CALCULATION IN RADIATION

PROTECTION

AHMED Y AL-KHALIFA
GTC SAUDI ARABIA - DAMMAM
 CHAPTER 1
RADIOACTIVITY AND RADIOACTIVE DECAY

Questions for revision:

a) The number of atoms in 0.01 mgram of pure Co-60 in metallic form is: (Answer is 1x1020
atoms).

 𝑨𝒗𝒐𝒈𝒂𝒅𝒓𝒐 𝑵𝒐.  m= Mass Atomic, A= Atomic No., N= Number of Atom

𝒎
𝑵=
𝑨

𝟎.𝟎𝟏
𝑵=
𝟔𝟎
 𝟔. 𝟎𝟐𝟐  𝟏𝟎 𝟐𝟑

N = 0.001  1023  N = 1  10-3  1023

N = 1  1020 Atoms

b) If the half-life time of the Co-60 is 5.27 years, then the activity of 0.01 gram of this cobalt
is: (Answer is 11.26 Ci):

Half-life time = 5.27 years = 5.27  365.25( day)  24 (Hr)  60 (min)  60 (sec) = 1.6  108 sec

 𝑨𝒗𝒐𝒈𝒂𝒅𝒓𝒐 𝑵𝒐.  m= Mass Atomic, A= Atomic No., N= Number of Atom

𝒎
𝑵=
𝑨

0.01 gram = 10 mgram

𝟏𝟎
𝑵=  𝟔. 𝟎𝟐𝟐  𝟏𝟎 𝟐𝟑
𝟔𝟎

N = 1.003  1023
N = 1  1020 Atoms

λ = 0.693  T1/2  λ = 0.693  (1.6  108) = 4.3  10-9 sec-1

 A = N  λ  A = 1  1020  4.3  10-9 = 430  109 = 0.430 TBq
1 TBq = 27 Ci
0.430 TBq = A Ci
A = 0.430  27 = 11.61 Ci

c) The activity of an Iodine-131 sample with a half-life time 8 days at the moment of
preparation is 30 mCi then its activity after 25 days is: (Answer is 3.44 mCi)
Formula: A = Ao  ℮-λt
A=Ao  0.5(time /half-life) :‫المعطيات‬
A =30  0.5(25/8) Ao = 30 mCi
Ao = 30  0.1146 = 3.44 mCi Half-life = 8 day
Time = 25 days
d) Beta particles are:
1- Electron or β-negative decay
2- Positron or beta positive decay
3- The electron capture
e) Gamma radiation is defined as electromagnetic radiation that is emitted by an unstable nucleus
of N tom during radioactive decay and is characterized with short wavelength and high energy

f) Bremsstrahlung x-ray is generated as a result of acceleration of a beam of electrons by a voltage

difference V

g) Neutrons from the Am-Be sources are produced as fast neutrons

h) Neutrons from different sources and generators are emitted as fast Neutrons.

i) The activity of a sample is defined as: number of decays which occur, in first generation, in this
source or sample in one second

j) The decay constant of a radionuclide is defined as: the probability for a single atom of this
radionuclide to decay per second and its unit in SI system of units is (1/s) i,e s -1.

k) The half-life time of a radionuclide is defined as: the time period during which one half of the
total number of atoms of the sample of that radio-nuclide decays (disintegrates)

l) The specific activity of a volumetric sample is defined as: the amount of activity (or
concentration of a radioisotope) existing in any of these massive, volumetric, surface or line
samples or species.

m) The unit of activity in the SI system of units is Becquerel (Bq) Which means one decay
(disintegration) per second

n) The SI unit of a surface contamination is measured in: Bq/m2.

o) The SI unit of a volumetric contamination is measured in: Bq/m3
p) The SI unit of a line contamination is measured in: Bq/m
q) The SI unit of a massive contamination is measured in: Bq/kg
 CHAPTER 2
INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH MATTER
Questions for revision:
a) The range of 5 MeV particles in air is about 35- 40 mm in air at standard temperature and
pressure, and about 30- 35 micrometers in water or human tissues.

The specific ionization of charged particles is defined as: The specific ionization s of alpha particles
is defined as the number of electron-ion pairs formed in 1 mm of the alpha particle track

The stopping power of heavy charged particles is defined as: The stopping power (dE/dx) of alpha
particles in a matter, which is defined as the amount of energy transferred from an alpha
particle to the interacting matter per unit length of the track is given as the product of the
average energy w needed to produce one electron-ion pair by the specific ionization

d) Heavy charged particles are interacting with matter via: Coulmb forces

e) 5.1 MeV α particles produce in air about One Electron-ion pair.

f) Beta particles interact with matter via: Beta particles transfer their energy to the matter via two
mechanisms which are: a- Ionization & excitation and, b- Emission of bremsstrahlung
radiation.

g) The photoelectric effect occurs on the electrons at the surface of the metal tend to absorb
energy from the incident light and yields one electron.
Where, B is the binding energy of the electron in the corresponding shell, defined as the amount of energy that
should be delivered to the electron just enough to liberate it from this shell. If Eγ < B, then the process will not
occur. Correspondingly, the photo-electric effect will yield one electron which carries, approximately, the energy
of the incident photon.

h) The Compton scattering occurs on the interaction of the photon (x-ray or gamma) with free In this process, the incident photon :Commented [WU1]
electrons (unattached to atoms) or loosely bound valence shell electrons and yields a scattered interacts, only, with one of the very loosely bound orbital
electrons of the atom, or with a free electron (e.g. with any
photon with a lower energy and a free Compton electron, which carries the remaining amount of
of electrons belonging to the outermost shells, which are
energy. far away from the nucleus). In this type of interaction, the
photon delivers a part of its energy Eγ to the electron and
the photon well be deviated (scattered) from its original
direction, carrying the remaining amount of energy.
Correspondingly, the Compton scattering of a photon will
I) The Pair production occurs on gamma rays of high energy and yields two particles which are the yield a scattered photon with a lower energy and a free
electron and its antiparticle which is the positron. Compton electron, which carries the remaining amount of
energy.
j) The linear attenuation factor of γ ray depends on both the atomic number Z of the interacting
material and, strongly depends on the photon energy Eγ. In this process, the incident :Commented [WU2]
photon interacts with the strong electric field of
the atomic nucleus, when approaching it very
k) The half- value layer of a matter is defined as: the thickness of this matter, which is necessary to closely, but outside the nucleus (e.g. interaction
attenuate the original number of the incident photons No, with this energy, to its half value between the incident photon and the atomic
OR: nucleus), and if the photon energy is higher than
1022 KeV. In this type of interaction, the photon
the thickness of a matter which will attenuate 50 % of the number of the incident photons and vanishes, completely, and one electron-positron
transmit behind the barrier the other 50 %. pair with two rest masses equivalent to 1022
KeV is produced. If the energy of the incident
photon Eγ is higher than 1022 KeV, then the
excess energy is delivered to the produced
l) The tenth- value layer of a matter is defined as: the thickness of a barrier of that matter which is electron and positron, in approximately equal
necessary to attenuate 90 % of the original number of the incident photons No, and transmit portions. So, the pair production will yield two
behind the barrier the remaining 10 % particles which are the electron and its
antiparticle which is the positron.
 CHAPTER 3
RADIATION DETECTORS, SURVEY METERS
AND CONTAMINATION MONITORS

Questions for revision:

a) The factors which affect the recombination between electrons and ions in gas detectors
are:
a) The type of radiation (e.g. heavy or light charged particles, neutrons, x or gamma radiation.
b) The energy of the measured particles or photons.
c) The intensity of the radiation field (e.g. the particle or photon flounce).
d) The purpose of detection and measurement.

b) The amplification gain of electron ion pairs inside an ionization chamber is equal:
1
The most accurate device for measuring the dose rate is:
air-wall ionization chamber

c) The full width at half maximum of a pulse type ionization chamber used to measure α
particles with energy of 5.305 MeV is 250 KeV, then you can conclude that:
r = (E/E)  100 %  r = (FWHM  E)  100 % , FWHM (Full Width at Half-Maximum
= (250 k.e.v  5.305  103 k.e.v)  100
= 4.7% For detecting surface :Commented [WU3]
contaminations, of low contamination levels, with alpha
emitters or
d) The amplification gain inside a proportional counter depends on: with low energy beta emitters, such as tritium (H-3), or C-
The multiplication gain inside the proportional counter varies between about 14, using a wipe test, a liquid
scintillation detector should be used for increasing the
100 to more than one thousand times, depending on the magnitude of the applied potential solid angle and the detection
difference between its anode and cathode probability. The same technique is also used for detection
of surface contamination with very
low concentrations.
e) Factors affecting the amplitude of the output pulse from a GM counter are:
1- Applied voltage difference Fast neutrons can be easily :Commented [WU4]
detected by scintillation detectors using secondary
2- The distance between the cathode and the anode charged
particles, which arise as a result of fast neutron elastic
f) The ZnS(Ag) (zinc-sulphide crystal doped with silver) detector is used with thin layer (about 1mm scattering on hydrogen nuclei or
nuclear reaction. For example, these neutrons can be
thickness) to detect Alpha particles and protons detected by putting a very thin layer of
polyethylene in front of the ZnS(Ag) crystal, so that
g) The detector with the maximum efficiency to detect gamma radiation is: neutrons will collide with hydrogen
nucleus of the polyethylene, yielding recoil protons, which
The Sodium Iodide crystal with Thallium NaI(Tl) is the best scintillation crystal are detected in this crystal.
In all controlled areas monitoring of :Commented [WU5]
h) The main disadvantage of the germanium detectors is:
the personal doses of the radiation workers must be
require the deep cooling as germanium ones prior to their operation done using, internationally, recognized personal devices,
such as either the Thermo-
i) To detect very low concentration of a surface contamination or low energy beta Luminescent Dosimeters (TLD) or the Film badge. In the
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,
emitter one should use: Scintillator detector the TLD is the only recognized device, and not only for
controlled areas but also for
j) To detect fast neutrons one should use: scintillation detectors supervised and other forbidden areas.
The relative energy response :Commented [WU6]
k) The recommended personal dosimeter, internationally, are: TLD curve of a survey meter is defined as the ratio of the
current intensities at different
l) The energy response curve for a gamma survey meter is defined as: energies, to that current intensity at a certain reference
energy (or the ratio of the pulse
numbers per unit of time at different energies to the pulse
the ratio of the current intensities at different energies, to that current intensity at a certain number per unit of time at a
reference energy certain reference energy), when the radiation field is
homogenous and constant for
different energies
 CHAPTER FOUR
SOME RADIATION MEASURMENT TEQNIQUES
AND THE STATISTICAL FLUCTUATIONS IN RADIATION MEASURMENTS

Questions for revision:

a- The solid angle in radioactivity measurements is defined as:
𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒉𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒏𝒔 𝒆𝒎𝒊𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅 𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒅𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆.
 = 𝐍𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐩𝐡𝐨𝐭𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐞𝐦𝐢𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐞𝐫 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐜𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐝𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬.

b- The intrinsic efficiency of a NaI(Tl) detector is defined as.

𝐍𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐩𝐡𝐨𝐭𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐝𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐝𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐩𝐞𝐫 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝

=
𝐍𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐩𝐡𝐨𝐭𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐢𝐦𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐝𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐩𝐞𝐫 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝

c- Factors affecting the detector intrinsic efficiency for photopeaks are:

1) the source itself,
2) the medium between the source and the detector, and
3) the detector itself.

d- Switching on your survey meter and while approaching a gamma source the reading of the
device was, gradually, increased and suddenly the device stopped reading. The reason is: Dead Time When the count rate is too high, :Commented [WU7]
then the system will stop functioning (counting) and it
seems to be dead all the time.

e- The count rate of a Cs-137 source located at a distance of 70 cm from a detector with a
circular area of 9 π cm2 was found 4.2x104 counts/min. If the photo-peak efficiency of the
used detector for gamma ray from Cs-137 is 6x10-2, then the source activity is: (the answer
0.81 mCi)
ƒ = 0.851
C = ƒA
C = 4.2  1404 counts/min
A = C  ƒ
 = 6  10-2
= (4.2  104)  (6  10-2 0.851)
= 42000  0.051 = 823529 MBq  10-6
= 0.82 mCi

f- The measured count rate of a single gamma ray line emitter was found as 22800 cpm. If
the dead time of the used device is 0.3 ms, then the corrected count rate is: (25624 cpm). ‫ يوجد خطأ مطبعي في كتاب الدكتور محمد‬:Commented [YA8]
‫فاروق في الفصل الرابع في اسأله المراجعة في نهاية الفصل حيث ذكر‬
𝐶𝑚 380 ‫ وعند التعويض في المعادلة بعد‬3 ‫قيمة الزمن الميت بعدد صحيح وهو‬
𝐶𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 = 1− 𝐶𝑚
= 1− 0.0003  380
Cm = 22800  60 = 380 cps ‫ ثانية ليعطي‬0.003 ‫التحويل من مللي ثانية الى ثانية تصبح القيمة‬
‫ عدة في الثانية‬-2714 ‫الناتج بعد التعويض في المعادلة‬
 = 0.3 ms  1000 = 0.0003 sec
Creal = 380  0.886 = 428 cps :‫مالحظة مهمة‬
‫يجب مالحظة ان ناتج معدل العد الحقيقي بالثانية ولتحويلها الى‬
Creal = 428 × 60 = 25680 cpm ‫ دقيقة‬60 ‫دقائق يجب ان تضربها في‬
g- In the previous problem the result with the first confidence level is (25624 ± 170).
σ = √m  √ 25680 = 160
⸫ 25680 ± 160

h- A survey meter counted 36 counts during a certain period of time and displayed the dose
rate from this number as 9.5 μSv/h, then the dose rate in the second confidence level is:
(9.5 ± 3.2 μSv/h).
σ = √m  √36 = 6
E% = (σ ÷ m) × 100  E% = (6 ÷ 36) × 100 = 16.6%
2σ% = 2 × 16.6 = 33.3%
9.5 ± 33.3%
(9.5 × 33.3) ÷ 100 = 3.2
9.5 ± 3.2

i- When the background count was measured for 40 min. by a counting system it yielded
6000 counts, and when the source was measured by the same system and in the same
background for 5 min. it yielded 5800 counts, then the net count rate from the source
within the third confidence level is: (1010 ± 46)

Cnet = Cg – Cb = (G/ tg )– (B/ tb)

:‫المعطيات‬
Cnet = (G/ tg ) – (B/ tb )
G=5800 counts
Cnet = (5800/5) - (6000/40)
tg=5 min
Cnet = 1160 – 150 = 1010 counts
B=6000 counts
net = [G /(tg)2 + B /(tb)2 ]1/2 tb= 40 min
net = [5800/ (5)2 + 6000/ (40)2 ]1/2
net = [232 + 3.75 ]1/2 = [235.75]1/2 = 15.3
3× = 46 ‫ العد الصافي بدرجة الثقة الثالثة‬:Commented [YA9]
⸫ Cnet = 1010 ± 46
 CHAPTER FIVE
DOSIMETRY QUANTITIES AND THEIR UNITS

Questions for revision:

a- The exposure as a physical quantity is defined as: the exposure of the dry air at standard The exposure, as a physical :Commented [YA10]
temperature and pressure (STP), to x-ray or low energy gamma radiation (up to 3 MeV). quantity, is defined as the exposure of the dry air at
standard temperature and pressure (STP), to x-ray or low
energy gamma radiation (up to 3 MeV).
b- The SI unit of the exposure is Coulomb per Kg dry air , while its classic unit is Roentgen
In the classic system of units :Commented [YA11]
exposure is expressed in Roentgen, abbreviated (R). - In
c- The absorbed dose is defined as: the ratio of the amount of energy ∆E deposited from the ionizing the SI (Systeme Internationale) system of units the
radiation to a mass element of ∆m of a matter exposure is expressed in Coulomb per Kg dry air.
The absorbed dose D is defined as :Commented [YA12]
d- The SI unit of the absorbed dose is Gray (Gy), while its classic unit is Rad, and they are related as the ratio of the amount of energy ∆E deposited from the
ionizing radiation to a mass element of ∆m of a matter e.g:
……… . D = ∆E/∆m
the "rad" in the classic system of :Commented [YA13]
e- The rem is classic unit, while the Seivert is SI unit. units (CGS which is Centimetre Gram Second), or also
called scientific system of units or Gaussian system of
f- The Kerma is defined as K = ΔEtr /Δm (5- 5) units and, b- the "Gray Gy" in the SI system of units.
Where, ΔEtr is the sum of the initial kinetic energies of all charged ionizing particles, the sum of the initial kinetic :Commented [YA14]
liberated by the uncharged ionizing particles (x and gamma radiation and neutrons) in a mass energies of all charged ionizing particles, liberated by the
uncharged ionizing particles (x and gamma radiation and
element Δm of material. and its SI unit is Gray (Gy) neutrons) in a mass element Δm of material.

g- The Roentgen R is related with the Gray for human tissue as 1 R is equivalent to 96 erg/gm = 0.96
rad = 0.0096 Gy in the human tissue while for air the relation is 1 R is equivalent to 87 erg/gm =
0.87 rad = 0.0087 Gy in air.

