
m1 v1i  m2 v 2i   m1  m2  v f
 
 m1 v1i  m2 v 2i
vf 
m1  m2
Elastic Collisions
pi  p f  m1v1i  m2 v2 i  m1v1 f  m2 v2 f
1 1 1 1
K i  K f  m1v1i  m2 v2i  m1v1 f  m2 v2 f
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
Elastic Collisions
1 1 1 1
m1v1i  m2 v2i  m1v1 f  m2 v2 f
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
m1  v1i 2  v1 f 2   m2  v2 f 2  v2i 2 
m1  v1i  v1 f  v
1i  v1 f   m2  v2 f  v2i  v2 f  v2i 
pi  p f  m1v1i  m2 v2 i  m1v1 f  m2 v2 f
m1  v1i  v1 f   m2  v2 f  v2 i 
v1i  v1 f  v2 f  v2i  v1i  v2i    v1 f  v2 f 

Elastic Collisions
m1v1i  m2 v2i  m1v1 f  m2 v2 f
v1i  v2i    v1 f  v2 f 
 m1  m2   2m2 
v1 f   v1i    v2i
 m1  m2   m1  m2 
 2m1   m2  m1 
v2 f   v1i    v2i
 m1  m2   m1  m2 
Elastic Collisions
 m1  m2   2m2 
v1 f   v1i    v2i
 m1  m2   m1  m2 
 2m1   m2  m1 
v2 f   v1i    v2 i
 m1  m2   m1  m2 
mm  2m 
v1 f   v1i    v2i  v2i
mm mm
 2m  mm
v2 f   v1i    v2 i  v1i
mm mm
Elastic Collisions
 m1  m2   2m2   m1  m2 
v1 f    v1i    v2i v1 f   v1i
 m1  m2   m1  m2   m1  m2 

 2m1   m2  m1  v2 i  0
 2m1 
v2 f    v1i    v2 i v2 f   v1i
 m1  m2   m1  m2   m1  m2 
m1  m2  m1  m2  m1 and m1  m2  m1
 m1   2m1 
v1 f    v1i and v2 f    v1i
 m1   m1 
 v1 f  v1i and v2 f  2v1i
Elastic Collisions
 m1  m2   2m1 
v1 f   v1i and v2 f    v1i
 m1  m2   m1  m2 
m1  m2  m1  m2  m2 and m1  m2   m2
  m2 
v1 f    v1i and v2 f  0
 m2 
 v1 f   v1i and v2 f  0
Quick Quiz 9.5
In a perfectly inelastic one-dimensional collision
between two moving objects, what condition alone is
necessary so that the final kinetic energy of the system
is zero after the collision?
(a) The objects must have initial momenta with the
same magnitude but opposite directions.
(b) The objects must have the same mass.
(c) The objects must have the same initial velocity.
(d) The objects must have the same initial speed, with
velocity vectors in opposite directions.
Quick Quiz 9.5
In a perfectly inelastic one-dimensional collision
between two moving objects, what condition alone is
necessary so that the final kinetic energy of the system
is zero after the collision?
(a) The objects must have initial momenta with the
same magnitude but opposite directions.
(b) The objects must have the same mass.
(c) The objects must have the same initial velocity.
(d) The objects must have the same initial speed, with
velocity vectors in opposite directions.
Quick Quiz 9.6
A table-tennis ball is thrown at a stationary bowling ball. The
table-tennis ball makes a one-dimensional elastic collision and
bounces back along the same line. Compared with the bowling
ball after the collision, the table-tennis ball has
(a) a larger magnitude of momentum and more kinetic energy.
(b) a smaller magnitude of momentum and more kinetic energy.
(c) a larger magnitude of momentum and less kinetic energy.
(d) a smaller magnitude of momentum and less kinetic energy.
(e) the same magnitude of momentum and the same kinetic
energy.
Quick Quiz 9.6
A table-tennis ball is thrown at a stationary bowling ball. The
table-tennis ball makes a one-dimensional elastic collision and
bounces back along the same line. Compared with the bowling
ball after the collision, the table-tennis ball has
(a) a larger magnitude of momentum and more kinetic energy.
(b) a smaller magnitude of momentum and more kinetic
energy.
(c) a larger magnitude of momentum and less kinetic energy.
(d) a smaller magnitude of momentum and less kinetic energy.
(e) the same magnitude of momentum and the same kinetic
energy.
Problem-Solving Strategy:
One-Dimensional Collisions
1. Conceptualize
2. Categorize
3. Analyze
perfectly inelastic collision:
 
