Im1-Elx-2 Bsee

Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No. 1: ECE01-2NDSEM-2021-2022
College: Engineering
Campus: Bambang
Bachelor of
Science in
DEGREE PROGRAM COURSE NO. ECE 01
Electrical
Engineering
SPECIALIZATION COURSE TITLE Electronics Circuits: Devices and Analysis
YEAR LEVEL 2nd Year TIME FRAME 4 Hrs WK NO. 1 IM NO. 01
I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE
Vacuum Tubes Fundamentals
II. LESSON TITLE

1. Electronic Devices
1.1 History
1.2. Application of Electronics
1.3. Passive and Active Electronic Components
2. Vacuum Tube Devices
2.1. History
2.2. Different Types of Vacuum Tubes.
2.3. Electronic Symbols for Diode, Triode, Tetrode and Pentode
2.4. Basic Operations.
III. LESSON OVERVIEW
This lesson provides the students an overview of the applications of Electronics in our every
lives. It discusses both the basic electronic components and the first electronic amplifier; the Electron
tubes or sometimes called “Vacuum Tubes”.
IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
1. Discuss the important history of electronics.

2. Discuss the basic electronics components such as Resistor, Capacitor and Inductor
3. Draw the symbols for passive electronic components.
4. Discuss the fundamental theories and concepts of Vacuum Tube Device.
5. Draw the symbols for vacuum tube devices.
V. LESSON CONTENT
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) ‘’In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of a Copyrighted Work of Republic Page 1 of 13
Act 8293, the copy righted works included in this material may be reproduced
for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution’’
IM No. 1: ECE01-2NDSEM-2021-2022
1. Electronic Devices
1.1 History (Pioneers in Electronics)
Here are some Scientist and Engineers whose theories and discoveries were instrumental in the
development of electronics.
Name Theories/Discoveries Year
1. Developed a method for

measuringRepublic of the
the force of Philippines
attraction and repulsion
1. Charles Augustin Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
between two electrically 1736-1806
Coulomb INSTRUCTIONAL
charges spheres. MODULE
2. Defined the basic unit of IM No. 1: ECE01-2NDSEM-2021-2022
charge quantity the
“Coulomb”.
1. Developed the first
chemical battery.
2. Alessandra Volta 2. The unit of potential 1745-1827
difference, the “Volts” was
named after him.
1. Discovered that two
parallel wires attract each
other when currents flow
through them in the same
3. Andre Marie direction and repel each
other when currents are 1775-1836
Ampere
made to flow in opposite
directions.
2. The unit of measure for
current, the “Ampere”
was named after him.
1. Developed the Ohm Law.
4. Georg Simon
2. The unit of measure for 1787-1854
Ohm Resistance, the “Ohm”
Was named after him.
1. The unit of electric power,
5. James Watt the “Wat” was named after 1736-1819
him.
1. The SI unit of measure for
6. James Prescott
electrical energy, the 1818-1889
Joule “Joule” was named after
him.
1. Developed the Kirchhoff’s
Voltage Law (KVL) and
7. Gustav Kirchhoff Kirchhoff’s Current Law 1824-1887
(KCL) in 1847
1. Unified the scientific

8. James Clerk theories of electricity and
magnetism into a unified 1831-1879
Maxwell
theory called
“Electromagnetic Field”.
1. With Wilhelm Eduard
Weber (1804-1890) they
9. Carl Friedrich
set-up the first telegraph. 1777-1855
Gauss 2. The cgs unit of magnetic
flux density, the “Gauss”
was named after him.
1. Developed the AC Power
10. Nikola Tesla Source and became the 1857-1943
World Power Standard.
1. Discovered the “Hall
Effect”. When a wire
carrying a current is
placed in an applied
11. Edwin H. Hall magnetic field, a voltage 1855-1938
across the is created that
is proportional to the
strength of the magnetic
field.
1. Demonstrated that an
increase in temperature,
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) increases
‘’In accordance with Section 185,the
Fairresistance
Use of a Copyrighted Work of Republic Page 3 of 13
Act 8293, the copyof a metal.
righted works included in this material may be reproduced
12. Heinrich for educational 2.
purposes only and not
Formulated theforLenz’s
commercial distribution’’
Friedrich Emil Law, which states that the