h- The quantity used to assess cancer probability in the whole body is called stochastic effects.

i- The committed dose arises due to an intake of radionuclide into the human body and its SI unit is
Sievert (Sv)

j- The collective dose is defined as: the product of the number N of exposed individuals and their the product of the number N of :Commented [YA15]
average equivalent dose Ht, when the amount of this dose is equal for each member of the group. exposed individuals and their average equivalent dose Ht,
when the amount of this dose is equal for each member of
the group.
k- 100 radiation workers are working in an installation with radiation sources. Suppose each
one of them is getting 20 mSv/year regularly, and they are working with radiation for 25
years. If the risk factor for cancer fatalities is 4x10 -2 per man. Sv. then the additional
cancer fatalities among this group due to this exposure are: (the answer is 2)
(ACD) = N × E × Y × R fatalities
N= 100, E= 20 mSv/year ÷ 1000 = 0.02 Sv/year, Y = 25, R = 4x10-2 = 0.04
ACD = 100 × 0.02 × 25 × 0.04 = 2 fatalities
l- The lung of a technician was exposed to 1, 3, and 15 rad from inhaling of an alpha emitter, :‫ مالحظة هامة‬:Commented [YA16]
exposure to external neutrons with energy of 14.1 MeV and gamma radiation respectively, Classic unit :‫في النظام التقليدي‬
then the equivalent dose in the lung and the whole-body effective dose are: (0.65 Sv and Rad ‫إذا اعطي في السؤال قيمة الجرعات الممتصة بوحدة‬
Rem ‫تكون الوحدة في الجرعة المكافئة بوحدة‬
78 mSv).
SI unit :‫في النظام العالمي‬
1 Rad = 1 Rem Gray ‫وإذا اعطي في السؤال قيمة الجرعات الممتصة بوحدة‬
Wr (α) = 20 Sievert ‫تكون الوحدة في الجرعة المكافئة بوحدة‬
Wr (neutrons with energy of 14.1 MeV) = 10
Wr (𝛄) = 1
Ht = ∑ Wr × Dt,r
= (1×20) + (3×10) + (15×1)
= 20 + 30 + 15 = 65 Rad = 65 Rem  (classic system)
1 Sv = 100 Rem
X Sv = 65 Rem
X = 65 ÷ 100 = 0.65 Sv  (SI system)

E = ∑ Wt × Ht
Wt (lung) = 0.12
E = (0.65 × 0.12) = 0.078 Sv × 1000 = 78 mSv
 CHAPTER SIX
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIATION

Questions for revision

a- Ionizing radiation is starting destruction of human cells due to: they appear promptly after
exceeding the threshold value on the exposed person.

b- Effects which are requiring that the dose shall exceed a threshold and their severity
depends on the dose behind the threshold are: Deterministic effects

c- Effects which are somatic, hereditary and delayed are called: stochastic effects

d- Three diseases belonging to the deterministic effects are:

1) The hemopoietic syndromes.
2) The gastrointestinal syndromes
3) The central nervous system (CNS) syndromes

e- Two diseases belonging to the stochastic effects are: Cataract & Leukaemia

f- The LD 50/30 means the lethal dose for 50 % of the exposed people within 30 days and is about:
4 Gy of gamma rays

g- If each member of a group of people got 10 Sv whole body acute dose then the probability
of death among this group is: 100%
 CHAPTER SEVEN
DOSE CALCULATION

Questions for revision:

a- The gamma specific factor in the SI system of units is defined as:
the dose rate (in μSv/h) at a distance of 1 m from a source of this radionuclide with activity of (1
MBq) and its unit in this system is (Sv.m2/h. MBq)

b- The unit of the gamma specific factor in the classic system is:
The unit of this constant in this case is (R.m 2/h.Ci)

c- The beta dose rate at a distance 40 cm from a small thin Cs=137 source with activity 3 Ci,
which emits beta particles with maximum energy of 512 KeV is: (59.2 rem/h)

Ė (μSv/h) = (5×A×Eavr) / d² :‫المعطيات‬

Cs-137
Ė = 5 × 0.111 × 0.1706666667/ (0.4)² Emax = 512 KeV  1000 = 0.512 MeV
Ė = 0.592 μSv/h × 100 Eavr = Emax ÷ 3
= 59.2 Rem/h = (0.512) ÷ 3
= 0.1706666667
D = 40 cm = 0.4 mtr
A = 3 Ci ÷ 1000 = 0.003 mCi
1 mCi = 37 MBq
0.003 mCi = A MBq
A = 0.003 × 36 = 0.111 MBq

d- The gamma dose rate at a distance of 80 cm from a Co-60 source, with activity 400 mCi
is: (8.2 mSv/h)
:‫المعطيات‬
Ė (μSv/h) = Γ×A/ d²
Co-60 gamma
Ė = (0.346 × 14800) ÷ (0.8)² d = 80 cm = 0.8 m
Ė = 8232 μSv/h ÷ 1000 A = 400 mCi × 37 MBq
= 8.2 mSv = 14800 MBq
Γ (Co-60) = 0.356 (Sv.m²/h.MBq)

e- The neutron dose rate at a distance of 0.5 m from a Cf-252 neutron source which emits 1.2
x !09 neutrons per second is: (0.93 mSv/h)

Ė (μSv/h) = (0.08 C N)/d² :‫المعطيات‬

Ė = (0.08 × 2.4 × 10-6 × 1.2 × 109) ÷ (0.5)² Neutron
Ė = 930 μSv/h ÷ 1000 d = 0.5 m
Ė = 0.93 mSv/h N = 1.2 × 109 n/s
C (for Cf-252) = 2.4 × 10-6➞ ‫غير‬
2-7 ‫موجوده في الجدول‬
f- The three principles of radiation protection are:
1. Time
2. Distance
3. Shielding

g- The ALI for a radionuclide is defined as:

radionuclide in air which, if breathed by the reference man for a working year of 2,000 hours under
conditions of light work (with an inhalation rate of 1.2 cubic meters of air per hour), results in an
intake of one annual limit on intake (ALI)

h- The DAC for a radionuclide means:

The DAC is the activity concentration in air in Bq.m-3 of the radionuclide considered that would
lead to intake of an annual limit on intake (ALI)
DAC = Derived Air Concentration

i- 1 DAC.h is equivalent to: (10 microSeivert (Sv) = 10 (Sv)

j- A technician in a nuclear medicine lab. Ingested in a given year 0.3 ALI and inhaled 800
DAC.h in the same year, then his total committed dose in that year is: (14 mSv)
1 ALI ➞ 20 mSv
0.3 ALI ➞ ECD mSv
ECD = 0.3 × 20 = 6 mSv

2000 DAC ➞ 20 mSv

800 DAC ➞ ECD mSv
ECD = (800 × 20) ÷ 2000
ECD = 8 mSv
ECD = 8+6 = 14 mSv
k- The dose rate from an Ir-192 source at a distance of 1 m from the exposed source is 481
mSv/h, then the dose rate from the same source at a distance 10 cm is: (48.1 Sv/h)

E₁×d₁² = E₂ × d₂² :‫المعطيات‬

E₂ = (E₁×d₁²) ÷ d₂² Ir-192
= (481 × 1²) ÷ (0.1)² E₁ = 481 mSv/h
E₂ = 48100 mSv/h d₁ = 1 m
E₂ =?
= 48.1 Sv/h d₂ = 10 cm = 0.1 m

l- A technician is working in a controlled area with a radiation level of 6 μSv/h for 8 hours
daily, then his accumulated dose in on year is: (12 mSv)
Dose rate = 6 μSv/h  1000 = 0.006 mSv/h
Accumulated dose in on year = 0.006 (mSv/h)  2000 (h/y) = 12 mSv
 CHAPTER EIGHT
RADDIATION SHIELDING

Questions for revision:

a- The best material to be used to prepare a shield for a high activity beta source is the
material with: To make a proper shield for a beta source one should use, only, light rigid material,
with low atomic mass number Z,

b- The Sr-90 decays through beta decay with an end point of 546 KeV to Y-90, which is also
beta emitter with an end point of 2290 KeV, if the activity of the S-90 is 3 Ci and it is in
equilibrium with Y-90, then the required thickness of Aluminium with density of 2.7 g/cm3
shall be not less than: (4.14 mm).

Y-90 Emax = 2290 KeV ÷ 1000 = 2.290 MeV

Rm(gm/cm²) = 0.412 × Emax(1.265 - 0.0954 ln Emax)
Rm(gm/cm²) = 0.412 × 2.29(1.265 - 0.0954 ln 2.29)
Rm(gm/cm²) = 0.412 × 2.29(1.265 - 0.0954 × 0.82855)
Rm(gm/cm²) = 0.412 × 2.29(1.265 – 0.0790)
Rm(gm/cm²) = 0.412 × 2.29(1.185956)
Rm(gm/cm²) = 0.412 × 2.67
Rm(gm/cm²) = 1.1

Rm = R × ρ
R(cm) = Rm(g/cm²) ÷ ρ (g/cm3)
R = 1.1 ÷ 2.7 =0.4076 cm = 4.07  4.1 mm

c- The build-up factor in shielding of gamma sources depends on:

The build-up factor B, strongly, depends on photon energy Eγ, as well as on the atomic number Z of
the shield

d- If the ratio between the primary and the secondary numbers of photons arriving to a
specific point behind the shield is 1: 5, then the build-up factor is …. , and contribution of
secondary photons at this point is ….: (6, and 83%).
B = It / Id = (Is + Id) / Id
1+5 6
𝐵= = = 1.2
5 5
1
𝐵= × 100 = 0.83 × 100
1.2
B = 83%

e- The most efficient material that shall be used to shield x or gamma ray is the material with
the relaxation length of a barrier which is (0.693 x/x1/2) equals 10, then the transmission
factor behind this barrier is: (4.54×10-5)

The number of relaxation length x needed would be then satisfy the relation:
relaxation length x = 10
℮-x = ℮-10 = 0.0000454 = 4.54×10-5
h- It is required to reduce the radiation level at a point outside an irradiation facility from 100
millions Sv/h to 0.2 μSv/h, using a concrete wall with a half value layer of 6 cm, then the
required thickness of this concrete wall shall be: (203 cm)

100 ×106 Sv/h × 106 = 100×1012 μSv/h :‫المعطيات‬

N = N0 B e–μax
N=0.2 Sv/h
0.2 = 100×1012 × e-(0.693/6)x
N = 100 ×106 Sv/h × 106 =
(0.2÷100) ×1012 = e-(0.1155)x 100×1012 μSv/h
‫باخذ اللوغاريتم للطرفين‬ HVL = 6 cm
- 33.83 = - 0.1155x
x = 33.85 ÷ 0.1155 = 293 cm

i- The principle in shielding neutron sources is:

One of the main principles used to shield the neutron sources is, first, to moderate fast
neutrons, which are emitted from all neutron sources and generators, then to capture
moderated neutrons by other material with a high probability for neutron capture of thermal
and slow neutrons, and finally, to attenuate the gamma radiation emitted during the neutron
radiative capture
 ‫أهم االسئلة التي أتت في اختبار هيئة الرقابة النووية واالشعاعية والتي طرحت في قروبات التلجرام والوتساب‪:‬‬
‫حاولت بقدر المستطاع تجميعها وترتيبها مع التعليق على بعض االسئلة بتلخيص بعض التوضيحات حول بعض االسئلة التي تحتاج‬
‫الى توضيح وشرح لكي يستوعبها المطلع‪ ،‬كما تم تلوين أهم األسئلة التي أتت في االمتحان باللون األحمر‬

‫‪ Solve below:‬‬

‫‪ 7x = 9 is equal to:‬‬
‫الحـــــــــل‪:‬‬
‫‪Ln9 = 2.1972245773‬‬
‫‪Ln7 = 1.9459101491‬‬
‫‪Ln9  Ln7 = 1.9459101491  2.1972245773 = 1.1291500681‬‬

‫‪ The factor of the polynomial (5x-15):‬‬

‫)‪5 (x-3‬‬

‫‪ 2^3 is equal to:‬‬

‫‪=2x2x2=8‬‬

‫‪ If a=20, b=35, c=5, then [(4a + b) / c]:‬‬

‫‪23‬‬

‫‪ The sum of (5x + 3Y) and (4x – 2y) is:‬‬

‫‪9x – y‬‬

‫‪ Solve 2(x + 4):‬‬

‫‪2x + 8‬‬

‫‪ Solve 2(x + 4) =12‬‬

‫خطوات الحل‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬التوزيع‪:‬‬
‫‪2x + 8 = 12‬‬

‫‪ -2‬طرح ‪ 8‬من طرفي المعادلة‪:‬‬

‫‪2x +8 – 8 = 12 – 8‬‬
‫‪ -3‬تبسيط التعبير‪:‬‬
‫‪2x = 4  x = 4  2 = 2‬‬

‫‪ (3x + 4y) + (2x – 3y):‬‬

‫‪6x2 – xy – 12y2‬‬

‫‪ (2x-3) = (3x +4) Find x:‬‬

‫‪2x – 3 = 3x + 4‬‬
‫‪2x -3x = 4 + 3‬‬
‫‪-x = 7  x = -7‬‬
 Find numeric coefficient of -5x2y:
 In the term -5x2y, the numerical coefficient is:
a) 5
b) -5 
c) x
d) y

 Solve: (4a + 3b)/c, where a=20, b=10, c=5:

(4  20) + (3  10)  5 = (80 + 30)  5 = 110  5 = 22

 5 + x = -5x + 7, Find x:
x + 5x = 7 – 5
= 6x = 2  x = 2/6 = 1/3

 No. of half value layers required to reduce dose from 1 MBq to 0.125 MBq:
1 MBq  0.5 MBq  0.25 MBq  0.125 MBq
  
No. of half value layers = 3

 Thickness required to reduce dose from 100 GBq to 10 GBq , HVL = 12.5 mm
N = No ℮-x
10 = 100 ℮-x  10 = 100 ℮-(.693/12.5)x
10/100 = ℮-(.693/12.5)x
-2.3 = -0.05544x  x = 2.3  0.05544 = 41.5

 Eye dose limit for occupational workers: 20 mSv/y

 If nurse spill I-131 in front of gate, what will be first step:

a) Call RSO
b) Bring absorbing material
c) Evacuate patients 
d) Check contamination in hill

 The most probable type of interaction of x-ray less than 50 KeV with lead is:
a) Pair production
b) Photo electric (up to 300 KeV) 
c) Compton
d) All of the above

 Eye dose limit for occupational workers: 20 mSv

 Where to put IQI?
 What will be effect of long exposure on films?
Sensitivity Density
 Who is responsible if source lost? RSO
 Who is responsible to make procedures, safety program … etc. in company?
Licensee

 belonging to nuclear gauges are:

a) devices which produce x-ray
b) devices for dose rate measurements
c) devices for contamination monitoring
d) devices for thickness measurements. 

 Beta particle & Gamma rays used for measurement....... while Neutron used to
measurement:
a) Density and Thickness - Moisture. 
b) Moisture Density and Thickness.
c) Chemical structure - packing.
d) Packing-structure.

 Phosphorus-32 radionuclide decay the following:

a) Alpha
b) Beta 
c) Gamma
d) Neutron

 Artificial isotopes are:

a) Th-232
b) U-238
c) Cs-137 
d) Rn-222

 Which isotope will decay fully in one year?

 Who is the responsible for the source theft, loss or miss or the use for any criminal
purpose?
a) RSO
b) Director
c) Licensee 
d) Worker

 Neutron source reaction:

a) Fission
b) Alpha, Neutron
c) Gamma, Neutron
d) All the above 
 Annually occupational skin dose limit?
An equivalent dose to the extremities (hands and feet) or the skin of 500 mSv in a year NRRC-R-01 :Commented [YA17]
Section 10, Appendix: 22, a (iii)

 Annually public skin dose limit?

 An equivalent dose to the skin of 50 mSv in a year NRRC-R-01 :Commented [YA18]
Section 10, Appendix: 24, d

 A 100 Ci of 60 days’ half-life after 7 days will remain?

 Formula: A = Ao  ℮-λt :‫المعطيات‬
A=Ao  0.5(time /half-life) A = 100
A =100  0.5(7/60) Half-life = 60 days
A = 100 × 0.92 = 92 Ci Time = 7 days

 In the x-ray tube, the purpose of external barrier is:

 If the focal spot of x-ray tube is small:

a) Will increase the temperature of the target
b) Will reduce the exposure time 
c) Will reduce the temperature of the target
d) None of the above

 The dose rate from a Co-60 source used for sterilization at certain point outside the
sterilization hall is 100 Sv/h. To reduce this rate to 0.2 μSv/h using concrete with a tenth-
value layer of 20 cm for this source, then the required thickness of the concrete wall shall
be about:
a) 174 cm  :‫المعطيات‬
b) 250 cm
D = 100 Sv/h
c) 315 cm
D = 0.2 Sv/h = 0.2  10-6 Sv/h
d) 408 cm.
TVL = 20 cm
TVL = 2.3   = 2.3  TVL = 2.3  20 = 0.115
D = D ℮-x Time = 7 days
0.2  10-6  100 = ℮-(0.115)x Find the required thickness concrete wall x
2  10-9 = ℮-(0.115)x
‫بأخذ اللوغاريتم للطرفين‬
-20 = - 0.115x  x = 20  0.115 = 174 cm

 Which source will use for the RT of 150 mm specimen thickness?

a) Ir-192
b) Co-60  150 mm = 15 cm = 0.4 feet = 5.9”
c) Cs-137
d) Se-75
 Calculate the 100 Ci of Co-60 cordon distance (D2) for the radiographer?
 The Ir-192 Ci at 12”, calculate D2 for the public?