 m1 v1i  m2 v 2i
vf 
m1  m2
elastic collision:
m1v1i  m2 v2i  m1v1 f  m2 v2 f and v1i  v2 i    v1 f  v2 f 
inelastic collision:
m1v1i  m2 v2i  m1v1 f  m2 v2 f
4. Finalize
Example 9.4:
The Executive Stress Reliever
An ingenious device that illustrates
conservation of momentum and kinetic energy
is shown in the photo. It consists of five
identical hard balls supported by strings of
equal lengths. When ball 1 is pulled out and
released, after the almost-elastic collision
between it and ball 2, ball 1 stops and ball 5
moves out as shown in the lower figure. If balls 1 and 2 are pulled out
and released, they stop after the collision and balls 4 and 5 swing out,
and so forth. Even if four balls
(14) are pulled out and
released, four balls (2  5)
swing out after the collision!
Example 9.4:
Is it ever possible that when
ball 1 is released, it stops after
the collision and balls 4 and 5
will swing out on the opposite
side and travel with half the
speed of ball 1 as in the figure?
Example 9.4:
v v
m    m    mv
2 2
1 2
K i  mv
2
2 2
1 v 1 v 1 2
K f  m    m    mv
2 2 2 2 4
Example 9.4:
Example 9.4:
Consider what would happen if
balls 4 and 5 are glued together.
Now what happens when ball 1
is pulled out and released?
Example 9.4:
pi  p f
mv1i  mv1 f  2mv4,5
Ki  K f
1 1 1
mv1i  mv1 f   2m  v4,5 2
2 2
2 2 2
2 1
v4,5  v1i v1 f   v1i
3 3
Example 9.5:
Carry Collision Insurance!
An 1 800-kg car stopped at a traffic light is struck
from the rear by a 900-kg car. The two cars become
entangled, moving along the same path as that of the
originally moving car. If the smaller car were moving
at 20.0 m/s before the collision, what is the velocity of
the entangled cars after the collision?
Example 9.5:

p  0  pi  p f  m1v1   m1  m2  v f
m1v1  900 kg  20.0 m/s 

vf    6.67 m/s
m1  m2 900 kg  1800 kg
Example 9.5:
Suppose we exchange the masses of the cars. What if
a stationary 900-kg car is struck by a moving 1 800-
kg car? Is the final speed the same as before?
Final speed is higher.
m1v1 1800 kg  20.0 m/s 

vf    13.3 m/s
m1  m2 1800 kg  900 kg
Example 9.6:
The Ballistic Pendulum
The ballistic pendulum an apparatus used to measure the
speed of a fast-moving projectile such as a bullet. A
projectile of mass m1 is fired into a large block of wood of
mass m2 suspended from some light wires. The projectile
embeds in the block, and the entire system swings through a
height h. How can we determine the speed of the projectile
from a measurement of h?
Example 9.6:
The Ballistic Pendulum
 
 m1 v1 A  m2 v 2 A m1v1 A
vB   vB 
m1  m2 m1  m2
2 2
1 m v
K B   m1  m2  vB 2  KB  1 1A
2 2  m1  m2 
U B  0 and U C   m1  m2  gh
K  U  0   K C  K B   U C  U B   0
 m12 v1 A 2 
0     m1  m2  gh  0   0
 2  m1  m2  
 m1  m2 
v1 A    2 gh
 m1 
Example 9.7:
A Two-Body Collision with a Spring
A block of mass m1 = 1.60 kg initially moving to the right with a
speed of 4.00 m/s on a frictionless, horizontal track collides with a
light spring attached to a second block of mass m2 = 2.10 kg
initially moving to the left with a speed of 2.50 m/s as shown in
the figure on the left. The spring constant is 600 N/m.
(A) Find the velocities of the two blocks when they are again
moving separately after the collision.
Example 9.7:
m1v1i  m2 v2 i  m1v1 f  m2 v2 f
v1i  v21    v1 f  v2 f 
m1v1i  m1v2 i   m1v1 f  m1v2 f
2m1v1i   m2  m1  v2i   m1  m2  v2 f
2m1v1i   m2  m1  v2i
v2 f 
m1  m2
2 1.60 kg  4.00 m/s    2.10 kg  1.60 kg  2.50 m/s 