current induced by a 1804-1865
IM No. 1: ECE01-2NDSEM-2021-2022
2.
1.2 Applications of Electronics
IM No. 1: ECE01-2NDSEM-2021-2022
There are so many applications of electronics today, especially with the fast-changing development of
technology. Here are some of the important divisions of electronics:
1. Communications Electronics
This field of electronics include the radio Amplitude Modulation (AM) & Frequency Modulation (FM)
and Television (TV) broadcasting. The equipment from the transmitter side which in turn converts the
sound wave into electrical wave to be transmitted to the antenna and the audio and video equipment in
the studio that supplies the modulating signal with the necessary information signal.
The satellite communications are considered communications electronics with both receiver and
transmitter equipment mold into one huge device located in space.
High-Fidelity (Hifi) audio equipment is also considered with radio receiver equipment whereby the
receiver has a powerful audio amplifier to drive the speaker that converts electrical energy to
mechanical energy such as sound waves.
2. Electric Power
Electronics devices and systems provide the proper generation and distribution of a 60 Hz pure
sinewave AC power to our households. Included electronic parts are lighting, motors, heating and
generators. The electronic equipment in the control and monitoring of the electrical system plays a vital
role without it, more man power is required to achieved the same performance.
3. Digital Electronics
In this digital world as we speak, most of our equipment or gadgets requires digital signals with a
value of 1’s and 0’s. Meaning, that all equipment that requires a digital signal is considered digital
electronics such as desktop computers, laptop, tablet, android phone, etc.
4. Automotive Electronics
This area involves the use of electronic equipment inside the car parts and accessories such as
battery chargers, relays for controlling the lights, motors for power window, electronic dash boards, the
ECU or computer. box and many more.
5. Industrial Electronics
Most of the manufacturing industry today are using lots of electronic equipment for the control and
monitoring of the processes. Equipment such as computer-controlled machinery for the automation of
robotics arms for welding, painting, etc. Includes many types of electronic sensors such as temperature
sensor, light sensor, infra-red sensor, humidity sensor, moisture sensor and the like.
6. Medical Electronics
This field of electronics combines the electronics and biology. Medical electronics today is one of the
fast-growing field of electronics, that include equipment such as x-rays, ECG, EEG, Ultrasound, and the
like. Some parts of the human body are now being supported by electronics devices, one example is
pacemaker which is placed in the chest or abdomen to help control abnormal heart beats.
3. Electronics Components
IM No. 1: ECE01-2NDSEM-2021-2022
3.1 Passive Electronic Components
These electronic components or devices normally do not have the ability to amplify a given
signal or to control an electrical quantity or to rectify a given electrical quantity. The current flowing thru
it is Bilateral in nature, meaning, the same amount of electrical current passes thru in both directions.
3.1.1 Resistor
The resistors are used in a variety of ways for many applications in electronic circuits. The main
function of a resistor is to limit the amount of current flowing through a given circuit or to produce a
desired voltage drop in a given circuit.
Resistors are normally manufactured in a variety of shapes, sizes and have ohmic values
ranging from a fraction of an ohm (Ω) to several megohms (MΩ). The power dissipation or wattage
rating of a resistor is determined mainly by its physical size. But there is, however, no direct correlation
between the physical size of a resistor and its resistance value.
The unit of measure for resistor values is called Resistance (R), and it is represented by the
Greek symbol omega ‘’Ω’’. The standard symbol for resistor is shown below.
(a) (b)
Resistor Electronic Symbols. (a) Fixed Resistor (b) Variable Resistor
3.1.2 Capacitor (Condenser)
The capacitor consists of an insulator (also called a dielectric) between two metal conductors. The
conductors make it possible to apply voltage across the insulator enabling the capacitor to hold or store
an electric charge. The more charge stored for a given voltage, the higher the capacitance (the ability of
a capacitor to store a charge). The symbol for capacitance is C, and the unit is the farad (F), named
after Michael Faraday.
Different types of capacitors are manufactured for specific values of C. They are named according to
the dielectric material used. Common types are air, ceramic, mica, paper, metal film, and electrolytic
(the most commonly used) capacitors.
One of the most important property of a capacitor is its ability to block a steady Direct Current (DC)