 Transport index and dose rate on the surface for White-1 is?
TI = 0, maximum radiation level at any point on the surface = 0.005 mSv/h

 An Ir-192 gamma source which has an activity of 100 Ci at the distance of 12”, what will be
the distance which safe for the public?
E (Rem/h) = ( × A) ÷ d2 :‫المعطيات‬
E = (0.48 × 100) ÷ (0.3)2
E = 533 Rem/h Ir-192
E = 533000 mRem/h Activity = 100 Ci
E1 × D12 = E2 × D22 D1 = 12" = 0.3 mtr,
D22 = 533000 × (0.3)2 ÷ 550 safe distance for public=?
2
D2 = 47970 ÷ 550 = 87  = 0.48 (R.m2/h.Ci)
D2 = √87 = 9.3 mtr

 A fixed contamination on accessible surface from beta and gamma and toxicity alpha:
a) 40 Bq/cm2
b) 400 Bq/cm2
c) 4  104 Bq/cm2 
d) 4  103 Bq/cm2

 If sources transport through the vehicle, then maximum dose on the vehicle surface:
a) 1 mRem/h
b) 20 mRem/h 
c) 200 mRem/h
d) 100 mRem/h
 If transport index is 50 then the spacing between two groups:
a) 3 mtr.
b) 6 mtr. 
c) 1 mtr.

 Who extract the radiation protection program?

a) KA-CARE
b) NRRC
c) RSO & Technical expert
d) Licensee 

 Which source will affect more?

a) Embryo 3  105 erg
b) Embryo 3  107 erg 
c) 2 Rad for 75 years old person of 70 kg weight
d) 2 Rad for 75 years old person of 56 kg weight

 Radiation area in which dose rate in excess of:

a) 2 mRem/h
b) 5 mRem/h  Commented [WU19]: As radiation area is the area where
c) 7 mRem/h dose rate is in excess of 0.05 mSv/ h = 5 mRem/h

d) 10 mrem/h

 When camera is in the vehicle, maximum dose rate in the passenger cabin is:
a) 1 Sv/h
b) 2 Sv/h
c) 10 Sv/h
d) 20 Sv/h 

 Film contrasts due to:

a) Type of film
b) Exposure of film 
c) Process under which film developed
 The company need to show the records of sources:
a) Waste 
b) Receipt, transfer and disposal
c) Semi-annual source inventory
d) Source exposure

 ALARA PRINCIPLE is:

a) Train the Worker to develop the shielding
b) Worker must maintain the exposure
c) Worker able to minimise their doses 

 The shielding for the structure, factory will be:

a) 01
b) 1 or 1/16
c) 1.¼ , 1/16 
d) 1 or 1/16

 The radiographer will get from Gamma rays:

a) External exposure 
b) Cosmic & background rays
c) Internal dose
d) Sun rays

 Beta rays will travel:

a) Few meters in air 
b) Few cm in water
c) Few meters in aluminium
d) All of the above

 If someone want to enter in the controlled area:

a) Survey Meter required
b) Survey meter, TLD, Dosimeter required 
c) TLD & Dosimeter and Alarm meter required
d) Not required anything for Temporary entrance

 in the source camera depleted uranium shielding surround the metal tube called:
a) Guide tube
b) plastic tube
c) S-Tube 
d) Hollow
 Leak test required for the sealed sources by the interval:
a) one year
b) six months 
c) three months
d) one month

 Dosimeter range:
a) 2-5 Sv
b) 0-2000 Sv 
c) 0-2000 Sv/h
d) 1-3 Sv

 The neutron emitted from nuclear density gauge is……………. neutron.

a) Slowly.
b) Fast. 
c) Thermal.
d) Interfaces.

 All radioactive substance is classified as:

a) Radioactive material classes radioactive source 
b) Only sealed/capsules are sources

 The photon interaction with low Z material like human skin will occur:
a) Ionisation & excitation 
b) Compton scattering

 IR-192 80 Ci will remain after 148 days:

a) 60 Ci
b) 40 Ci T1/2 for Ir-192 = 74 days
c) 20 Ci 
80 → 40 → 20
74 74
74+74 = 148 days

 Low activity radioactive waste in nuclear medicine should be? Choices:

a) Thrown away immediately
b) Never be thrown away
c) Kept for 3 half lives
d) Kept for 10 half lives 
 When photon gives all its energy to electron this interaction called?
Elastic collision

 People can start working in radiography starting from what age?

16

 Maximum effective dose for trainees for whole body in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia?
a. 6 mSv
b. 20 mSv

 Definitions:
Radiographic density: the overall amount / degree of darkening on a radiograph.
Radiographic contrast: the differences in photographic density in a radiograph.
Film contrast: density differences that result due to the type of film used, how it was
exposed, and how it was processed

 Half-life depends on what? Decay constant (Lamda λ) Commented [WU20]: Half-life = ln 2 / decay constant
 HVL for Co-60 lead? 5.3 Years
 HVL for Ir-192 lead? 74 Days

 X-ray HVL is 0.06, what is the thickness required to reduce radiation from 1.5Gy to 0.25Gy?

HVL for x-ray = 0.06 = X1/2

I = Io  (0.5)-(Ln2/X1/2)  X
0.25 = 1.5  (0.5) –(0.693/0.06)  X
0.25/1.5 = (0.5)–(11.55)X ‫) للطرفين‬Ln ( ‫بأخذ‬
- 1.79 = - 11.55 X  X = 1.79  11.55 = 0.1549

 Calculate the dose if radiographer receive 1.6 mGy/hr from the radioactive source for 120
min?
Dose = Dose rate  Time
= 1.6  2 = 3.2 mGy

 Find the effective dose for neutron dose 1 mGy with radiation factor 10 and 20 mGy for
gamma dose?
a) 10 mSv
b) 11 mSv
(1x10) +(20x1) = 30 mSv
c) 20 mSv
d) 30 mSv 
 The detector of problem 4.10 has an intrinsic peak efficiency at 1 MeV of 12%. The point
source emits a 1 MeV gamma ray in 80% of its decay and has an activity of 20 kBq.
Neglecting attenuation between the source and detector, calculate the number of counts
that will appear under the 1 MeV full-energy peak in the pulse height spectrum from the
detector over a 100 s count?

 Calculate the thickness of lead needed to reduce the dose rate from 10 Ci Co-60 source to
10 Sv/h, knowing that the source is placed at 10 mtr?

First we find out D:

 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓𝟔  𝟏𝟎 (𝑪𝒊) 𝟑. 𝟕  𝟏𝟎𝟒(𝑴𝑩𝒒)
𝑫 = 𝟐 =
𝒅 (𝟏𝟎)𝟐
D = 1.3  103 Sv/h = I

Second we will calculate lead thickness to reduce dose from 1.3  103 Sv/h to 10 Sv/h
I = I  ℮-x :‫المعطيات‬
10 = (1.3  103)  ℮-(0.148)x
Source = Co-60
10  (1.3  103) = ℮-(0.148)x
Xlead =?
‫بأخذ اللوغاريتم للطرفين‬
A = 10 Ci
-4.86 = -0.148x
I = 10 Sv/h
X = 4.86  0.148 = 32 cms
D = 10 mtr
We know that : Co-60 = 0.356 (R.m2/h.Ci)
 of lead = 0.148

 Which of the following are true regarding of the activity?

a) Unstable isotopes go throw process of decay to be stable.
b) Decay may happen as alpha or beta decays or may disintegrate through the emission of
gamma radiation.
c) The time during which one half of the total number of atoms of the sample of that radio-
nuclide decays (disintegrates) and the other half remains without decay (disintegration) is
called the half-life.
d) It can be measure by the number of disintegrations per second.
e) All is true 

 An Iodine-131 radioactive source with strength of 50 Ci, and half-life of 8 days will decay to
of its initial activity in 56 days.
:‫الحـــــــــل‬
Formula: A = Ao  ℮-λt

A=Ao  0.5(time /half-life)

A =50  0.5(56/8)
Ao = 50 × 0.0078125 = 0.39  0.4 Ci
  20 cSv is equivalent to: (mote: c = centi)
a) 2 Rem
1 Sv = 100 cSv
b) 20 Rem 
X Sv = 20 cSv  X = 20/100 = 0.2 Sv
c) 20 mRem

𝟏 𝑺𝒗 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑹𝒆𝒎  𝟎. 𝟐 𝑺𝒗 = 𝟐𝟎 𝑹𝒆𝒎

 a non-routine situation that necessitates prompt action, to mitigate a hazard for human
health or the environment: ‫ حالة غير روتينية تتطلب اتخاذ إجراءات‬:Commented [YA21]
a) Exposure Situation ‫فورية للتخفيف من المخاطر على صحة اإلنسان أو البيئة‬
b) Planned Exposure
c) Public Exposure
d) Emergency 

Ch 2 Interaction of Radiation with Matter:

 Arrange the following Radiation Types based on their Penetrating Ability (less first):
a) Alpha decay (α decay), 1
b) Beta decay (β decay), 2
c) Gamma disintegration (γ disintegration) 3

 The photoelectric effect will (follow / be followed by):

a) Ejected electron extraction of orbital electrons
b) Campton reaction
c) Scattered photon
d) Neutron.
e) a,b & c 

 the pair production will yield two particles which are the electron and its antiparticle which
is the positron. if the photon energy is higher than:
a) 1.022 MeV 
b) 0.511 MeV

 The unit of the mass attenuation coefficient m is... (cm²/gm).

 The unit of the mass-thickness m is... (gram/cm²).
 The half value layer (HVL), or thickness, of a specific matter at a certain gamma ray energy,
is defined as the thickness of this matter, which is necessary to attenuate the original
number of the incident photons No, with this energy, to its ... (half value (50%).
Ch 3. Radiation detectors, survey meters and contamination monitors
 Scintillation detectors, any scintillation detector, consists, mainly of at least, two
components, which are:
a) The scintillation crystal or liquid (the scintillator)
b) The Photo-Multiplier Tube (PMT)

 To measure small changes in radiation energy, it is used/ For little change in gamma
radiation which is the best? (a pressurized ionization chamber)

 the most proper survey meter to measure the little change radiation energy:
a) contamination monitor
b) pressurized ionizing chamber
c) G.M counter
d) Nal scintillation crystal 

Ch. 4. Some Radiation Measurement Techniques

 The good geometrical configuration is defined as that one, at which the size of the source
can be considered as a point, and the source detector distance R is greater than the largest
dimension of the detector, the source-detector distance R is, at least, ten times larger than
the larger dimension of the source or the detector.
 Q) The good geometrical configuration is defined .... All of above.

Ch. 5. Dosimetry Quantities & Their Units

 Note: All unit has to be memorized. (SI unit & its Classic unit), Table 5.1 & 5.2 will
given.
 Remember the Radiation Weighting Factor WR for sub particles. e.g., Photons WR = 1,
Beta WR = 1, Alpha WR = 20,

 the radiation weighting factor for radiation type R multiplied by the appropriate tissue
weighting factor is:
a) Effective dose, E
b) absorbed dose 
c) exposure

 Table (5-2): Tissue weighting factors, which one is more sensitive the Brain (500 grams) or
Liver (300 grams). In the exam table WT for brain is 0.5, will but there is no WT liver. Note:
Because WT of Liver is 0.5.
The: answer they are same.
Ch. 6. Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation
 Under what acute dose of radiation Level symptoms begins to appear? ‫ ظهور المرض االشعاعي عنددما يكون‬:Commented [WU22]
Answer from page 52. do not appear before gamma ray doses of 250-500 mGy. ‫ ملي جراي لكن بالتاكيد يظهر‬500 ‫ ملي جراي الي‬250 ‫التعرض بين‬
‫ملي جراي من اشعه جاما اذا االجابه‬500 ‫بعد جرعه مقدارها‬
Note: in Exam unit are in Sv. ‫( ملي سيفرت‬B) 500 ‫الصحيحه هي‬
Ch. 8. Radiation Shielding
 By using Co-60 with radiation intensity of 6 Gy/h in specific distance if we need to reduce it
up to 0.75 Gy/h, and we have shielding of concrete with HVL of 2.5", then how much
thickness we need?
Note. Use the formula: E = E  0.5(Thickness /HVL), (or you can just go and divided 6 over 2
until you get 0.75. answer is 3, No HVL  Value of HVL = 3  2.5 = 7.5

 Four shields are available for shielding a point source of gamma radiation. The highest build
up factor at a point outside the shielded source will be with the:
a) 2.5 cm thick lead 
b) 1.5 cm thick lead
c) 2.5 cm thick aluminium
d) 1.5 cm thick aluminium

The Organizational Aspects Of Radiation Protection

Recommendation. Review this part from Md Farrok book carefully then go to through NRRC-R-001.
 The meaning of ALARA: as low as reasonably achievable.
 The principal party having the main responsibilities for the compliance with the regulations
is the: licensee.
 The dose limits for general public. An equivalent dose to the lens of the eye of: 20 mSv (0.2
rem) per year.
 Limits of radioactive contaminations of some surfaces for non-established (nonfixed) beta
contamination is: 0.4 (Bq/cm2)
 All sealed sources and other solid sources which cannot be dispersed in the environment
they must be: sent back to the producer (country of origin).
 All sealed sources and other solid sources which cannot be dispersed in the environment
they must be: sent back to the producer (country of origin).
 the provisions, approved by the regulatory authority, under which consignment which does
not satisfy all the applicable requirements of the transport regulations may be transported
is called: Special arrangement.
 radioactive material shall be segregated during transport and during storage in transit from
undeveloped photographic film by distances calculated using a radiation exposure criterion
for undeveloped photographic film due to the transport of radioactive material of:
0.1 mSv per consignment of such film.
 The maximum radiation level at any point on the external surface of a package or over
pack, under (exclusive use) shall not exceed:
a) 2 msv/h
b) 5 msv/h
c) 10 msv/h 
d) 10 mr/h.
 NRRC-R-01 Radiation Safety:
Note: focus on the followings:
Section 4: Definitions
Section 10: Dose Limits
Section 11: General Responsibilities
Section24: Prime Responsibilities for Protection and Safety
Section 25: Radiation Protection Program

 A person having specified duties as a worker in response to an emergency:

a) Emergency worker 
b) Health Physician
c) Authority

 Source Security mean monitoring the radiation sources to prevent.... of that source:
a) Storage
b) unauthorized access 
c) authorized use.

 An effective dose of worker 20 mSv per year averaged over five consecutive years.

 dose for the embryo or fetus or the breastfed infant shall be limited to 1 mSv.

 public exposure, the dose limits shall be: An effective dose of 1 mSv in a year.

 For public exposure, the dose limits shall be: An equivalent dose to the lens of the eye of 15
mSv in a year.

 Establishing a radiation protection program that is appropriate for exposure situation is

responsibilities of... The authorized person.

 For those activities where an application for an authorization is submitted, no separate

notification shall be required.
 The protection against ionizing radiation is enhanced by:
a) Training of large number of operators to high level
b) Commitment of the regulatory authority to sudden inspection
c) Prevailing of the safety culture.
d) Strong management committed to protection and ALARA 

 The Commitment to the requirements of protection and safety is. mainly, responsibility of
a) Regulatory authority
b) The operators
c) The RPO
d) The manager. 
 Comply with the requirements of radiation protection and the security of radioactive
sources is the responsibility of the:
a) Authority
b) Worker
c) RSO
d) Director of the company 

 The disadvantage of burying radioactive materials in the cemetery is that:

a) Radioactive waste spreading in the soil. 
b) Radiation level will be high on the soil surface.

 sources shall be kept secure, so as to prevent their theft or damage and to prevent any
unauthorized legal person from carrying out any of the actions specified in the basic
obligation for practices.

 The principal party who is the (licensee) having the main responsibilities for the compliance
with the national regulations for radiation protection and safety of radiation sources and
all other parties.

 Industrial Radiography (Theoretical & Field Knowledge)

 In the shop or fixed X-ray Machine yard the best way to reduce the dose:
a) Reduce time near radiation
b) Keep far distance away from radiation source
c) Use proper shielding
d) All are correct. 

 Warning signs (board) shall be used.... Whenever there is radiation work is on a progress.