v2 f   3.12 m/s
1.60 kg  2.10 kg
v1 f  v2 f  v1i  v2i  3.12 m/s  4.00 m/s   2.50 m/s   3.38 m/s
Example 9.7:
(B) Determine the velocity of block 2 during the
collision, at the instant block 1 is moving to the right
with a velocity of +3.00 m/s as in the figure.
Example 9.7:
m1v1i  m2 v2i  m1v1 f  m2 v2 f
m1v1i  m2 v2i  m1v1 f

v2 f 
m2
1.60 kg  4.00 m/s    2.10 kg  2.50 m/s   1.60 kg  3.00 m/s 

v2 f 
2.10 kg
 1.74 m/s
Example 9.7:
(C) Determine the distance the spring is compressed
at that instant.
Example 9.7:
K  U  0
 1 1 2  1 1 2  1 2 
 2 m1v1 f  2 m2 v2 f    2 m1v1i  2 m2 v2i     2 kx  0   0
2 2
     
1
  
x   m1 v1i 2  v1 f 2  m2 v2i 2  v2 f 2 
2
k

 1 
x2   
 600 N/m 

 1.60 kg   4.00 m/s    3.00 m/s     2.10 kg   2.50 m/s   1.74 m/s  

2 2
 
2 2


 x  0.173 m
Collisions in Two Dimensions
m1v1x  m2 v2ix  m1v1 fx  m2 v2 fx

m1v1 y  m2 v2iy  m1v1 fy  m2 v2 fy
Collisions in Two Dimensions
px  0  pxi  pxf  m1v1i  m1v1 f cos   m2 v2 f cos 
p y  0  p yi  p yf  0  m1v1 f sin   m2 v2 f sin 
1 1 1
K i  K f  m1v1i  m1v1 f  m2 v2 f
2 2 2
2 2 2
Problem-Solving Strategy:
Two-Dimensional Collisions
1. Conceptualize
2. Categorize: elastic? perfectly inelastic? inelastic?
3. Analyze

p  0  pix  p fx and piy  p fy
4. Finalize
Example 9.8:
Collisions at an Intersection
A 1 500-kg car traveling east
with a speed of 25.0 m/s
collides at an intersection with
a 2 500-kg truck traveling
north at a speed of 20.0 m/s as
shown in the figure. Find the
direction and magnitude of the
velocity of the wreckage after
the collision, assuming the
vehicles stick together after
the collision.
Example 9.8:
Collisions at an Intersection
px  0   pxi   pxf  m1v1i   m1  m2  v f cos 

p y  0   p yi   p yf  m2 v2i   m1  m2  v f sin 
m2 v2i sin 
  tan 
m1v1i cos 
1  2 500 kg  20.0 m/s 
 m2 v2i   
  tan 
1
  tan    53.1
 m1v1i   1500 kg  25.0 m/s  
m2 v2i  2 500 kg  20.0 m/s 

vf    15.6 m/s
 m1  m2  sin  1500 kg  2500 kg  sin 53.1
Example 9.9:
Proton-Proton Collision
A proton collides elastically with another
proton that is initially at rest. The incoming
proton has an initial speed of 3.50  105 m/s
and makes a glancing collision with the
second proton as in shown in the figure (At
close separations, the protons exert a
repulsive electrostatic force on each other.)
After the collision, one proton moves off at
an angle of 37.0 to the original direction of
motion and the second deflects at an angle
of  to the same axis. Find the final speeds
of the two protons and the angle .
Example 9.9:
1 v1i  v1 f cos   v2 f cos 