voltage from batteries while passing Alternating Current (AC) signals coming from outlets (e.g.
MERALCO, NUVELCO, etc.).
C C C
(a) (b) (c)
Capacitor Electronic Symbols. (a) Non-Polarized Fixed Capacitor (b) Polarized Fixed Capacitor
(c) Variable capacitor
3.1.3 Inductor (Choke, Coil)
IM No. 1: ECE01-2NDSEM-2021-2022
The inductance is the ability of a conductor to produce induced voltage when the current flowing
through it varies in magnitude. A long copper wire (magnet wire) has more inductance than a short
wire, since more conductor length cut by magnetic flux produces more induced voltage. Similarly, a coil
has more inductance than the equivalent length of straight wire because the coil concentrates magnetic
flux. A coil of copper wire is called an Inductor and the symbol for inductance is L, and the unit is the
Henry (H).
An air-core coil is an inductor with the wire for the coil is wound around a hollow insulating tube
and because the magnetic field of the current in the coil is in air. The air-core coils are used in Radio-
Frequency (RF) circuits because higher frequencies need less L for the required inductive effect. Iron-
core inductors are used in the audio-frequency (AF) range, especially in the AC power-line frequency of
60 Hz and for lower frequencies.
L L
L
(a) (b) (c)
Inductor Electronic Symbols. (a) Air-core Fixed Inductor (b) Iron-core Fixed Inductor
(c) Variable Inductor
3.2 Active Electronic Components
These types of electronic devices have the ability to amplify a signal or to rectify a given signal
voltage. These devices are the main component and forms the heart of electronic systems and
subsystems.
3.2.1 Diodes
Diode are considered active device for the reason that they are used for rectification purposes, that
is, diodes converts AC signal to DC signal. These diodes are called Rectifier Diodes such as the
1N4001 and 1N4007. There are so many types of diodes according to their practical use. Examples are
Zener Diodes, Light-Emitting Diodes, Varactor, Schottky Barrier Diodes, Photoconductive Diodes, IR
Emitter Diodes, Tunnel Diodes, Photodiodes and many more. They are used as a voltage regulator,
oscillators, switches, signal mixture, signal limiters, signal modulator, and demodulators, etc.
(a) (b) (c)
Some Diode Electronic Symbols. (a) Rectifier Diodes or Signal Diodes (b) Zener Diodes
(c) Photodiodes
3.2.2 Transistors
These devices have the ability to amplify a signal such example are the voltage amplifier, current
amplifier and power amplifier transistor circuits. They have also the ability to control electrical quantities
and transistors are normally a Current-Controlled-Current Source configuration. While the input current
is so small in the transistor, a larger current is being controlled by the input current. There are two types
of transistors: Bipolar-Junction Transistor (BJT) and the Field-Effect Transistor (FET). These devices
IM No. 1: ECE01-2NDSEM-2021-2022
required only a minimal supply voltage to operate properly not like vacuum tubes which requires
hundreds of volts.
Collector
Base
Emitter
(a) (b)
Transistor Symbols. (a) NPN Bipolar-Junction Transistor (b) n- Channel Field-Effect Transistor
3.2.3 Electron Tubes
In a tube, the charge carriers are free electrons that travel through space between electrodes inside
the device (plate and cathode). Decades ago, vacuum tubes, also known as electron tubes, were the
only electronic devices available for use as amplifiers, oscillators, detectors, and other electronic
circuits and systems. A typical tube (called a valve in England) ranged from the size of your thumb to
the size of your fist. They are still used in some power amplifiers, microwave oscillators, and video
display units (CRT TV).
The Electron tubes generally require high voltage to operate the device. Even in modest radio
receivers, 100 V to 200 V dc was required when these tubes were employed. This mandated bulky
power supplies, and created an electrical shock hazard which is very dangerous.
Two Types of Electron Tubes
There are two basic types of electron tube: the vacuum tube and the gas-filled tube. As their names
imply, vacuum tubes have virtually all the gases removed from their envelopes. Gas-filled tubes contain
elemental vapor at low pressure.
3.2.3.1 Gas-Filled Tube
The gas-filled tubes normally have a constant voltage drop, no matter what the value of
current. This makes them very useful as voltage regulators for high-voltage and high-current power
supplies. Gas-filled tubes can withstand conditions that would destroy semiconductor regulating
devices. Gas-filled tubes emit infrared (IR), visible light, and/or ultraviolet (UV). This property can be put
to use for decorative lighting.
A small neon bulb can be employed to construct an AF relaxation oscillator.
Symbol for Neon Bulb Gas-Filled Tube
3.2.3.2 Vacuum Tubes
IM No. 1: ECE01-2NDSEM-2021-2022
The basic parts of a vacuum tube are: heater or filament, cathode, and the plate (anode). The is
