Multicasting and Multicast

Routing Protocols

Chapter 12
 Unicasting

Source Legend
Ethernet switch
Point-to-point WAN
Unicast router
4
R1 3
1 2
R2 R3 3 R4

1 2

Recipient
is here
N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6

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 Multicasting

Source
Legend
Ethernet switch
Point-to-point WAN
Multicast router
R1 4 3
1 2
3 3
R2 R3 R4
1 2 1 2

No No At leasts No At leasts At leasts

member member one member member one member one member

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 Multicasting versus Multiple Unicasting

Legend

S1 Multicast router S1
Unicast router
Di Unicast destination
Gi Group member

G1 G1 G1 G1 D1 D2 D3 D4

a. Multicasting b. Multiple unicasting

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 Multicast Applications

 Information Dissemination
 Teleconferencing
 Distance Learning

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Multicast Addresses

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Multicast Addresses

Multicast addresses for protocol control traffic

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 Delivery of Multicast Packets at Data Link Layer

Ethernet multicast address range:

01:00:5E:00:00:00 to 01:00:5E:7F:FF:FF

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 Tunneling

 When network does not support multicast, multicast

packet encapsulated in unicast packet and sent through
the network (tunneling)

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 Multicast Backbone (MBONE)

 Uses logical tunneling for multicasting between

noncontiguous multicast routers

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MBONE

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 Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)

 Multicast routers need to collect information

about members and share it with each other
 Information collected locally by multicast router
connected to network (IGMP protocol)
 Collected information globally propagated to
other routers (multicast routing protocols)

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 Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)

 IGMP is group management protocol

 Helps multicast router create and update list of
members related to each router interface
 Provides source-specific multicast
 Recipient can choose to receive multicast packets
coming from list of predefined sources

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IGMP Messages

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 Membership Query Message

 Sent by router to find active group members in network

Max Response Code: defines maximum time before sending

report in response to query

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 Three Forms of Query Messages

Router probes each Router probes each Router probes each

neighbor to report if neighbor to report if it
neighbor to report if
it is still interested in is still interested in
it is interested in any
receiving packets from
multicast group specific multicast
specific multicast
group group, coming from
any of N sources

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Membership Report Message

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 Record Type

 Each host has record for each multicast group

 Group record has one of two modes:
 Include: List source addresses accepts packets from
 Exclude: List source addresses does not accept from
 Report message has six record types

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 Record Type

 Filter-Mode-Change Record
 Change_To_Include_Mode
 Change from Exclude filter mode to Include filter mode
 Change_To_Exclude_Mode
 Change from Include filter mode to Exclude filter mode
 Source-List-Change Record
 Allow_New_Sources
 Change to Include source list: add sources to the list
 Change to Exclude source list: delete sources from the list
 Block_Old_Sources
 Change to Include source list: delete sources from the list
 Change to Exclude source list: add sources to the list
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 IGMP at Host - Socket State

 Each process (associated with socket) on host has

record for each multicast group

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 IGMP at Host - Interface State

 Interface connecting host to network has record for

each multicast group
 Combines socket records with same multicast group

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 IGMP at Host - Interface State
Socket state

226.14.5.2 :

228.24.21.4 :
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 IGMP at Router - Router States

 Router maintains state information for each multicast

group associated with each network interface
 Forwarding (or not forwarding) received packet
based on router Interface state

Group timer Source timer

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 IGMP Message Encapsulation

 IGMP messages encapsulated in IP datagrams

 Destination IP address depends on message
type

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 Multicast Routing

 Multicast routers need to collect information

about members and share it with each other
 Information collected by IGMP is disseminated to
other routers using multicast routing protocols
 In multicast routing, each router constructs
shortest path tree for each group

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 Unicast Routing

 Each router has table defines shortest path tree to destinations

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 Multicast Routing using Source-Based Tree

 Each router has one shortest path tree for each group

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 Multicast Routing using Group-Shared Tree

 Only core router has shortest path tree for each group

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Multicast Routing Protocols

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 Multicast Link State Routing

 Uses source-based tree approach

 Extension of unicast link state routing
 Node advertises group with members on the link
 Router creates n shortest path trees (for n groups)
using Dijkstra’s algorithm

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 Multicast Open Shortest Path First (MOSPF) Protocol

 Extension of OSPF Protocol

 Uses multicast link state routing to create source-
based trees
 Uses new link state update packet to associate
source with group (group-membership LSA)
 Router calculates shortest path trees on demand

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 Multicast Distance Vector Routing

 Uses source-based tree approach

 Uses four strategies, each built on its predecessor
 Flooding
 Reverse Path Forwarding (RPF)
 Reverse Path Broadcasting (RPB)
 Reverse Path Multicasting (RPM)

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 RPF

 Flooding broadcasts packets, but creates loops

 RPF eliminates loop in flooding

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 Problem with RPF

 RPF dose not guarantee each network receives only

one copy of packet

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 RPF versus RPB

 RPB guarantees each destination receives only one

copy of packet

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 RPF, RPB, and RPM

 RPM adds pruning and grafting to RPB to create multicast

shortest path tree supports dynamic membership changes

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 Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP)

 Source-based routing protocol

 Uses multicast distance vector routing
 Based on RIP

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 Core-Based Tree (CBT) Protocol

 Group-shared routing protocol

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 CBT - Sending Multicast Packets

 Source is not group member

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 CBT - Sending Multicast Packets

 Source is group member

Source

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 Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM)

 PIM Dense Mode (PIM-DM)

 Used in dense multicast environment
 Source-based routing protocol
 Uses RPF and pruning/grafting
 Operates like DVMRP

 PIM Sparse Mode (PIM-SM)

 Used in sparse multicast environment
 Group-shared routing protocol
 Operates like CBT

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