 2  0  v1 f sin   v2 f sin 
  1i 1 f 2 f
3 v 2
 v 2
 v 2
v2 f cos   v1i  v1 f cos 

v2 f sin   v1 f sin 
v2 f 2 cos 2   v2 f 2 sin 2  
v1i  2v1i v1 f cos   v1 f cos   v1 f sin 
2 2 2 2 2
  2f
4 v 2
 v1i
2
 2 v v
1i 1 f cos   v1f
2
Example 9.9:
v1 f   v1i  2v1i v1 f cos   v1 f

2 2 2
v
1i
2
5 v1 f  v1i v1 f cos   

2
v1 f  v1i cos    3.50  10 m/s  cos 37.0

5
 2.80  10 m/s 5
 3.50 10 m/s    2.80  10 m/s 

2 2
v2 f  v1i  v1 f 
2 2 5 5
 2.11 105 m/s

 v
  sin 1  1 f
sin  
 1


 2.80  10 5
m/s  sin 37.0  
  53.0
 sin
 v
 2 f

   2.1110 m/s  
5
The Center of Mass
The Center of Mass
m1 x1  m2 x2
xCM 
m1  m2
Let x1  0, x2  d , m2  2m1
m1  0    2m1  d 2d
xCM  
m1  2m1 3
The Center of Mass
m1 x1  m2 x2  m3 x3  ...  mn xn
xCM 
m1  m2  m3  ...  mn
m x m x i i i i
1
 i
 i
 m x
m
i i
M i M i
i
1 1
yCM 
M
m yi
i i and zCM 
M
m zi
i i
The Center of Mass

rCM  xCM î  yCM ˆj  zCM kˆ
1 1 1

M
i mi xi i  M i mi yi j  M i mi zi kˆ
ˆ ˆ
 1  
rCM 
M
 ii
i
m r  ri  xi
î  y ˆj  z kˆ
i i
The Center of Mass
1
xCM 
M i
 xi mi
1
xCM  lim
mi  0 M

i
xi mi
1

M  xdm
1
yCM 
M  ydm
 1 
and zCM 
1
 zdm
rCM 
M  rdm
M
The Center of Gravity
Quick Quiz 9.7
A baseball bat of uniform density is cut at the location
of its center of mass as shown in the figure. Which
piece has the smaller mass?
(a) the piece on the right

(b) the piece on the left
(c) both pieces have the same mass
(d) impossible to determine
Quick Quiz 9.7
A baseball bat of uniform density is cut at the location
of its center of mass as shown in the figure. Which
piece has the smaller mass?
(a) the piece on the right

(b) the piece on the left
(c) both pieces have the same mass
(d) impossible to determine
Example 9.10:
The Center of Mass of Three Particles
A system consists of three particles located as shown in
the figure. Find the center of mass of the system. The
masses of the particles are
m1 = m2 = 1.0 kg and
m3 = 2.0 kg.
Example 9.10:
The Center of Mass of Three Particles
1 m1 x1  m2 x2  m3 x3
xCM 
M i
 mi xi 
m1  m2  m3
1.0 kg 1.0 m   1.0 kg  2.0 m    2.0 kg  0 

1.0 kg  1.0 kg  2.0 kg
3.0 kg  m
  0.75 m
4.0 kg
1 m1 y1  m2 y2  m3 y3
yCM 
M i
 mi yi 
m1  m2  m3
1.0 kg  0   1.0 kg  0    2.0 kg  2.0 m 

1.0 kg  1.0 kg  2.0 kg
4.0 kg  m
  1.0 m
4.0 kg

rCM  xCM î  yCM ˆj  0.75î  1.0ˆj m
Example 9.11:
The Center of Mass of a Rod
(A) Show that the center of mass of a rod of mass M
and length L lies midway between its ends, assuming
the rod has a uniform mass per unit length.
Example 9.11:
2 L
1 L  x L
2
xCM 
M  xdm  
0
x dx 
M 2