responsible for the emission of millions of electrons upon heated by the heater, while the plate or anode
receives or collects all the emitted electrons from the cathode.
Types of Cathodes
In a tube, the electron-emitting electrode is called the cathode. The cathode is usually heated by
means of a wire filament (tungsten), similar to the glowing element in an incandescent bulb.
1. Directly-Heated Cathode
The glowing filament or heater also serves as the cathode for this device. This type of electrode is
called a directly heated cathode. The negative supply voltage is applied directly to the filament. The
filament voltage for most tubes is 6 V or 12 V dc only. It is important to note that DC be used to heat the
filament in this type of tube, because AC will tend to modulate the output. The schematic symbol for a
diode tube with a directly heated cathode is shown below.
Plate
Cathode
Directly-Heated Cathode
2. Indirectly-Heated Cathode
This type of cathode has the filament enclosed within a cylindrical cathode, and the cathode gets hot
from the IR radiated by the filament or heater. The filament normally receives 6 V or 12 V ac or dc. In
an indirectly heated cathode arrangement, ac does not cause modulation problems, as it can with a
directly heated cathode tube. Because the electron emission in a tube depends on the filament or
heater, warm-up time is badly needed before they can operate properly. This warm-up time can vary
from a few seconds (for a small tube with a directly heated cathode) to a couple of minutes (for massive
power-amplifier tubes with indirectly heated cathodes). The warm-up time for a large tube is about the
same as the boot-up time for a personal computer. The schematic symbol for a diode tube with an
indirectly heated cathode is shown in below.
(a) (b)
Indirectly-Heated Cathode (a) symbol (b) basic construction
Types of Vacuum Tubes
There are actually four types of vacuum tubes used in electronic circuits: Vacuum Tube Diode,
Triode, Tetrode and Pentode. The number of electrodes determines the type of tube.
1. Diodes
IM No. 1: ECE01-2NDSEM-2021-2022
This device consisting of only two electrodes; the cathode and the plate or anode, not considering
the filament or heater as an electrode. That’s”, why diode is used because of the initial word ‘’di’’
meaning “two” electrodes. The diode is the simplest type of vacuum tube device where, it is used
mainly to convert AC signal to DC signal. The process of converting AC to DC is called rectifications
process and the diode device is called rectifier diodes. A schematic symbol for diode is shown below.
Vacuum Diode Schematic Symbol
2. Triodes
This device is the first electronic component that can amplify a given signal. The process of
increasing the magnitude of a signal to a desired level is called Amplification Process. The triode has
three electrodes namely; plate, cathode and control grid (G1). The flow of large current between the
cathode and plate can be controlled by means of an electrode. This electrode, the control grid (or
simply the grid (G1)), is a wire mesh or screen that lets electrons pass through it. The grid impedes the
flow of electrons if it is provided with enough negative voltage relative to the cathode. The greater the
negative grid bias, the more the grid obstructs the flow of electrons through the vacuum tube. Triodes
are normally used for Audio Frequency (AF) amplifiers but seldom use for Radio Frequency (RF)
amplifiers because of its high inter-electrode capacitances which causes oscillations.
Plate
Control Grid
Cathode
Triode Schematic Symbol
3. Tetrode
This device consisting of four electrodes namely; plate, cathode, control grid (G1) and screen grid
(G2). A second grid can be added between the control grid and the plate. This is a spiral of wire or a
coarse screen, and is called the screen grid or screen. This grid normally carries a positive dc voltage
at 25 to 35 percent of the plate voltage. The screen grid reduces the capacitance between the control
grid and plate, minimizing the tendency of a tube amplifier to oscillation. The screen grid can also serve
as a second control grid, allowing two signals to be injected into a tube. In a vacuum tube, the cathode,
grid(s), and plate exhibit interelectrode capacitance that is the primary limiting factor on the frequency
range in which the device can produce gain (amplification). The interelectrode capacitance in a typical
tube is a few picofarads. This is negligible at low frequencies (AF), but at (RF) frequencies above
approximately 30 MHz, it becomes a significant problem. Vacuum tubes intended for use as RF
amplifiers are designed to minimize this capacitance. This is where the tetrode is normally used for
Radio Frequency (RF) amplifiers such as for AM, FM, and TV transmitters and receivers. Its schematic
symbol is shown below.
IM No. 1: ECE01-2NDSEM-2021-2022
Plate
Screen Grid (G2)