 If you want to check the cobalt 60 projector.... Do leak test for the cobalt projector

 What is the most important thing you can do to avoid an overexposure to radiation?
a) Always make proper radiation survey 
b) Look frequently to the pocket dosimeter reading
c) Keep a daily log of pocket dosimeter reading
d) Always wear the personal dosimeter provided the material which is used a target X-
ray Machine While producing
 the value of Voltage from X ray to produce energy equivalent to Co-60 is:
1.2 Mev 
2 Mev

 The device which produces one or more of fixed value of radiation energy (spectrum) is:
a) X ray machine
b) Gamma machine 
c) betatron accelerator
d) linear

 For an X-ray radiography if all parameter keeps same as its while amperage or the current
(mA) Increased. This will be... reduce the required exposure time.
 In case we need x-ray penetrate more thickness, increase Voltage

 Calculation. Adjusting the Exposure to Produce a Different Film Density. A radiograph made
with an exposure of 12 mA per minute has a density of 0.8 in the region of maximum
interest. It is desired to increase the density to 2.0 in this area. By reference to a
characteristic curve of the film, it is found that the difference in log E, between a density of
0.8 and 2.0 is 0.76. The antilogarithm of log 0.76 is 5.8. What must the new exposure time
be to produce a radiograph with a density of 2.0? ‫ المسألة الحسابية اليجاد التعرض‬:Commented [WU23]
a) 9.12 mA per minute :‫باختالف شدتين‬
‫ نستخدم عملية الضرب‬d1<d2 ‫في حال كانت‬
b) 21.12 mA per minute :‫المعطيات‬ ‫ نستخدم عملية القسمة‬d1 >d2 ‫وفي حال كانت‬
c) 69.6 mA per minute 
Exp1 =12 mA/min
d) 16 mA per minute
D1 = 0.8
Solve: D2 = 2
Exp2 =?
∆Log R.E
∆Log R.E = 0.76
∆Log R.E = 2 – 0.8 = 0.76 Antilog R.E (0.76) = 5.8
Antilog R.E (0.76) = 5.8
Exp2 = Exp1  Antilog R.E
= 12 (mA)  5.8 = 69.6 mA/min

 Lead screens are put in direct contact with the film to:
a) increase the photographic action on the film.
b) absorb the longer wavelength scattered radiation.
c) intensify the photographic effect of the primary more than the scattered radiation
d) all of the above. 
 If it were necessary to radiograph a 7-inch thick steel product, which of the following
gamma-ray sources would most das likely be used?
a) Cobalt-60 
b) Thulium-170
c) Iridium-192
d) Cesium-137

 The approximate radiographic equivalence factors for steel and copper at 220kV are 1.0 and
1.4 respectively. If it is Le desirable to radiograph a 0.5-inch plate of copper, what thickness
of steel would require about the same exposure characteristics?
a) 0.7 inches of steel 
b) 0.35 inches of steel
EFcopper  Thickcopper = EFsteel  Thicksteel
c) 1.4 inches of steel
d) 1 inches of steel 1.4  0.5 = 1  Thicksteel
Thicksteel = 1.4  0.5 = 0.7” of steel

 A good cobalt-60 radiograph is made on a 3 inch steel casting using an exposure time of 10
minutes and a source-to-film distance of 36 inches. It is necessary to change the source-to-
film distance to 24 inches, what exposure time would produce a similar radiograph if all
other conditions remain the same?
a) 1.6 minutes
b) 4.4 minutes  𝐼1 𝐷2 𝑇
c) 6.4 minutes
= 22 = 2  T1  D22 = T2  D21
𝐼2 𝐷 1 𝑇1
d) 8.8 minutes
10  (24)2 = T2  (36)2
T2 = 4.4 minutes

 The slope (steepness) of a characteristic curve is a measure of:

a) subject contrast.
b) radiographic definition.
c) radiographic contrast.
d) film contrast. 

 The quantitative measure of film blackening is referred to as:

a) definition.
b) photographic density 
c) film contrast.
d) radiographic contrast.
 Cobalt-59 becomes cobalt-60 when it is placed in a nuclear reactor where it captures:
a) an electron.
b) a neutron. 
c) a proton.
d) contamination.
 The most commonly used target material in an x-ray tube is:
a) copper
b) carbon.
c) carbide.
d) tungsten. 

 A tech measures the radiation field at a job site and determines that a worker would
receive a dose of 27 mrem by staying at that location for 20 minutes. The worker decides to
use a long-handle wrench, making the distance from the small-size source three times
further than before but the work time is increased to 40 minutes. The dose received under
these conditions would be?
a) 0.2 mrem I1 = 27 mrem
b) 6 mrem 
c) 17 mrem Time = 20 min = 20 ÷ 60 = 0.3333 hr
d) 54 mrem Time2 = 40 ÷ 60 = 0.666 hr
e) 420 mrem

Dose rate = Dose ÷ Time

= 27 ÷ 0.333 = 81 mrem/h
I₁ × D₁² = I₂ × D₂²
81 × (1) ² = I2 × (3) ² = I₂ = 9 mrem/hr
Dose = Dose rate ×Time
= 9 × 0.666 = 6 mrem

 Linear energy transfer. linear energy transfer (LET) is the amount of energy that an ionizing
particle transfers to the material traversed per unit distance. LET is a positive quantity. LET
depends on the nature of the radiation as well as on the material traversed.

 The three factors controlling un-sharpness are source size, source to object distance, and
object to detector distance.
To minimize penumbra (un-sharpness) .... All of above.

 If an X-ray with 10 mA. 6 min, 1 meter produce 160 mSv, then how much is the dose if 10
mA, 15,4 meters.

 The penetrating ability of an X-ray beam is governed by:

a) Kilovoltage 
b) Time
c) mill amperage
d) Source-to-film distance.
 What is the different between lead &Aluminium for shielded?
Lead is Hi z material it’s shielding for Gama & x-ray, Aluminium is low Z material and its
proper shielding for beta

 A source is being transported with a surface reading of 25 mR and 3 mR at 39.37 in. (250
Sv and 30 Sv at 1 m). Which transport label must be used?
a) White I
b) Yellow II
c) Yellow III 
d) Yellow II or III

 In photoelectric effect, when Gamma collide with one of the orbital electrons the energy of
gamma should be:
a) Less than the Orbital binding energy.
b) Equal to the Orbital binding energy.
c) Greater than the Orbital binding energy. 

 Approval by the regulatory authority of the country of origin of the design or shipment and
also, where the consignment is to be transported through or into any other country,
approval by the regulatory authority of that country. This principle is known as:
a) Unilateral approval
b) Consignment
c) Multilateral approval ‫موافقة متعددة األطراف‬
d) Consignor

 Stop, promptly, any violation of the local rules or regulation, and report to both the
licensee and regulatory authority. according to Saudi national law who is maintain this
responsibility?
a) Radiation worker
b) RPO 
c) Manager
d) None of the above
 A radioactive material shall be segregated from the transport workers and from members
of the public. For the purpose of calculation of segregation distance, which values should be
used for worker’s dose:
a) 1 mSv/year
b) 3 mSv/year
c) 5 mSv/year 
d) 20 mSv/year

 The lethal dose within 30 days after exposure for 50% of individuals exposed to an acute
dose of radiation is about:
a) 20 msv
b) 200 msv
c) 2 Sv
d) none of the above. (ABOUT 4 Gy) 

 The maximum radiation level at any point on the external surface of a package or over
pack, under exclusive, use shall not exceed:
a) 2 mSv/h
b) 5 mSv/h
c) 10 mSv/h
d) 10 mR/h (under exclusive use) 

The Semi-conductor detectors: :Commented [WU24]

- The semi-conductor materials used in manufacturing
 Which type of package label using for the transport of radioactive source: electronic devices and radiation
detectors are the silicon and germanium. Both of these
a) Type A container with Yellow label III elements have tetravalent atoms, and
b) Type B container with Yellow label III their crystalline structure is formed, so that, each atom has
a covalent bond with four
c) Type A container with Yellow label II neighbour atoms. When radiation interact with one of
d) Type B container with Yellow II  these atoms an electron of the four
covalent electrons may be ejected, and it becomes free,
and then its atom is left without an
electron. This free place of an electron is known, in
semiconductor as a hole. So, while
interacting with a silicon or germanium crystal radiation
 The semi-conductor detectors two crystal are used silicon & germanium. While interacting will generate electron-hole pairs.
with both crystal radiations will generate electron-hole Pairs. The energy required to from The energy required electron- hole pair in silicon is about
1.1 eV, in average, while the
one electron-hole pairs of both mate -rails are: energy required to produce one pair for germanium is
1.1 eV & 0.7 e V  about 0.7 eV. For this reason, the
number of electron-hole pairs formed in silicon by an
a) 0.7 eV & 1.1 e V
ionizing particle or photon with
b) 1.75 Ke V & 1332 K e V certain energy is higher than the number of electron-ion
c) none of the above pairs produced in an ionization
chamber by a factor of about 30 times for silicon and of
about 48 times for germanium. As a
result of that, the energy resolution of semiconductor
detectors is much better than that of the
 In photoelectric effect, when Gamma collide with one of the orbital electrons the energy of gamma
pulse type ionization chamber or scintillation detectors. For
should be: example, the energy resolution r
a) Less than the Orbital binding energy. of a germanium gamma detector with a cylindrical crystal
of about 70 mm diameter and 70
b) Equal to the Orbital binding energy.
mm height is about 1.7 KeV for the 1332 KeV gamma ray
c) Greater than the Orbital binding energy.  line of Co-60,
(Which is about 0.13 %).
 If the intensity from 1 m equal to I. what is the intensity will be if you increase the distance twice.
𝐼 𝐼
a) I = ½ 𝐼→ →
① 2 ② 4
b) I = ¼ 
c) I = 1/3
d) I = 1/5

 What is the limit of contamination on the surface from Beta & Gamma? ‫ في هذا السؤال لم يذكر ما إذا كان السطح‬:Commented [WU25]
a) 4 Bq/cm2 ‫راسخ او غير راسخ فتم ارفاق الجدول لحفظ قيم التلوث لسطح الراسخ‬
‫والغير راسخ إلشعاعات الفا وبيتا وجاما‬
b) 0.4 Bq/cm2
c) 0.04 Bq/cm2
d) 0.004 Bq/cm2

 Most of the energy in x-ray will convert to: ‫ في هذا السؤال تم وضح الخيار الصحيح‬:Commented [WU26]
Heat. ‫وهو الحرارة‬

 The primary form of energy conversion when electrons strike a target in an X-ray tube results in the
production of:
a) primary X-rays.
b) secondary X-rays.
c) short wavelength X-rays.
d) heat. 

 If I1= 0.361 mSv/h from D1= 1m, what is the distance (D2) required so the I2= 10 Sv/h.

I1  D12 = I2  D22 ⇒Inverse Squire law Data:

0.361  (1)2 = 0.01  D22 I1= 0.361 mSv/h
0.361
∴ D22 = 0.01
= 36.1 D1= 1m
I2= 10 Sv/h = 0.01 mSv/h
∴ D2 = √36.1 = 6 𝑚
D2 =???

 To increase the penetration of x-ray machine you will increase:

Voltage Tube

 From the below, what is the electromagnetic radiation:

a) Gamma.
b) X-ray
c) Breakdown x-ray
d) All of the above 

 If the technicians lose radiation source and they call the RSO. What should the RSO Do?
a) Call the authority regulatory in the area and activate the emergency plan. 
b) Inform NRRC
 From the below. What is the not consider as part of Radiation Protection Program?
a) Justification & Optimization
b) Distance & Time
c) Effective surveillance dose for occupational & Public 
d) Quality Assurance program.

 Gray (Gy) is the unit of ………. And it’s equal to …….. One rad is defined as deposition of :Commented [WU27]
a) Effective Dose – 100 erg/gm 100 ergs of energyinto each one gram of matter. The
word rad is the abbreviation of a sentence which is "radiation
b) Effective Dose – 10000 erg/gm absorbed dose”, so:
c) Absorbed Dose – 100 erg/gm 1 rad is equivalent to 100 erg/gram (5- 2)
- The Gray "Gy" is the SI unit of the absorbed dose (which
d) Absorbed Dose – 10000 erg/gm  is the MKS system of units
(Meter, Kilogram, Second). One Gray is defined as
deposition of 1 Joule of energy into
each Kilogram of matter.
- It should be mentioned that the absorbed dose is defined in
terms that allow it to be
specified at a point, but it is used to mean the average dose
 Gray (Gy) is the unit of? over a tissue or organ.
a) Effective dose - Using the relation between the Joule and the erg, which is:
1 Joule = 107 erg,
b) Absorbed dose  it is clear that:
c) Exposure 1 Gy = 100 rad
rad is equivalent to 100 erg/gram
d) Activity
the absorbed dose is defined as :Commented [WU28]
the amount of energy deposited from any type
of ionizing radiation, into a unit mass of any matter.
 Sv is the unit of? - The units of the absorbed dose are:
a) Equivalent dose  a- the "rad" in the classic system of units (CGS which is
Centimetre Gram Second),
b) Absorbed dose or also called scientific system of units or Gaussian system
c) Activity of units and,
b- the "Gray Gy" in the SI system of units
 Co-60 decay by The Seivert "Sv" is the unit of the :Commented [WU29]
a) Gamma  equivalent dose in the SI system, where the absorbed dose
is measured in Gray "Gy".
b) Alpha The relation between the rem and Seivert is
c) Neutron capture 1 Sv = 100 rems
d) None of the above

‫ليست مصادر اصطناعية‬

 From the below. What is not artificial source.
a) Ir-192
b) Co-60
c) Rn-226
:Commented [WU30]
d) All Above  : ‫مقياس الجرعة الشخصي الموصي به في المملكة العربية السعودية‬
TLD‫هو كرت الجرعة الحر وماض‬

:‫وله نوعان‬
 What is the approved dosimetry in Saudi Arabia? ‫كرت من نوع فلوريد الليثيوم المذود بالمنجنيز‬
TLD (Lif/Mn)
‫ويتميز هذا النوع من الكرت انه يعطى منحنى استجابة عريض واضح‬
.‫يسهل قراءته‬
 GM detector use for.
a) Distinguish between energy ‫( حيث أن‬Caf/Mn) ‫كرت من النوع فلوريدا الكالسيوم المذود بالمنجنيز‬
b) Identification isotopes ‫هذا النوع من الكرت يعطى منحنى استجابة قصير يصعب قراءته‬
c) Survey measure 
‫لذا أفضل الكروت استجابة هو كرت الجرعة الحر وماض من نوع‬
d) Contamination ‫فلوريد الليثيوم المذود بالمنجنيز‬
 The degree of darkness in film is:
a) Density 
b) Contrast

 Densimeter is used to?

a) Density
b) Contrast 
c) Sensitivity

 Who is responsible to approve the replacement of the RSO?

a) Licensee 
b) RSO
c) IAEA
d) NRRC 

 If the effective dose of RT equal to 20 mSv/y over 50 months which equal 400 uSv/w. and if the dose
in the site equal to 20 uSv/h, what is the maximum hour that allowed for RT technician to work per
week to reach this limit?
20 hour  400 (Sv/w)  20 Sv/h = 20 Sv/h/w
50 hour
10 hour (400 Sv/w) ‫باعتبار ان حد الجرعة االسبوعي للفني هو‬
3-3 Occupational limits for :Commented [WU31]
15 hour (20Sv/h) ‫والجرعة التي سوف يأخذها الفني في موقع العمل بالساعة الواحده هو‬
pregnant workers (P-77)
‫ ساعة باالسبوع‬20 ‫فبقسمة الحد االسبوعي على الحد اليومي بالساعة تكون‬ The Occupational exposure for pregnant woman must not
exceed an effective committed
dose of 1mSv (0.1 rem) in the total period of pregnancy,
 After the pregnant women announced her pregnancy, what is the dose limit for the fetus. when the irradiation is internal (i.e
a) 0.07 mSv/m  1 mSv/h  60 = 0.016 mSv/min intake), and the effective dose must not exceed 2 mSv (0.2
rem) when the irradiation is
b) 0.13 mSv/m external, during the 9 months of pregnancy, in order to keep
c) 0.15 mSv/m the effective dose to the embryo
and fetus not more than 1 mSv (0.1 rem) in the nine months.