2M
0
2
L M 
xCM   
2M  L 
1
 L
2
Example 9.11:
(B) Suppose a rod is nonuniform such that its mass per
unit length varies linearly with x according to the
expression  = x, where  is a constant. Find the x
coordinate of the center of mass as a fraction of L.
Example 9.11:
dm   dx,    x
1 1 L
xCM 
M  x dm  M 
0
x dx
1 L  L  L3

M 
0
x x dx 
M 
0
x 2 dx 
3M
L L L 2
M   dm    dx    x dx 
0 0 2
L 3
2
xCM   L
3 L /2 3
2
Systems of Many Particles
 
 drCM 1 dri 1 
v CM 
dt
 
M i
mi 
dt M i
 mi v i
   
Mv CM   mi v i   p i  p tot
i i
 
 dv CM 1 dv 1 
a CM 
dt
 
M i
mi 
dt M
 mi ai
i
  
Ma CM   mi a   Fi

i i

 Fext  MaCM
i
Systems of Many Particles
The center of mass of a system of particles having
combined mass M moves like an equivalent single
particle of mass M would move under the influence
of the net external force on the system.
  
 d v CM d v CM 
  F ext dt   MaCM dt   M dt dt  M  dt dt  M v CM
 
p tot  I

 dv CM
Ma CM M 0
dt
   
p tot  0 
Mv CM  p tot  constant when  Fext  0 
A cruise ship is moving at constant speed through the water.
The vacationers on the ship are eager to arrive at their next
destination. They decide to try to speed up the cruise ship by
gathering at the bow (the front) and running together toward
the stern (the back) of the ship. While they are running
toward the stern, the speed of the ship is
(a) higher than it was before.
(b) unchanged.
(c) lower than it was before.
(d) impossible to determine.
the stern (the back) of the ship. While they are running
toward the stern, the speed of the ship is
(a) higher than it was before.
(b) unchanged.
(c) lower than it was before.
the stern (the back) of the ship. The vacationers stop running
when they reach the stern of the ship. After they have all
stopped running, the speed of the ship is
(a) higher than it was before they started running.
(b) unchanged from what it was before they started running.
(c) lower than it was before they started running.
the stern (the back) of the ship. The vacationers stop running
when they reach the stern of the ship. After they have all
stopped running, the speed of the ship is
(a) higher than it was before they started running.
(b) unchanged from what it was before they started
running.
(c) lower than it was before they started running.
Conceptual Example 9.12:
Exploding Projectile
A projectile fired into the air suddenly explodes into
several fragments.
(A) What can be said about the motion of the center of
mass of the system made up of all the fragments after
the explosion?
Center of mass
follows the same
parabolic path as
if no explosion
had occurred.
Conceptual Example 9.12:
Exploding Projectile
(B) If the projectile did not explode, it would land at a
distance R from its launch point. Suppose the projectile
explodes and splits into two pieces of equal mass. One
piece lands at a distance 2R to the right of the launch
point. Where does the other piece land?
 
Example 9.13:
The Exploding Rocket
A rocket is fired vertically upward. At the instant it
reaches an altitude of 1 000 m and a speed of vi = 300
m/s, it explodes into three fragments having equal
mass. One fragment moves upward with a speed of v1
= 450 m/s following the explosion. The second
fragment has a speed of v2 = 240 m/s and is moving
east right after the explosion. What is the velocity of
the third fragment immediately after the explosion?
Example 9.13:
The Exploding Rocket
    M  M  M 
p  0  p i  p f  mv i  v1  v2  v3
3 3 3
   
v 3  3v i  v1  v 2

    
v 3  3 300ˆj m/s  450ˆj m/s  240î m/s 
  240î  450ˆj m/s
Deformable Systems
K  U  0
   
p tot  I  mv   Fwall dt
Example 9.14:
Pushing on a Spring
As shown in the top figure, two blocks are at rest on a
frictionless, level table. Both blocks have the same mass m, and
they are connected by a spring of negligible mass. The
separation distance of the blocks when the spring is relaxed is L.
During a time interval t, a constant force of magnitude F is
applied horizontally to the left block, moving it through a
distance x1 as shown in the bottom
figure. During this time interval,
the right block moves through a
distance x2. At the end of this time
interval, the force F is removed.
Example 9.14:
Pushing on a Spring
(A) Find the resulting speed vCM of the center of mass
of the system.
Example 9.15:
Pushing on a Spring
px  I x   2m  vCM  0   F t
2mvCM  F t
1
 x1  x2 
t  2
vCM,avg
1
 x1  x2   x1  x2 
t  2