Control Grid (G1)
Cathode
Tetrode Schematic Symbol
4. Pentodes
The electrons coming from the cathode in a tetrode can bombard the plate with such force that some
of them bounce back, or knock other electrons from the plate. This so-called secondary emission can
hinder tube performance and, at high power levels, cause screen current so high that the electrode is
can be destroyed. This problem can be eliminated by placing another grid, called the suppressor grid
(G3) or suppressor, between the screen and the plate. The suppressor grid repels secondary electrons
emanating from the plate, preventing most of them from reaching the screen grid. The suppressor grid
also reduces the capacitance between the control grid and the plate more than a screen grid by itself.
Greater gain and stability are possible with a pentode, or tube with five electrodes or elements, than
with a tetrode or triode. The schematic symbol for a pentode is shown below.
Plate
Suppressor Grid
(G3)
Control Grid (G1) Screen Grid (G2)
Cathode
Tetrode Schematic Symbol.
VI. LEARNING ACTIVITIES
IM No. 1: ECE01-2NDSEM-2021-2022
1. MATCHING TYPE ACTIVITY
APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRONICS
DIRECTION: Match each definition in Column A with its example in Column B by connecting a line.
A. Applications of Electronics B. Example
1. Medical Electronics
Walkie Talkie
2. Digital Electronics
Programmable Logic Controller
3. Electric Power
SCADA
4. Automotive Electronics
electrocardiogram (ECG)
5. Communications Electronics
Electronic Control Unit (ECU)
6. Industrial Electronics INTEL I7 Microprocessor
2. DRAWING ACTIVITY
ELECTRONICS SCHEMATIC SYMBOLS AND ITS DESCRIPTION
DIRECTION: Using a black ball pen, draw the schematic symbols of the following devices
and also give the corresponding description or uses.
IM No. 1: ECE01-2NDSEM-2021-2022
Electronics Component
Device Name Schematic Symbol Description (uses)
1. Zener Diode
2. Varactor Diode
3. Fixed Resistor
4. Variable Resistor
5. Non-Polarized
Capacitor
6. Polarized Capacitor
VII.
7. Triode
8. Tetrode
9. Pentode
10. Iron-core Inductor
EVALUATION (Note: Not to be included in the student’s copy of the IM)
I. ONLINE ASSIGNMENTS
II. ONLINE QUIZZES
IM No. 1: ECE01-2NDSEM-2021-2022
VIII. ASSIGNMENTS
Direction: Use the Internet to research the following questions:
1. Draw the schematic symbols with their corresponding descriptions of the following electronic devices.
1. Ammeter
2. Voltmeter
3. Ohmmeter
4. Battery
5. AC Voltage Source
6. Ground
2. What is the difference between the Resistor, Capacitor and Inductor in terms of their operations.
IX. REFERENCES
A. Book/Printed Resources
Boylestad, R.L. & Nashelsky, L. (2013). Electronic devices and circuit theory ( 11th Ed.) . Singapore:
Pearson Education South Asia.
Floyd, T.L. (2002). Electronic devices (7th Ed.). Singapore: Pearson Education South Asia.
Neamen, D.A. (2002). Electronics circuit analysis and design (2nd Ed.). Philippines: McGraw-Hill
International Edition.
B. e-Resources/ e-Book
Schultz, Mitchel E. (2016). Grob Basic Electronics. ( 12 Edition). McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza,
New York, NY 10121. https://engineeringbookslibrary.com/grobs-basic-electronics-12th-edition/
MIT OpenCourseWare ( 30 August 2019) Circuits and Electronics