 The sealed radioactive sources inside the kingdom of Saudi Arabia must be disposed: ‫ طبعا‬،‫في هذا السؤال يستفسر عن جرعة الجنين في أثناء الحمل‬
)‫شهور‬٩( ‫المرأة الحامل ما تريد جرعتها السنوية في أثناء فترة الحمل‬
a) Leave the material to disintegrate ‫ مللي سيفرت كحد أقصى‬١ ‫عن‬
b) Put them in concrete tombs ‫لذلك في السؤال هذا يسأل عن الحد الشهري للجنين‬
‫ شهر راح يعطيك‬١٢ ‫ مللي سيفرت وقسمتها على‬١ ‫لو أخذت ال‬
c) Dilute it with water ‫الجواب مقارب للخيار األول‬
d) Return it to the country of origin 
‫ راح يعطيك قيمه عالية‬١٢ ‫ كالهما لو ضربتهم في‬0.15‫ و‬0.13
‫ مللي سيفرت‬١ ‫للجرعة تزيد عن‬
a ‫لذلك أقرب جواب هو األول‬
 The decay constant or dissociation constant of a radioactive isotope is known as:
‫ يخفف بالماء‬:Commented [WU32]
a) The disintegration of atoms of a radioactive element per second.
‫ يعرف ثابت االضمحالل او ثابت التفكك‬:Commented [WU33]
b) The probability of disintegration of atoms of a radioactive element per second. .........‫لنظير مشع على أنه‬
c) The probability of dissociation of the atoms of the radioactive element per unit time. .‫تفكك ذرات العنصر المشع في الثانية الواحدة‬-١
d) The answer a & c are correct  .‫احتمالية تفكك ذرات العنصر المشع في الثانية الواحدة‬-٢
.‫احتمالية تفكك ذرات العنصر المشع في وحدة الزمن‬-٣
.‫ صحيحة معا‬٣ ،٢ ‫االجابتان‬-٤
‫ فقد مصدر مشع من جهاز القياس النووي‬:Commented [WU34]
 A radioactive source was lost from the nuclear measuring device during the technician’s ..............‫ فماذا يجب فعله‬،‫أثناء إقامة الفنى بإجراء اختبار في الموقع‬
stay by conducting an on-site test, so what should be done? .‫االتصال مباشرة بالجهة الرقابية‬-١
‫االتصال بمسؤولية الحماية من اإلشعاع‬-٢
a) Direct contact with the regulatory authority. ‫االتصال بمدير المنشأة‬-٣
b) Contact the Radiation Protection Officer (RPO) ‫االحتفاظ بالسيناريو‬-٤
 c) Contacting the facility manager
d) Keep the scenario 

 The caesium source was lost from the nuclear measuring device, the best type of detector
to detect this source is to use: ‫ فقد مصدر سيزيوم من جهاز القياس‬:Commented [WU35]
a) ionization chamber detector ‫ فإن أفضل انواع الكاشف للبحث عن هذا المصدر‬،‫النووي‬
.......... ‫استخدام‬
b) Geiger Mueller counter detector . ‫كاشف غرفة التأين‬-١
c) Scintillator detector  .‫كاشف عداد جيجر ميولر‬-٢
d) Germanium detector .‫كاشف سائل وميضي‬-٣
.‫كاشف الجرمانيوم‬-٤
‫ تتميز الكواشف السائلة الوميضية‬:Commented [WU36]
‫بحساسيتها الفائقة عن الكواشف الغازية لتغير فرق الجهد المطبق‬

 To measure the personal dose rate of gamma photons one should use: ‫ ذكر في السؤال لقياس معدل الجرعات‬:Commented [WU37]
a) TLD measurement  ‫الشخصية‬
‫احنا عندنا مقاييس الجرعات الشخصية هنا فى السؤال مقياس الجرعة‬
b) Sodium iodide detector ‫الموصى به داخل المملكة العربية السعودية مقياس الجرعة‬
c) Proportional counter detector TLD‫الحروماض‬
d) Pulse ionization chamber detector

 While the technician working on the nuclear measuring device is returning to the storage
location of the device, what should the radiation protection officer do? ‫ أثناء عودة الفنى الذي يعمل على جهاز‬:Commented [WU38]
a) To charge the device's battery for continuity of work. ‫ فماذا يجب فعله على مسؤول‬،‫القياس النووي إلى موقع تخزين الجهاز‬
...... ....‫الحماية من اإلشعاع‬
b) To store the device properly .‫ان يقوم بشحن بطارية الجهاز الستمرارية العمل‬- ١
c) To make sure that the source is present in the device.  .‫ان يقوم تخزين الجهاز بصورة صحيحة‬-٢
d) All of above .‫ان يتأكد من وجود المصادر في الجهاز‬-٣
‫ جميع ما سبق‬-٤

 What is the best way to provide radiation protection during maintenance of radioactively
contaminated equipment?
a) Try to decontaminate before maintenance
b) Ensure that workers wear protective clothing
c) Use extra ventilation
d) Ensure that workers are trained on maintenance 

 The health physicist, in conjunction with the emergency medical team, deals with an
individual case of contamination. The first task of the health physicist is to:
a) Helping to decontaminate the wound
b) Informing the medical staff of the circumstances of the injury 
c) Treat the patient
d) Transfer the patient
 To measure exposures with high accuracy, gamma photons should be used: ‫ لقياس التعرضات بدقة عالية لفوتونات‬:Commented [WU39]
a) Ionization chamber detector  ............‫جاما ينبغي استخدام‬
.‫كاشف غرفة التأين‬-١
b) Proportional counter detector .‫كاشف العداد التناسبي‬-٢
c) Geiger Mueller counter detector ‫كاشف عداد جيجر ميولر‬-٣
d) Germanium detector ‫كاشف الجرمانيوم‬-٤

‫ لقياس التعرضات في مجال إشعاعي‬:Commented [WU40]

..........‫مختلط بدقة عالية ينبغي استخدام‬
 To measure exposures in a mixed radiation field with high accuracy, one should use: .‫كاشف غرفة التأين هوائية الجدار‬-١
a) Wall pneumatic ionization chamber detector. . ‫كاشف غرفة التأين عالية الضغط‬-٢
. ‫كاشف يوديد الصوديوم‬-٣
b) High pressure ionization chamber detector 
.‫كاشف عداد جيجر ميولر‬-٤
c) Sodium iodide detector.
.........‫ منحنى االستجابة عالقة بين‬:Commented [WU41]
d) Geiger Mueller counter detector. .‫معدل الجرعة وطاقة اإلشعاع للقياس‬-١
.‫معدل العد وطاقة اإلشعاع للقياس‬-٢
. ‫معدل الجرعة وكثافة اإلشعاع‬-٣
.‫معدل العد وكثافة اإلشعاع‬-٤
 Curve response is a relationship between:
‫ يعتبر كال من الكوبالت والسيزيوم‬:Commented [WU42]
a) Dose rate and radiation energy measurement ........‫بواعث‬
b) Count rate and radiation energy measurement  .‫بيتا السالبة وجاما‬- ١
c) Dose rate and radiation intensity . ‫بيتا الموجبة وجاما‬-٢
.‫بواعث ألفا وجاما‬-٣
d) Count rate and radiation intensity .‫بواعث النيترونات وجاما‬- ٤
‫ إذا كان لديك طاقة حركية لنوع معين من‬:Commented [WU43]
.........‫ هذا يعنى أن‬،‫ ارج‬٨٧ ‫األشعة السينية مقدارها‬
 Both cobalt and caesium are emitters: ‫ راد‬٨٧ ‫الجرعة الممتصة تعادل‬-١
.‫ رم‬٨٧ ‫الجرعة الفعالة تعادل‬-٢
a) Beta Negative and gamma 
. ‫ رونتجن‬٨٧ ‫التعرض يعادل‬-٣
b) Beta positive and gamma ‫ راد‬٨٧ ‫الكرما تعادل‬-٤
c) Alpha and Gamma emitters. ‫ والمستوى‬TI=5 ‫ اذا كان مؤشر النقل‬:Commented [WU44]
d) Neutron and gamma emitters. .........‫ فإن هذا الطرد يوسم بالعالمة‬،‫ساعة‬/ ‫ مللى رم‬200 ‫اإلشعاعي‬
1 ‫ابيض‬-١
٢ ‫أصفر‬-٢
٣ ‫اصفر‬- ٣
 If you have a kinetic energy of 87 ergs for a particular type of x-ray, that means that: .‫ مع استخدام قاصر‬٣ ‫اصفر‬-٤
a) The absorbed dose is 87 rad
‫ طبعا مش عاطيها وحدة الن الوحدة لمؤشر النقل‬TI=5 ‫اوال قيمة‬
b) The effective dose is equivalent to 87 rem ‫ساعة‬/ ‫عالمية مللى رم‬
c) The exposure is equivalent to 87 Roentgen ‫ يوسم بعالمة التوسيم‬١٠ ‫ وأقل من او يساوي‬١ ‫هذه القيمة أكبر من‬
d) Karma is equivalent to 87 rads  ٣ ‫اصفر‬
‫ الزم نحول إلى مللى‬RL= 200 mrem/h ‫قيمة المستوى اإلشعاعي‬
‫ساعة‬/‫سيفرت‬
 If the transmission index TI = 5 and the radiation level is 200 mRem/h, then this package is mSv =100 mrem
RL= 2 mSv/h‫اذن قيمة المستوى اإلشعاعي‬
marked with the mark:
‫ يوسم أيضا‬2 ‫ وأقل من او يساوي‬0.5 ‫وهنا تقل في مدى اكبر من‬
a) White 1 ٣ ‫بالعالمة اصفر‬
b) yellow 2
٣ ‫ اصفر‬- ٣ ‫اذن اإلجابة رقم‬
c) yellow 3 
d) Yellow 3 with exclusive use. RL ‫ والمستوى اإلشعاعي‬TI ‫ عندما يعطى قيمة مؤشر النقل‬:‫مالحظة‬
‫ او من قيمة‬TI ‫يتم اختيار عالمة التوسيم األعلى سواء كانت من قيمة‬
RL
 That there be a general directive in the facility starting from the facility manager to the
workers in order to protect individuals from radiation: ‫ أن يكون هناك توجيهه عام فى المنشأة‬:Commented [WU45]
a) The basic principle of commitment ‫يبدأ من مدير المنشأه إلى العاملين بهدف حماية األفراد من‬
.............‫اإلشعاع‬
b) Practice justification ‫مبدأ االلتزام األساسي‬-١
c) Radiation protection and safety optimization in the facility. . ‫تبرير الممارسة‬- ٢
d) Safety culture in the facility  .‫أمثلة الحماية واألمان فى المنشأة‬-٣
.‫ثقة األمان فى المنشأة‬- ٤

 The annual exposure limit is higher for professionals than for the general public because:
a) Radiation workers receive additional salaries that balance the radiation damage
b) Radiation workers have a higher ability to withstand the effects compared to the public
c) Radiation workers are selected from among the healthiest and most resistant individuals
d) The number of radiation workers is very small compared to the public, which makes the risks
limited 

 In the classic system of unit Roentgen R is: The exposure, as a physical :Commented [WU46]
a) Absorbed dose and is equivalent 2.58  10-4 coulomb/kg of matter quantity, is defined as the exposure of the dry air at
standard
b) Exposure dose and is equivalent 2.58  10-4 coulomb/kg of air  temperature and pressure (STP), to x-ray or low energy
gamma radiation (up to 3 MeV).
c) Exposure dose and is equivalent 2.58  10-4 coulomb/kg of matter - In the classic system of units' exposure is expressed in
d) Absorbed dose and is equivalent 2.58  10-4 coulomb/kg of air Roentgen, abbreviated (R).
- In the SI (Systeme Internationale) system of units the
exposure is expressed in Coulomb
per Kg dry air.
- The Roentgen is defined as the amount of exposure of
 No practice which involves radiation exposure shall be conducts and no source shall be the dry air at the standard
temperature and pressure, which yields a charge of 2.58 x
used, this principle is: 10-4 Coulomb/Kg dry air of each
a) Justification sign (Electrons or ions). So, that the relation between the
two units is
b) ALARA principle 1 R = 2.58 x 10-4 Coulomb/Kg dry air
c) Basic obligation 
NRRC- R01- Radiation Safety :Commented [WU47]
d) Optimization P-73, Sec -114

Not any practice involving the deliberate exposure of

humans for non-medical imaging purposes shall be engaged
 Which the proper to detect internal contamination for worker? in unless justified.
a) Whole body counter 
b) GM counter
c) NaI Scintillation crystal
d) Germanium detector
 50 Rem is equivalent to:
a) 500 mSv 1 Sv = 100 Rem
b) 50 mSv X Sv = 50 Rem
c) 5 Sv X = 50  100 = 0.5
d) 0.5 Sv  Sv

 What are the ways of controlling external radiation hazards?

a) Distance
b) Time
c) Shielding
d) All of the above 
 Which of the following defines attenuation? ‫ ربما يعطيك في صيغة السؤال تعريف‬:Commented [WU48]
a) Scatter only Attenuation ‫ ويكون الجواب‬Compton ‫كومبتون‬

b) Compton electrons
c) Absorption only
d) Absorption and Scatter 

 In Am-Be neutron sources are produced from …………….. reaction on:

a. ( , n) reaction on beryllium
b. ( , n) reaction on americium
c. ( , n) reaction on americium
d. ( , n) reaction on beryllium 

 The lethal dose within 30 days after exposure for 50% of individuals exposed to an acute
dose of radiation is about: The gross biological effects, :Commented [WU49]
a) 20 mSv resulting from exposure to ionizing radiation are due to
LD - 50 /30 long
b) 200 mSv (4 Gy = 400 Rad = 400 Rem) and complex series of events, which are initiated by
c) 2 Sv ionization of relatively few molecules in
∴ 1 Sv = 100 Rem the organism. For example, the lethal dose for 50 % of the
d) None of the above 
∴ X Sv = 400 Rem  X = 400  100 = 4 Sv exposed people within 30 days
(LD-50/30) is known to be about 4 Gy of gamma rays. This
high and lethal dose affects only
1 atom from each about 10 million atoms.
 Exposure to surface contamination in the laboratory to alpha and beta radiation:
a) Device and area in laboratory 4 Bq/cm2 alpha and beta and low gamma (D 50/ 30)‫ المقدار‬.‫هذا سؤال مهم جدا‬
‫ يوم‬30 ‫ من المتعرضين لإلشعاع خالل‬%50 ‫الجرعة المميتة لعدد‬
b) Closed out laboratory (non-fixed) :‫تعادل‬
c) Alpha, beta and low gamma 0.4 Bq/cm2 Alpha high 0.04 Bq/cm2 . ‫) سيفرت لو انا شغال جرعات فعالة او مكافئة او مالزمة‬3-5( ‫من‬
d) Skin and extremities Alpha beta and low gamma 2 Bq/cm2 Alpha high 0.2 Bq/cm2 ‫) جراى لو انا شغال جرعات ممتصة او كرما‬3-5( ‫من‬
e) 0.4 Bq/cm2 Alpha high

 - particles) does not depend on the activity or radioactivity for determined of thickness of
the shield
 (Gamma, x-ray) depend on activity
 ‫‪ Four shield are available for shielding a point of gamma radiation. The highest build up‬‬
‫‪factor at a point outside the shielding sources will be with the:‬‬ ‫]‪ :Commented [WU50‬يطبق معامل التراكم او البناء ‪ B‬في‬
‫‪a) 2.5 cm thick lead ‬‬ ‫الحاالت االتية‬
‫‪.1‬إذا كان لدينا طاقات مختلفة غير محدودة‪.‬‬
‫‪b) 1.5 cm thick lead‬‬ ‫‪.2‬حزمة فوتونية مشتتة‬
‫القانون المستخدم هنا قانون معامل البناء او التراكم‪:‬‬
‫‪c) 2.5 cm thick aluminium‬‬ ‫‪.3‬سمك الدرع عريض او كبير‪.‬‬
‫‪B = It / Id‬‬
‫‪d) 1.5 cm thick aluminium‬‬ ‫‪= (Is + Id) / Id‬‬ ‫مالحظة‪ :‬تطبق ظاهرة تشتت كومبتون المتعددة إذا كان سمك الدرع‬
‫(عريض)‬
‫من القانون ‪N = N0 B e – μa x ‬‬ ‫أو القانون باختالف الترميز‪:‬‬
‫‪B = (Np + Ns) / Np‬‬ ‫العوامل التي يتوقف عليها معامل التراكم او البناء ‪:B‬‬
‫في حال السمك ‪a. 2.5 cm‬‬ ‫‪.1‬طاقة المادة (طاقة االشعاع)‬
‫تعريف معامل التراكم او البناء‪Build up factor‬‬ ‫‪.2‬نوع المادة( العدد الذرى للمادة)‪Z‬‬
‫)‪1 =1  B  0.5(2.51.1‬‬ ‫‪.3‬سمك المادة ‪X.‬‬
‫هو النسبة بين عدد الفوتونات االولية الناتجة من ظاهرة تشتت كومبتون‬
‫‪B = 1  0.21‬‬ ‫والفوتونات الثانوية الناتجة من ظاهرة إنتاج األزواج مقسوما على عدد‬
‫الفوتونات األولية الناتجة من ظاهرة تشتت كومبتون‬
‫‪B = 4.83‬‬
‫حيث ‪ Np‬تمثل عدد الفوتونات األولية الناتجة من ظاهرة تشتت كومبتون‬
‫في حال السمك ‪b. 1.5 cm‬‬
‫حيث ‪ Ns‬تمثل عدد الفوتونات الثانوية الناتجة من ظاهرة إنتاج االزواج‬
‫)‪1 =1  B  0.5(1.51.1‬‬
‫اذن لكي يحدث تراكم للفوتونات البد من حدوث ظاهرتي تشتت وإنتاج االزواج لكي‬
‫‪B = 1  0.388‬‬
‫نحصل على فوتونات أولية وثانوية معا‬
‫‪B = 2.5‬‬
‫وعندما يحدث تراكم للفوتونات يجب أن يكون هنا سمك الدرع عريض ألنه في هذه‬
‫الحالة التي يحدث فيها تراكم للفوتونات تكون الحزمة الفوتونية مشتتة ذات طاقات‬
‫غير محدودة لذا يجب أن يكون سمك الدرع عريض‬