2  0  vCM  vCM
1
 x1  x2   x1  x2 
2mvCM  F  vCM  F
vCM 2m
Example 9.15:
Pushing on a Spring
(B) Find the total energy of the system associated with
vibration relative to its center of mass after the force F
is removed.
K  K CM  K vib
K CM  K vib  U vib  W
K vib  U vib  Evib  K CM  Evib  W
K CM  Evib  W  Fx1
1  x1  x2 
Evib  Fx1  K CM  Fx1   2m  vCM  F
2
2 2
Rocket Propulsion
Rocket Propulsion
Rocket Propulsion
Rocket Equation
p    pi  p f  Mv   M  m  v  v   m  v  ve 
M v  mv  ve m
ve m
v 
M  m
Mdv  ve dm  ve dM
vf Mf dM
v1
dv  ve 
Mi M
 Mi 
v f  vi  ve ln  
M
 f 
Thrust
dv dM
Thrust  M  ve
dt dt

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Storyline

Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 10e

Which of these is a. velocity

©Cengage Slide 10-2

Which of these is a. velocity

©Cengage Slide 10-3

A prototype a. Double the velocity

©Cengage Slide 10-4

A prototype a. Double the velocity

©Cengage Slide 10-5

A 1.0 kg steel a. undefined if the relative

©Cengage Slide 10-6

A 1.0 kg steel a. undefined if the relative

©Cengage Slide 10-7

A 60-kg archer stands at rest

The time rate of change of the linear momentum of a

(1) the same momentum

p1ix  p2ix  p1 fx  p2 fx p1iy  p2iy  p1 fy  p2 fy

Whenever two or more particles in an isolated

For energy: system isolated if there are no transfers

The change in the momentum of a particle is equal to the

All three are the same.

dashboard, seat belt, air bag

In a particular crash test, a car of mass 1 500 kg

smaller net force

During a collision, a. An elastic collision

What is this called?

©Cengage Slide 11-41

During a collision, a. An elastic collision

What is this called?

©Cengage Slide 11-42

Which of these a. Change in velocity of a particle

©Cengage Slide 11-43

Which of these a. Change in velocity of a particle

©Cengage Slide 11-44

Momentum can a. True

©Cengage Slide 11-45

Momentum can a. True

©Cengage Slide 11-46

A completely a. Particles that stick together

©Cengage Slide 11-47

A completely a. Particles that stick together

©Cengage Slide 11-48

v1i  v1 f  v2 f  v2i  v1i  v2i    v1 f  v2 f 

m1v1  900 kg  20.0 m/s 

Final speed is higher.

m1v1 1800 kg  20.0 m/s 

2 1.60 kg  4.00 m/s    2.10 kg  1.60 kg  2.50 m/s 

m1v1i  m2 v2i  m1v1 f  m2 v2 f

m1v1i  m2 v2i  m1v1 f

1.60 kg  4.00 m/s    2.10 kg  2.50 m/s   1.60 kg  3.00 m/s 

m1v1x  m2 v2ix  m1v1 fx  m2 v2 fx

px  0   pxi   pxf  m1v1i   m1  m2  v f cos 

m2 v2i  2 500 kg  20.0 m/s 

1 v1i  v1 f cos   v2 f cos 

v2 f cos   v1i  v1 f cos 

v1 f   v1i  2v1i v1 f cos   v1 f

5 v1 f  v1i v1 f cos   

v1 f  v1i cos    3.50  10 m/s  cos 37.0

 3.50 10 m/s    2.80  10 m/s 