http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-002-circuits-and-electronics-
spring-2007
Dube.D.C. ( 30 August 2019 ) Electronics I https://freevideolectures.com/course/3062/electronics-i

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Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE

Vacuum Tubes Fundamentals

II. LESSON TITLE

1.2. Application of Electronics

1.3. Passive and Active Electronic Components

2. Vacuum Tube Devices

2.2. Different Types of Vacuum Tubes.

2.3. Electronic Symbols for Diode, Triode, Tetrode and Pentode

2.4. Basic Operations.

III. LESSON OVERVIEW

IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

1. Discuss the important history of electronics.

1.1 History (Pioneers in Electronics)

1. Developed a method for

1. Unified the scientific

Friedrich Emil Law, which states that the

1.2 Applications of Electronics

Resistor Electronic Symbols. (a) Fixed Resistor (b) Variable Resistor

3.1.2 Capacitor (Condenser)

(a) (b) (c)

3.1.3 Inductor (Choke, Coil)

3.2 Active Electronic Components

(a) (b) (c)

3.2.3 Electron Tubes

Two Types of Electron Tubes

3.2.3.1 Gas-Filled Tube

A small neon bulb can be employed to construct an AF relaxation oscillator.

Symbol for Neon Bulb Gas-Filled Tube

3.2.3.2 Vacuum Tubes

Indirectly-Heated Cathode (a) symbol (b) basic construction

Types of Vacuum Tubes

Vacuum Diode Schematic Symbol

Screen Grid (G2)

Tetrode Schematic Symbol

VI. LEARNING ACTIVITIES

A. Applications of Electronics B. Example

6. Industrial Electronics INTEL I7 Microprocessor

ELECTRONICS SCHEMATIC SYMBOLS AND ITS DESCRIPTION

and also give the corresponding description or uses.

Device Name Schematic Symbol Description (uses)

10. Iron-core Inductor

EVALUATION (Note: Not to be included in the student’s copy of the IM)

II. ONLINE QUIZZES

MIT OpenCourseWare ( 30 August 2019) Circuits and Electronics

Dube.D.C. ( 30 August 2019 ) Electronics I https://freevideolectures.com/course/3062/electronics-i

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