‫لذلك في هذا السؤال أفضل درع لعمل دروع لفوتونات جاما أكبر العناصر اعداد ذرية‬
‫لكي تتكافئ مع طاقة فوتون جاما‬

‫اذن أفضل درع هنا عنصر الرصاص وعشان فيه تراكم للفوتونات الزم يكون سمك‬
‫الدرع عريض او كبير‬

‫‪ When -Particles with spectrum with maximum energy of 1 Mev, the particles lose their energy‬‬
‫‪in air by:‬‬ ‫]‪ :Commented [WU51‬تفاعالت جسيمات بيتا مع المادة‪:‬‬
‫‪a) Ionization and excitation ‬‬ ‫تتفاعل جسيمات بيتا مع المادة بتفاعلين هما عملية التأين واإلثارة اوال‬
‫ثم اصدار االشعة السينية اإلنكباحية ثانيا‬
‫‪b) Emission of bremsstrahlung‬‬ ‫أي انه عند الطاقات التي تعادل (‪ )1Mev‬في المستوى األرضي أي اقل‬
‫‪c) Elastic scattering‬‬ ‫عدد ذرى أي اقل طاقات تتفاعل هنا بيتا بتفاعل وحيد فقط عملية التأين‬
‫‪d) Non‬‬ ‫واإلثارة‬
‫اما عند الطاقات العليا او االعداد الذرية الكبيرة فإن بيتا تتفاعل بإصدار‬
‫األشعة السينية االنكباحية‬

‫‪ The radiation weighting factor for gamma rays is ………………., while for alpha particle is ……….‬‬ ‫]‪ :Commented [WU52‬معامل اإلشعاع النوعي لفوتونات جاما‬
‫‪a) 1,20 ‬‬ ‫يعادل ‪ 1‬بينما لجسيمات ألفا يعادل ‪20‬‬
‫‪b) 1,10‬‬
‫‪c) 5,10‬‬
‫‪d) 5,20‬‬
 At 9:00 a.m. there are 20 mCi of Tc-99 in a syringe. The activity at 12:00 noon is ……….. mCi,
Half-life = 6 hors
a) 15 :‫المعطيات والحل‬
b) 16.2 Ao = 20 mCi
c) 10 A=?
d) 14.1  HL = X = 6 h, Spend time (t) = 3 h
1/2

A = Ao  0.5(t/X1/2)
= 20  0.5(3/6)
= 14.1

 If the committed dose is 0.3 ALI for the inhalation of I-131, what is the activity in Bq of I-131
that is inhaled? ALI‫ عندك تعريف الحد السنوي لالندخال‬:Commented [WU53]
‫هو عدد البيكرل الذي يبتلعة شخص أثناء فترة عملة السنوية والتي‬
‫ سنة‬/ ‫ مللى سيفرت‬20 ‫تعادل سنويا‬
:‫الحـــــــل‬
1 ALI = 20 mSv
0.3 ALI = X mSv
X = 0.3  20 = 6 mSv  ‫في حال طلب الحد السنوي لالندخال للجرعة بوحدة السيفرت‬

(DAC)I (Bq/m3) = (ALI)I / 2500

= 0.3  2500 = 1.2  10-4 Bq

 The D-D reaction of neutron generators needs energies of

a) 2 Mev 
b) 14 Mev
c) 1 kev
d) 14 kev
 The D-T reaction of neutron generators needs energies of
a) 1 Mev
b) 14 Mev 
c) 1 kev
d) 14 kev

 When the value of TI = 5 and RL= 300 mRem/h, the package described by the mark of:
a) white-1
b) yellow-2 1 > TI ≧ 10
c) yellow-3 RL= 300 mRem/h = 3 mSv/h
d) yellow-3 under exclusive use  ‫ يكون التوسيم بالعالمة‬٢ ‫ أكثر من‬RL ‫بسبب ان‬
‫ استخدام قاصر‬3 ‫أصفر‬
‫هنا نأخذ عالمة التوسيم األكثر خطورة سواء من‬
‫قيمة مؤشر النقل او من قيمة المستوى اإلشعاعي‬
 If the transportation index of a package is TI = 5 and the radiation level at its outer surface
is 210 mRem/hr, then this package is marked with the:
a) white-1
b) yellow-2 1 > TI ≧ 10
c) yellow-3 RL= 210 mRem/h = 2.1 mSv/h
d) yellow-3 under exclusive use  ‫ يكون التوسيم بالعالمة‬٢ ‫ أكثر من‬RL ‫بسبب ان‬
‫ استخدام قاصر‬3 ‫أصفر‬
‫هنا نأخذ عالمة التوسيم األكثر خطورة سواء من‬
‫قيمة مؤشر النقل او من قيمة المستوى اإلشعاعي‬

 The transport index for a package is defined as: ‫ تعريف مؤشر النقل هو‬:Commented [WU54]
a) The effective dose rate on the surface of the packages is in mSv/h ‫ متر من سطح الطرد‬١ ‫أقصى قيمة لمعدل الجرعة الفعالة على بعد‬
‫ساعة‬/ ‫بوحدة مللى رم‬
b) The effective dose rate on the surface of the package is in mRem/hr
c) Effective dose rate 1 m from the surface of the package is in mSv/hr
d) The average effective dose at a distance of 1 m from the surface of the package is in
mRem/hour 

 The Radiation level for a package is defined as: :Commented [WU55]

a) The effective dose rate on the surface of the packages is in mSv/h  ‫تعريف المستوى اإلشعاعي هو‬
‫اقصى قيمة لمعدل الجرعة الفعالة على السطح الخارجي للطرد بوحدة‬
b) The effective dose rate on the surface of the package is in mRem/hr ‫ساعة‬/ ‫مللى سيفرت‬
c) Effective dose rate 1 m from the surface of the package is in mSv/hr
d) The average effective dose at a distance of 1 m from the surface of the package is in
mRem/h

 Radioactive waste management works are carried out in order to monitor: ‫ تطبق ادارة النفايات المشعة للتحكم فى‬:Commented [WU56]
a) Occupational exposure ‫عامة البشر او الجمهور‬
b) Medical exposure
c) Latent exposure
d) Public exposure 
 The sealed radioactive sources inside the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia must be disposed of: ‫ ممكن يأتيك السؤال بكذا صيغة والخيارات‬:Commented [WU57]
a) Leave the material to disintegrate ‫تكون واحده لكن الجواب يختلف‬
b) Put them in concrete tombs ‫للتخلص من المصادر المشعة محكمة االغالق فى المملكة العربية‬
c) Dilute it with water ‫السعودية عن طريق اعادتها الى بلد المنشأ‬
d) Return it to the country of origin 

 Low level radioactive waste should be disposed of by: ‫ للتخلص من النفايات المشعة منخفضة‬:Commented [WU58]
a) Leave the material to disintegrate ‫المستوى عن طريق وضعها في مقابر ضحلة خرسانية أي دفنها‬
b) Put them in concrete tombs 
c) Dilute it with water
d) Return it to the country of origin

 To dispose of radioactive waste with a short half-life: ‫ للتخلص من النفايات المشعة قصيرة‬:Commented [WU59]
a) Leave the material to disintegrate  ‫العمر النصفي عن طريق ترك هذه المواد كي تتفكك ثم التخلص منها‬
‫بالطريقة العادية‬
b) Put them in concrete tombs
c) Dilute it with water
d) Return it to the country of origin

 For disposal of liquid radioactive waste with a long half-life: ‫ للتخلص من النفايات المشعة السائلة‬:Commented [WU60]
a) Leave the material to disintegrate ‫طويلة العمر النصفي عن طريق تخفيف هذه المواد كي تصل إلى تركيز‬
.‫معين ثم وضعها في شلكة الصرف الصحي‬
b) Put them in concrete tombs
c) Dilute it with water 
d) Return it to the country of origin

 To get rid of radioactive sources that are internationally sealed: ‫ للتخلص من المصادر المشعة محكمة‬:Commented [WU61]
a) Leave the material to disintegrate ‫االغالق دوليا عن طريق اعادتها الى بلد المنشأ ثم تسليمه ا إلى المرفق‬
‫الوطني لمعالجة النفايات‬
b) Put them in concrete tombs
c) Dilute it with water
d) Return it to the country of origin 

 The principle of ALARA is based on: ‫ يستند مبدأ االرا في المنشأة على ادارة‬:Commented [WU62]
a) Good supervisor for radiological monitoring ‫قوية ملتزمة بالحماية من اإلشعاع‬
b) Awareness of workers about the dangers at work
c) Strong management committed to radiation protection 
d) Provide a large monitoring staff

 The period of use of the personal monitoring device: ‫ فترة استخدام جهاز الرصد الشخصي‬:Commented [WU63]
a) It should not be more than a month ‫يعتمد على طبيعة التعرض والموقف من التعرض‬
‫سؤال مهم جدا‬
b) Depends on the situation and nature of exposure 
c) Determined by workers and technicians’ exposure
d) None of the above
 The licensing authority must keep records of occupational and medical exposures:
a) five years (5y)
b) ten years (10y)
c) twenty years (20y)
d) thirty years (30y)  ‫ يجب االحتفاظ بالسجالت المتعلقة‬:Commented [WU64]
‫ سنة‬٣٠ ‫بالتعرضات المهنية والطبية مدة ال تقل عن‬

 The licensing authority must keep detailed records:

a) five years (5y)
b) ten years (10y)  ‫ يجب االحتفاظ داخل المنشأة التي تعمل‬:Commented [WU65]
c) twenty years (20y) ‫باإلشعاع‬
١٠ ‫بالنسبة للسجالت التفصيلية يجب االحتفاظ بها مدة ال تقل عن‬
d) thirty years (30y) ‫سنوات‬
‫بالنسبة للسجالت المختصرة او السجالت التي تتعلق بالتعرضات‬
‫ سنة او وصول‬٣٠ ‫المهنية او الطبية يجب االحتفاظ بها مدة ال تقل عن‬
‫ عاما أيهما ابعد تاريخا‬٧٥ ‫العامل او المريض سن‬
 The principle of basic obligation in the enterprise requires before commencing in it:
‫ مبدأ االلتزام األساسي يتطلب تطبيقه قبل‬:Commented [WU66]
a) Get the license  ‫البدء في العمل‬
b) Obtaining radioactive sources ‫الحصول على ترخيص المزاولة‬
c) Staff training
d) All of the above

 Those requirements required by the supervisory authority, which do not meet the
requirements of transportation: ‫ تلك االشتراطات التي تتطلبها الجهة‬:Commented [WU67]
a) Justification .‫الرقابية وال تستوفى متطلبات النقل‬
‫تعريف الترتيب الخاص‬
b) Optimization
c) Special arrangement 
d) Exclusive use

 Single use as a single means of communication, which does not apply to ships, but applies
to aircraft and means of transport: ‫ استخدام منفرد كوسيلة اتصال منفرد‬:Commented [WU68]
a) Justification ‫الذي ال ينطبق على السفن وإنما يطبق على الطائرات ووسائل النقل‬
‫تعريف االستخدام القاصر‬
b) Optimization
c) Special arrangement
d) Exclusive use 

 Increasing the odds of exposure, increasing the number of exposed, and increasing personal
doses: ‫ زيادة اعداد المتعرضين وزيادة احتماالت‬:Commented [WU69]
a) Intervention .‫المتعرضين وزيادة الجرعات الشخصية يقصد بها الممارسة‬

b) Practice 
c) Investigation
d) Be guided
 Decreasing the odds of exposure, decreasing the number of exposed, and decreasing
personal doses: ‫ نقص اعداد المتعرضين ونقص احتماالت‬:Commented [WU70]
a) Intervention  ‫المتعرضين ونقص الجرعات الشخصية يقصد بها التدخل‬
b) Practice
c) Investigation
d) Be guided

 An adult has swallowed an amount of iodine-131 whose activity is 6  104 Bq, the
concomitant dose being in: ‫ المسألة تعويض مباشر‬:Commented [WU71]
a) 1.32 
‫باستخدام القانون التالي لحساب جرعة التلوث الداخلي الناتج من‬
b) 8.2 ‫ابتالع او استنشاق مصدر مشع‬
c) 11.43 Effective committed dose
d) 18.67 E(Sv)= C(Sv/Bq)  N (Bq)

Which is
E = Dose coefficient (Sv/Bq )  activity (Bq) N= Activity
Dose coefficient from ICRP 60 = 2.2  10-8 C= Conversation-factors for radionuclide

E = 2.2  10-8  6  104 = 0.00132

E= (1.02  e^-10) 6104

Sv ‫الناتج بيطلع بوحدة‬

mSv‫بحوله إلى‬

 If the relaxation length of a radioactive element is 8, then the transmission coefficient for
this source is:
a) 1.23
b) 10-8 ℮8 =2.9
c) 8.22
d) None of the above 
 The resulting effective dose rate at a distance of 75 cm from the source of californium-252
weighs 1 mg, in mSv/hr is about: (Number of emitted neutrons per second from 1 micro
gram Cf-252 = 2.3x106 neutron per Sec)
a) 49 
b) 55.4 :‫الحــــــــل‬
c) 68.3
d) 76.2 Ė(Sv/h) = (0.08 C N)/d2
0.08  (2.3  106  1.45  10 – 4)
𝐸= = 47.4 𝑆𝑣/ℎ
(0.75)2

 If the intake to a committed dose conversion factor by ingestion for adults for a
radionuclide is 2x10-7 Sv/Bq for Am-241, and if a technician ingested 10 Ci of this Am-241,
then the committed dose of this technician is:
a) 74 µSv
b) 7.4 mSv
c) 74 mSv 
d) 740 mSv.

10 Ci = 370000 Bq
Committed dose = 370000  2  10-7 = 0.074 Sv = 74 mSv

 A thin source of C-14 under the dead skin layer with radioactivity 500 mCi, the dose rate at
a distance of 0.5 m mSv/h is about:
a) 18500
b) 2035
:‫الحـــــــل‬
c) 18.5 
d) 2.035 C-14  Eavr = 49.47 kev = 0.04947 Mev
A = 500 mCi  37 = 18500 MBq
D = 0.5 m
5 ×𝐴 ×𝐸 5 ×18500 ×0.04947 𝜇𝑆𝑣
E= = = 18303.9 = 18.30 𝑚𝑆𝑣/ℎ
𝑑2 (0.05)2 ℎ
 calculate the effective dose rate at distance of 5m from an Ir-192 gamma sources which as
an activity of 400 MBq? Commented [WU72]: For a relatively small gamma
emitting source, so that it may be considered as a point
E (Sv/h) = A/ d2 :‫المعطيات‬
source, and which is relatively thin, to neglect the self-
absorption inside the source, the dose
A = 400 MBq rate Ė (in microSeivert/hour Sv/h) resulting at a point p,
E = (0.13 ((Sv.m /h.MBq)  400(MBq))  (5)
2 2
which exists at a distance d (in
d=5m
meters) from the exposed source, which emits gamma ray
E = 2.08 (Sv/h)  = 0.13  from Table 7-1 can be calculated with a good
accuracy using eq. (7-2).
Ė (Sv/h) = Γ A/ d2

 an Ir-192 gamma source which has an activity of 100 ci, at the distance of 12, what will be
the distance which safe for public?
:‫المعطيات‬

Ė(μSv/h) = A/ d2 A = 100 Ci

d = 12 m
0.481  100  = 0.13 (Sv.m2/h.MBq)  3.7
𝑑=√ = 980 𝑚𝑡𝑟 = 0.481 Rem.m2/h.Ci
0.00005 E (Annual dose limit for public) = 1 mSv/h = 0.1 Rem/h
0.1 (Rem/h)  2000 (hr/y) = 5  10-5 (Rem/y)
Rem ‫تم توحيد الوحدات بوحدة ال‬

 Can be observed easily sickness radioactivity on human group critical when each individual
is exposed in this group to effective dose equal to:
a) 250 m Sv
b) 500 mSv
c) 20 rem
d) 200 rem 

 Attenuation of gamma as a function of depth in a matter means: ‫ تتناقص عدد فوتونات جاما مع عمق‬:Commented [WU73]
a) Reduction of their energy with depth ‫السمك‬
‫ولكن الفوتون المخترق يصل حامل الطاقة كامله‬
b) Reduction of energy and number
c) Reduction of their number with depth 
d) All of the above
 Intensity of bremsstrahlung radiation arising from the interaction of beta particles with
matter:
a) Depends on particle energy and mass number of the matter
b) Depends on particle energy but is independent of mass number of the matter
c) Dose not depends on particle energy but dependent on mass number of the matter 
d) Dose not depends on particle energy or mass number of the matter

 According to the national instructions, leakage test for sealed sources used in nuclear
gauges should be carried out under severe operating conditions: ‫ طبقا للتعليمات الوطنية فإنه يجب عمل‬:Commented [WU74]
a) Once a year  ‫مسحة ألجهزة القياس النووية مرة كل سنة‬
b) Once every six months
c) Once every three months
d) Once a month

 In accordance with national regulations, the radiological smear test for sealed sources used
in nuclear gauges must be carried out under severe operating conditions: ‫ طبقا للتعليمات الوطنية يجب إجراء‬:Commented [WU75]
a) Once a year ‫ شهور‬٣ ‫اختبار المسحة االشعاعية مرة كل‬
b) Once every six months
c) Once every three months 
d) Once a month

 According to the national instructions 'TLD cards must be read: ‫ يجب اخذ قراءات كروت الجرعة‬:Commented [WU76]
a) Once a year ٤ ‫ شهور بواقع‬٣ ‫ ربع سنوي أي مرة كل‬TLD ‫الشخصي الحر وماض‬
‫مرات سنويا‬
b) Once every six months
c) Once every three months 
d) Once a month

 According to the national instructions 'it must Calibration of Survey Meters: ‫ طبقا للتعليمات الوطنية فإنه يجب معايرة‬:Commented [WU77]
a) Once a year .‫اجهزة المسح اإلشعاعي مرة كل ستة شهور بواقع مرتين سنويا‬

b) Once every six months 

c) Once every three months
d) Once a month

 According to the national instructions 'it must Calibration of nuclear gauges: ‫ طبقا للتعليمات الوطنية فإنه يجب معايرة‬:Commented [WU78]
a) Once a year  ‫اجهزة القياس النووية مرة كل سنة‬
b) Once every six months
c) Once every three months
d) Once a month
 To detect a surface contamination with a Cs-137 radionuclide one should use:
a) An accurate beta-gamma survey meter
b) A beta contamination monitor 
c) A sodium iodide detector
d) A high-resolution germanium detector

 The radiation level inside a store of radioactive exceeds 10 Sv/h, then the entrance to this
store should be subjected to:
a) Time control
b) Access control 
c) Distance control
d) Application of a proper shield

 Radioactive waste management is carried out to control: ‫ تطبق ادارة النفايات المشعة للتحكم في‬:Commented [WU79]
a) Occupational exposure ‫ادارة عامة البشر او الجمهور‬
b) General public exposure 
c) Potential exposure
d) Medical exposure

 The probability of the photo-electric effect to occur: ‫ احتمالية حدوث الظاهرة الكهروضوئية‬:Commented [WU80]
a) Increases if the atomic number of the material becomes larger  :‫تتوقف على الحاالت االتية‬
(photo). Z^4-5‫سيجما‬E(photo) =
b) Hardly depends on the atomic number of the material
c) Increases if the photon energy becomes larger ‫ وااللومنيوم عدده الذرى‬١١ ‫ عدده الذرى‬Na ‫فمثال لو عندنا الصوديوم‬
١٣
d) Hardly depends on the photon energy
‫اذن احتمالية حدوث الظاهرة الكهروضوئية فى حالة عنصر األلومنيوم‬
‫أكثر حدوث في حالة عنصر الصوديوم لزيادة العدد الذرى‬
 If the HVL for a certain material at a given energy of gamma ray is 6 cm and the density of
this material is 2.35 gm/cm2 then the mass attenuation coefficient for this material is: ‫ بسبب الوحدة تبع التوهين‬B ‫ االجابة‬:Commented [WU81]
a) 0.049 gm/cm2 cm2/gm‫الكتلي‬
‫معامل التوهين الكتلي = معامل التوهين الخطى تقسيم كثافة المادة‬
b) 0.049 cm2/gm   = Ln2  X1/2 = 0.693  6 = 0.1155 m = /
c) 0.116 cm-2 -^‫ جم‬.٢‫جم أو سم‬/٢‫إذن وحدة قياس معامل التوهين الكتلي هي سم‬
d) 0.271 cm m =    = 0.1155  2.35 = 0.049 cm2/gm ١

‫وبكل بساطة هوا عطينا السمك النصفي‬

HVL= X1/2 = 6 cm

= ‫وعطينا كثافة المادة‬

gm/cm3 2.35

:‫نجيب معامل التوهين الخطى حيث‬

= ‫معامل التوهين الخطى‬
Ln2 / X1/2

 Half Value Layer is the thickness that attenuates 50% of: ‫ هوا السمك الذي‬H.V.L: ‫ السمك النصفي‬:Commented [WU82]
a) Photon Energy .‫ األخرى‬% 50 ‫ من عدد الفوتونات ويمرر ال‬%50 ‫يوهن‬

b) Photon density
c) Number of photons
d) Answers a and b are correct 

 The thickness that attenuates 90% and passes the other 10% is: ‫ هوا السمك الذي‬T.V.L: ‫ السمك العشري‬:Commented [WU83]
a) T.V.L  ‫ األخرى‬%10 ‫ من عدد الفوتونات ويمرر ال‬%90 ‫يوهن‬
b) H.V.L
c) Thickness of shield
d) A & b is correct

 T.V.L is greater than H.V.L by: ‫ السمك العشري أكبر من الساعة النصفي‬:Commented [WU84]
a) 3.7 3.32 ‫بمقدار‬
TVL = 3.32 HVL :‫حيث‬
b) 3.32  X1/10 = 3.32 X1/2 :‫أو‬
c) 3.23
d) 3.36

 The ratio between the counting rate and the number of particles emitted from the source
per second is called: :‫ الكفاءة الشاملة تعنى الكفاءة المطلقة‬:Commented [WU85]
a) Self-efficiency ‫تعرف على أنها النسبة بين معدل العد وعدد الجسيمات الصادرة من‬
.‫المصدر فى الثانية الواحدة والوضع هندسي رديء‬
b) Overall efficiency 
c) Absolute efficiency
d) The second and third together are correct
 The ratio between the counting rate and the number of particles falling on the detector per
second is called: ‫ النسبة بين معدل العد‬:‫ الكفاءة الذاتية‬:Commented [WU86]
a) Self-efficiency  ‫وعدد الجسيمات الساقطة على الكاشف في الثانية الواحدة في الوضع‬
‫الهندسي الجيد‬
b) Overall efficiency
c) Absolute efficiency
d) The second and third together are correct

 The relationship between the dose rate and the measured radiation energy is called: ‫ يمثل عالقة بين معدل‬:‫ منحنى االستجابة‬:Commented [WU87]
a) Self-efficiency .‫الجرعة وطاقة اإلشعاع للقياس‬

b) Overall efficiency
c) Absolute efficiency
d) Response curve 

 The ratio of the number of photons from the source over the surface area of the circle to
the number of photons falling on the detector over the surface area of the sphere:
a) Self-efficacy.
b) Absolute efficiency.
c) Response curve.
d) Stereo angle 

 The angle between the source and the detector in a good geometric position:
a) Self-efficacy.
b) Absolute efficiency.
c) Response cu
d) Stereo angle 

 The advantage of a long counting time for optimization of statistics is that ……….., while its
disadvantage is that ………
a) The accuracy is poorer – background may change
b) Instrument may saturate – background may change
c) The accuracy is higher - background may change 
d) Instrument may saturate – the accuracy is poorer

 The ratio of the number of pulses per second:

a) Self-efficiency
b) Overall efficiency
c) Response curve
d) Count rate 
 For gamma ray of about 1MeV the most probable type of interaction with matter is:
a) photoelectric effect
b) Compton scattering 
c) Pair production
d) All the above

 Thermal neutrons interact with the human body through the interaction of:
a) Elastic Scattering 
b) Ionization and excitation process
c) Inelastic Scattering
d) Neutron capture

 Fast neutrons interact with the human body through the interaction of:
a) Elastic Scattering 
b) Ionization and excitation process
c) Inelastic Scattering
d) Neutron capture

 Thermal neutrons interact with the human body similar to the reaction of:
a) Thermal neutrons with concrete
b) Thermal neutrons with water 
c) Thermal neutrons with paraffin wax
d) Thermal neutrons with lead

 Fast neutrons interact with the human body through the interaction of:
a) Elastic Scattering
b) Inelastic Scattering
c) Elastic scattering on hydrogen nuclei 
d) Neutron capture

 Samples of two different isotopes, X and Y. both contain the same number of radioactive
atoms. Sample X has a half-life twice that of Y. How do their decay rates compare? ‫ الن ثابت االضمحالل او ثابت التفكك هو‬:Commented [WU88]
a) X has a greater rate than Y )‫احتماليه تفكك ذرات العنصر المشع في الثانية الواحدة (وحده الزمن‬
b) X has a smaller rate than Y  ‫حيث ثابت االضمحالل او ثابت التفكك يتناسب عكسنا مع العمر النصفي‬
c) Rates of X and Y are equal
d) Rate depends on atomic number, not half-life

 The rate of radioactive decay depends on:

a) Temperature
b) Pressure
c) Concentration of the reactive element oxygen
d) Time 
 Any beta gamma emitter can be easily identified by measuring:
a) Only beta particle energies
b) Only gamma ray energies 
c) Both beta and gamma ray energies
d) The ratio between the number of beta and photons

 Thallium acts as a supplier of a sodium iodide detector for the detection of gamma rays and
as a supplier of a detector for lithium iodide and fast neutrons: ‫ يعمل الثاليوم كمزود لكاشف يوديد‬:Commented [WU89]
a) Violet light events  ‫ كما يعمل كمزود لكاشف يوديد‬،‫الصوديوم للكشف عن فوتونات جاما‬
‫الليثيوم للكشف عن النيترونات الحرارية فى كواشف السائل الوميضية‬
b) Photoelectric event :‫لعدة اسباب وهي‬
c) Pair production events ‫احداث الضوء البنفسجي العميق‬
‫احداث الظاهرة الكهروضوئية‬
d) All of the above is true
‫احداث ظاهرة إنتاج األزواج‬

 To detect contamination with a neutron Am-Be source, one should use: Commented [WU90]: Am-Be source is producing fast
a) Accurate neutron survey meter neutrons 5Mev so the correct material to measure the fast
neutron is ZnS with wax
b) ZnS with window 
c) A detector with window
d) B&c

 The best scintillation liquid detector for detecting fast neutrons:

a) Zns/ Ag
b) Antherathene
c) Zns/Wax 
d) LiI/Ti

 The best scintillation liquid detector for detecting thermal neutrons:

a) Zns/ Ag
b) Antherathene
c) Zns/Wax
d) LiI/Ti 

 To measure the personal dose rate of the radioactive element caesium should be used: ‫ هي غرف تأين‬:‫ غرف التأين التيارية‬:Commented [WU91]
a) Current ionization chamber  ‫استجابية غير تحليلية اى انها تعطى منها استجابة واضح يسهل‬
.‫ ولكنها قدرتها التحليلية ضعيفة‬،‫قراءته‬
b) Pulsed ionization chamber
c) Geiger-Muller counter ‫لذا تستخدم غرف التأين التيارية لقياس معدل الجرعات الشخصية ألننا‬
‫في هذه الحالة نحتاج لمنحنى استجابة‬
d) Proportional counter
.‫حيث يطلق على غرف التأين التيارية االستجابية‬
‫‪ To measure the Activity of the radioactive element caesium should be used:‬‬ ‫]‪ :Commented [WU92‬غرف التأين النبضية‪ :‬غرف تأين غير‬
‫‪a) Current ionization chamber‬‬ ‫استجابية تحليلية أي انها تعطى منحنى استجابة قصير يصعب قراءته‪،‬‬
‫ولكنها قدرتها التحليلية فائقة‬
‫‪b) Pulsed ionization chamber ‬‬ ‫لذا تستخدم غرف التأين النبضية لقياس النشاطات االشعاعية ألنه في‬
‫‪c) Geiger-Muller counter‬‬ ‫هذه الحالة ليس في احتياج لمنحنى االستجابة‪.‬‬
‫‪d) Proportional counter‬‬ ‫اما كاشف عداد جيجر ‪-‬ميولر كاشف ذو حساسية فائقة وال يستخدم‬
‫بالقرب من الترددات العالية الن معامل التكبير او التضخيم له أكبر‬
‫بكثير من الواحد الصحيح‬

‫كاشف عداد جايجر ‪ -‬ميولر أفضل كاشف غازي يستخدم للبحث عن‬
‫‪ The backscattering factor in a photon multiplier tube to produce photons depends on:‬‬ ‫المصادر االشعاعية المفقودة‪ ،‬ألنه كاشف ذو حساسية فائقة‪.‬‬
‫‪a) Radiation energy of a substance‬‬
‫**مهم جدا‪ :‬ولكن تتميز كواشف السائلة الوميضية عن الكواشف‬
‫‪b) Material type‬‬ ‫الغازية بحساسيتها الفائقة لتغيير فرق الجهد المطبق‬
‫‪c) Material density and thickness‬‬ ‫]‪ :Commented [WU93‬اذن معامل االرتداد الخلفي داخل أنبوبة‬
‫‪d) All the above ‬‬ ‫المضاعفات الفوتونى إلنتاج الفوتونات يعتمد على طاقة اإلشعاع(طاقة‬
‫المادة )‬
‫كثافة اإلشعاع(كثافة المادة )‬
‫سمك المادة ونوعها اى العدد الذرى لها‬
‫‪ The emission of donations in a photomultiplier tube to produce photons depends on:‬‬
‫‪a) Radiation energy‬‬
‫‪b) Radiation Intensity‬‬
‫‪c) Applied voltage difference‬‬
‫‪d) All the above ‬‬

‫‪ In a photon multiplier tube to produce photons, in order for the light to come out at full‬‬
‫‪energy without refractions, the tube’s inner wall must be lined with a thin layer of:‬‬ ‫]‪ :Commented [WU94‬في انبوبة التضاعف الفوتونى يعتمد‬
‫‪a) Lead‬‬ ‫انبعاث الدانيونات داخلها على فرق الجهد المطبق‬
‫في انبوبة التضاعف الفوتونى إلنتاج الفوتونات تعبأ من الداخل بغاز‬
‫‪b) Germanium material‬‬ ‫ثالث فلوريد البورون ‪ BF3‬وان يحاط من الخارج بطبقة من شمع‬
‫‪c) Thin silicone material ‬‬ ‫البرافين‬
‫في انبوبة التضاعف الفوتونى إلنتاج الفوتونات لكي يخرج الضوء‬
‫‪d) Paraffin wax material‬‬
‫بكامل طاقته دون حدوث انكسارات حتى نحافظ على طاقة الضوء يجب‬
‫أن يبطن الجدار الداخلي لألنبوبة بطبقة رقيقة من مادة السيليكون‬
‫الرقيقة‪.‬‬
‫هذه الظاهرة تسمى ظاهرة االرتداد الخلفي داخل انبوبة التضاعف‬
‫‪ In the photoelectric effect, the gamma ray photon transfers ……… to ……… of the absorbing‬‬ ‫الفوتونى وبالتالي تعتمد هذه الظاهرة على طاقة المادة وكثافتها‬
‫‪matter:‬‬ ‫وسمكها ونوعها‬
‫‪a) a part of its energy – a bound electron‬‬
‫‪b) all its energy – abound electron ‬‬
‫‪c) a part of its energy – a free electron‬‬
‫‪d) all its energy – a free electron‬‬

‫?‪ Which of the following are classified as a long-term effect of the ionizing radiation‬‬
‫‪a) Intestinal disorders and carcinogenesis‬‬
‫‪b) Carcinogenesis and genetic effects ‬‬
‫‪c) Genetic effects and nausea‬‬
‫‪d) Nausea and carcinogenesis‬‬
 Radiation warning systems are designed to prevent inadvertent exposure to a potentially
hazardous condition. The intensity of the warning provided by such a system should be:
a) Audible and visible 
b) Readable anyone who may be present in the area
c) Commensurate with the magnitude of the hazard
d) Colourful and easily distinguished from other warning

 What is the most important thing you can do to avoid an overexposure to radiation?
a) Always wear the personal dosimeter provided
b) Keep a daily log of pocket dosimeter reading
c) Look frequently to the pocket dosimeter reading
d) Always make proper radiation survey 

 According to Saudi National Regulations, the dose rate permitted in places where general
public may have regular access for 8 working hours daily should not exceed: ٨ ‫ الحظ االجوبة بالساعة ولما يقول ليك‬:Commented [WU95]
a. 0.1 µSv/h ‫ ساعة في السنة تقسم الحد على‬٢٠٠٠ ‫ساعات في اليوم معناها‬
‫ ساعة تجيك النتيجة‬٢٠٠٠
b) 0.5 µSv/h  ‫ سنه‬/‫ ملي سيفرت‬١ ‫ ساعة وتساوي‬/‫ مايكروسيفرت‬٥٠
c) 1 µSv/h
d) 2 µSv/h

 A package which contains activities greater than A₁ of a special from radioactive material, or
A₂ of non-special form radioactive material, and which requires multilateral approval is
known as:
a) Type A package
b) Excepted package
c) Type B(M) package
d) Type B(U) package 

 When transporting a radiography camera on a vehicle, the radiation level at any normally
occupied position shall not exceed:
a) 1 µSv/h
b) 10 µSv/h
c) 20 µSv/h 
d) 50 µSv/h
  If the transport index of a packages is 2 and the maximum radiation level on the package
surface is 2.2 mSv/h, then it should belong to the category:
a) Yellow-III under exclusive use 
b) Yellow-III
c) Yellow-II
d) White-I

 If I-125 has a biological half-life of 135 days. What is the effective half-life of I-131?

:‫الحـــــــــل‬
Biological HL 135 days
Physical HL ≈ 60 days  ‫نأخذ قيمتها من الفورميال شيت‬
Effective HL= (physical HL  biological HL)  (physical HL+ biological HL)
Effective HL = (60  135)  (60 + 135)
= 8100  195 = 41.53
Ans = 41.53 ≈ 41.25

 The transport index of a package, for radiation protection purpose, is defined as:
a) The max effective dose rate in mSv/h on the external service of the package
b) The max effective dose rate in mRem/h on the external service of the package
c) The max effective dose rate in mRem/h at 1 m from the external service of the package
d) The max effective dose rate in mSv/h at 1 m from the external service of the package

 Which of the following defines attenuation?

a) Scatter only
b) Compton electrons
c) Absorption only
d) Absorption and scatter 

 What are the ways of controlling radiation hazards?

a) Distance
b) Time
c) Shielding
d) All of the above 
 Americium-241 is an alpha emitter, produce 10 Sv per 10 hr. The absorbed dose produce
from the source is:
a) 50 Gy/h :‫الحـــــــل‬
b) 1 Gy/h
H = Dose  Time = 10 (Sv)  10 (hr) = 1 Sv/hr
c) 3 Sv/h
d) 50 mSv/h Wr = 20 for alpha emitter
e) 50 mGy/h  H = D  W  1 = D  20  D = 1  20 = 0.05 Gy = 50 mGy
r

 An x-ray technician receives an instantaneous exposure rate of 2 R/hr, while performing

100 diagnostic examinations per week with a machine operating at a potential of 100 KV
and a work loud of 100 mA-min per week. Each examination requires an exposure of 0.1
second. His total weekly exposure is estimated to be requires an exposure of 0.1 second.
His total weekly exposure is estimated to be:

:‫الحـــــــــل‬
0.1 (sec)(60 (min)  60 (hr)) = 0.00003  100 = 0.003
2  0.003 = 0.005 Rem = 5.5 mRem

 The gamma factor for Co-60 source in Sv.m2/h.Ci is: ‫ يجب مالحظة الو حده اذا كانت معطاة في‬:Commented [WU96]
a) 0.013  -1( ‫ نأخذ القيم يمين الجدول‬Ci ‫السؤال ألي من النظائر المشعة بوحدة‬
1 Sv = 100 Rem ‫ نأخذ القيم يسار الجدول‬Bq ‫ أما لو اعطاك القيمة بوحدة البيكرل‬، )7
b) 0.02 )7-1(
c) 0.2 X Sv = 1.32  X = 1.32  100 = 0.0132 Sv
d) 1.3

 The gamma factor for Cs-137 source in Sv.m2/h.Ci is:

a) 3.18  10-3
b) 31.8  10-5 1 Sv = 100 Rem
c) 318  10-5  X Sv = 0.318  X = 0.318  100 = 318  10-5 Sv
d) 0.0318

:‫ مالحظة مهمة‬:Commented [WU97]

‫) وتقسيمها‬7-1( ‫باالمكان حفظ القيم لمعامل جاما النوعي يمين الجدول‬

:‫ حسب العالقة التالية‬3.7 ‫على‬
(Sv.m2/h.MBq =  (R.m2/h.Ci)  3.7 

3.7 ‫) وتضرب في‬7-1( ‫أو تحفظ القيم يسار الجدول‬

3.7
3.7
  The resulting effective dose rate at a distance of 75 cm from the source of californium-252
weighs 1 mg, in mSv/hr is about:
a) 49
b) 55.4
c) 68.3 
d) 76.2
:‫الحــــــــل‬

Ė(Sv/h) = (0.08 C N)/d2

0.08  (2.3  106  2.1  10 – 4)
𝐸= = 68.6 𝑆𝑣/ℎ
(0.75)2

Table (7- 2): the neutron to dose rate factor in (Sv.m2/h.one n)

for some neutron energies
The neutron energy C The neutron energy C
1 KeV 3.74 x 10-6 1 MeV 1.32 x 10-4
10 KeV 3.56 x 10-6 5 MeV 1.56 x 10-4
100 KeV 2.17 x 10-5 10 MeV 1.47 x 10-4
500 KeV 9.25 x 10-5 Am- Be source, Cf 1.45 x 10-4
 ‫معلومات وأسأله مهمة في الكواشف تأتي في االختبار‪:‬‬
‫الكواشف الوميضية هي أقرب في الفهم لكواشف الغاز وتعتمد على تأين الغاز ونتيجة لذلك يتكون الكترون سالب وايون موجب اذن‬
‫تكون قياس كمية التيار الناتج منه نعرف الجرعة او كمية االشعاع الذي مرة عبر الغرفة‬
‫اما كاشف الحالة الصلبة يعتمد على مبدأ ظاهر التأثير الكهروضوئي‪ :‬وهي انبعاث الكترون نتيجة سقوط إشعاع او ضوء على معدن‬
‫معين‬
‫أ شهر انواع المواد الوميضية يوديد الصوديوم ويطعم بالليثيوم‬

‫أسئلة عامة في الكواشف‬

‫‪ ‬نستخدم في الكشف عن أشعة جاما المنخفضة الطاقة‪ ،‬الكواشف‪:‬‬
‫‪ o‬الوميضية ‪‬‬
‫‪ o‬عداد جايجر ميولر‬
‫‪ o‬العداد التناسبي‬
‫‪ o‬غرفة التأين‬
‫‪ to detect low-energy gamma rays we use:‬‬
‫‪o scintillators ‬‬
‫‪o Geiger Mueller counter‬‬
‫‪o Proportional counter‬‬
‫‪o Ionization chamber‬‬

‫‪ ‬ال يستخدم عداد جايجر ميولر في‪:‬‬

‫‪ o‬تحديد نوع المصدر‬
‫‪ o‬التحليل الطيفي‬
‫‪ o‬تحليل الطاقة‬
‫‪ o‬الفصل بين الطاقات‬
‫‪ o‬كل ما سبق ‪‬‬
‫‪ A Geiger-Mueller counter is not used:‬‬
‫‪o Determine the source type‬‬
‫‪o Spectral analysis‬‬
‫‪o Energy analysis‬‬
‫‪o Separation of energies‬‬
‫‪o all of the above ‬‬

‫‪ ‬يستخدم في التحليل الطيفي‪:‬‬

‫‪ o‬العداد التناسبي‬
‫‪ o‬غرفة التأين‬
‫‪ o‬أشباه الموصالت ‪‬‬
‫‪ o‬عداد جايجر ميولر‬
‫‪ It is used in spectroscopy:‬‬
‫‪o Proportional counter‬‬
‫‪o Ionization chamber‬‬
‫‪o Semiconductors ‬‬
‫‪o Geiger Mueller counter‬‬
 :‫ ال يستخدم عداد جايجر ميولر في االشعاعات العالية بسبب‬
‫ االنهيار‬o
 ‫ التشبع‬o
‫ االلتحام‬o
‫ الزمن الميت‬o
 The Geiger Mueller counter is not used in high radiation due to:
o Breakdown
o Saturation 
o Fusion
o Dead time

:‫ التشبع يحدث نتيجة لـ‬

‫ صغر الزمن الميت‬o
 ‫ كبر الزمن الميت‬o
‫ تأين ذرات الغاز‬o
‫ زيادة الطاقة‬o
 Saturation occurs as a result of:
o Decrease of dead time
o Increased of dead time 
o gas atoms ionization
o Energy increases

:‫ تعتمد كفاءة الكاشف على‬

‫ الكثافة‬o
‫ زيادة الضغط‬o
‫ العدد الذري‬o
‫ طاقة جاما‬o
 ‫ كل ما سبق‬o
 Detector efficiency depends on:
o Density
o Pressure increased
o Atomic number
o Gamma Energy
o All of the above 

:‫ سبب زيادة كفاءة الكاشف اساسا هو‬

‫ الكثافة العالية‬o
‫ العدد الذري الكبير‬o
 ‫ كل ما سبق‬o
 The reason for increasing the efficiency of the detector mainly is:
o high density
o The large atomic number
o All of the above 
 :‫ أشباه الموصالت تشبه في عملها‬
 ‫ غرفة التأين‬o
‫ يوديد الصوديوم‬o
‫ العداد التناسبي‬o
‫ جايجر ميولر‬o
 Semiconductors are similar in their operation:
o Ionization chamber 
o Sodium iodide
o Proportional counter
o Geiger Mueller counter

:‫ يستخدم أي من هذه األجهزة في المعايرة‬

 ‫ غرفة التأين‬o
‫ عداد جايجر ميولر‬o
‫ الكواشف الوميضية‬o
‫ العداد التناسبي‬o
 Any of these devices is used for calibration:
o Ionization chamber 
o Geiger Mueller counter
o Scintillators Detectors
o Proportional counter

:‫ يستخدم في قياس التعرض‬

‫ العداد التناسبي‬o
‫ عداد جايجر ميولر‬o
‫ أشباه الموصالت‬o
 ‫ غرفة التأين‬o
 It is used to measure exposure:
o Proportional counter
o Geiger Mueller counter
o Semiconductors
o Ionization chamber 

:‫ لقياس التلوث االشعاعي نستخدم‬

‫ عداد جايجر ميولر‬o
‫ العداد التناسبي‬o
 ‫ كبريتيد الخارصين‬o
‫ غرفة التأين‬o
 To measure radioactive contamination, we use:
o Geiger Mueller counter
o Proportional counter
o Zinc sulphide 
o Ionization chamber
 ‫ وباستخدام كاشف ليس له نافذه‬،‫ عدة في الثانية‬1000 ‫ تم الكشف عن تلوث اشعاعي بواسطة كاشف ذو نافذة فأعطى‬
:‫ من المتوقع أن يكون التلوث ناتج عن‬،‫ عدة‬750 ‫أعطى‬
‫ ألفا‬o
‫ بيتا‬o
‫ جاما‬o
 ‫ ألفا وبيتا وجاما‬o

 Radioactive contamination was detected by a detector with a window, and it gave 1000 counts
per second, and by using a detector without a window, it gave 750 counts per second. It is
expected that the contamination was caused by:
o Alpha
o Beta
o Gamma
o Alpha, Beta & Gamma 

 Radiation effects generally occurring without a threshold level of the dose and whose
probability is proportional to the dose are known as:
a) Somatic effect ‫تأثيرات جسدية‬
b) Non-threshold effect ‫تأثيرات غير عتبية‬
c) Stochastic effect  ‫تأثيرات عشوائية‬
d) Deterministic effect ‫آثار حتمية‬

‫تقييد الجرعة‬
 The ……………… shall establish dose constrains:
a) NRRC
b) RSO
c) Authorized person 
d) Employer of the outside worker

‫تحديد الجرعة‬
 The ……………… shall establish dose limits:
a) NRRC 
b) RSO
c) Authorized person
d) Employer of the outside worker

‫تقييم الجرعة‬
 The ……………… shall establish dose assessment:
a) NRRC
b) RSO 
c) Authorized person
d) Employer of the outside worker
 ‫حالة غير روتينية تتطلب اتخاذ إجراءات فورية للتخفيف من المخاطر على صحة اإلنسان أو البيئة‬
 a non-routine situation that necessitates prompt action, to mitigate a hazard for human
health or the environment

a) Exposure Situation
b) Planned Exposure
c) Public Exposure
d) Emergency 

 The fundamental principle that an act of using radiation is permitted only when the
benefits or merits outweigh the radiation risk is:
a) ALARA
b) Justification 
c) General Safety
d) Time, Distance & Shielding

 The exposure which are not excluded from the scope of NRRC regulation:
a) Occupational, Public & Medical Exposure
b) Exposure from Radiation imaging for theft detection purposes.
c) Exposure from cosmic radiation & from natural radioactivity in the body 
d) Internal & External Exposure

 Any radiation generator, radioactive source, or any other radioactive material:

a) Betatron Accelerator
b) Isotope
c) Nuclear Reactor
d) Radiation Source 

 Exposure Situations are:

a) Internal & External
b) Inhalation, Ingestion & Absorption
c) Planned, Existing & Emergency
d) Occupational, public & Medical Exposure 

 Radon Gas home is:

a) Planned Exposure
b) Existing Exposure
c) Medical Exposure
d) General Exposure 
 The process of inducing radioactivity in the matter by irradiation of that matter is:
a) Activation 
b) Annihilation
c) X-Ray Generation
d) Attenuation

 Which of the radiation will be deflected by a magnetic field?

a) Neutron
b) Beta
c) Gamma  (because it contents of negative charge)
d) X-Ray photons

 In lab, your colleague suggested by heating the radioactive source, make it decay more
quickly:
a) It is correct, because increasing temperature, increasing atom excitation
b) It is correct, because it is concept of fission reaction
c) It is not correct 
d) It depends on the type of radioactive nuclide

 Caesium – 137 decays by emitting …………………… and the product is ……………………

a) Alpha particle & Cs-133
b) Beta particles & Ba -137 
c) Neutron & antineutrino
d) Proton & Am -142

 Neutron and antineutrino are particles:

a) Have same mass & same charge
b) Have same mass but opposite charge 
c) Have different mass & same charge
d) Have different mass & opposite charge

 When the food is irradiated with Gamma ray:

a) The food will be radioactive
b) The food will be contaminated
c) The food is safe to eat 
d) The food should be discarded

 What is the activity of a source that emits 1200 particles per minute?
a) 1200 Bq
b) 20 Bq  1200 (disintegration/min)  60 (Sec) = 20 Bq
c) 72 Bq
d) 200kBq
 Uranium-235 has 92 protons. The atomic mass is:
a) 92
b) 327
c) 235 
d) 143

 What has changed in the structure of the Cu2+ ion:

a) It has gained two protons
b) It has lost two electrons 
c) It has gained two electrons
d) It has alpha decay mode

 The S.I unit for Exposure: :Commented [WU98]

a) Roentgen SI ‫وحدة قياس الجرعة الممتصة او الكرما في النظام المعياري الحديث‬
‫هى الجراى‬- unit
b) Gray ‫بينما الوحدة فى النظام التقليدي القديم هي الراد‬
c) Coulumb/kg dray air  ‫ راد‬١٠٠ = ‫ جراى‬١ ‫والعالقة بينهم أن‬
d) Kerma
1Gy = 100 rad

Gy = 1 Joule/ Kg1

 The smoke detector contains: .‫ كجم‬١ ‫ جول على كتلة مقدارها‬١ ‫الجراى هو طاقة مقدارها‬
a) Gamma source
b) Electron & Positron particle rad =100 erg/gm1

c) Alpha emitter  .‫ جم‬١ ‫ ارج على كتلة مقدارها‬١٠٠ ‫الراد هو طاقة مقدارها‬
d) Neutron source

 What is the half-life of a sample where the activity drops from 1200 Bq down to 300 Bq in
10 days?
1200 ⇒ 600 ⇒ 300
1 2
a) 24 Hours
10 (days)  2 = 5 (days)
b) Half day
c) 5 days 
d) Cannot calculated, some data is missing

 In the SI system, distinction between upper- and lower-case letters is meaningful and
should be observed. For example, the meaning of the prefix m (mile) and the prefix M
(Mega) differ by how many orders of magnitude:
a) 3
b) 6
c) 9  Mega = 109
d) 12
 If one-eighth of a sample of a radioisotope remains after 24 years, what is the half-life of
the radioisotope?
𝟏
a) 3 years   ÷ 𝟐𝟒 = 𝟑
𝟖
b) 4 years
c) 6 years
d) 8 years

 The effective reduction in energy caused by the absorption of photon, and the release of a
lower-energy photon is called:
a) The photoelectric effect
b) Compton scattering 
c) Pair production
d) Rayleigh scattering

 1 e.v = ……………….
a) 1.602176634  10-19 joule 
b) 6.02214076  1023
c) 100 mRem
d) 87 erg/g

 In the photoelectric effect, the gamma ray transfers …………… to …………….. of the absorbing
matter:
a) A part of energy – a bound electron
b) All its energy – a bound electron 
c) A part of its energy – a free electron

 Establishment of a radiation protection and emergency plan in radiological emergencies in

the installation is the responsibility of the:
a) Regulatory Authority
b) Qualified expert
c) Licensee 
d) NRRC

 An example of artificially induced radioactivity is:

a) Uranium and Thorium decay
b) Neutron activation of Ir-191 
c) Radon gas
d) It is determined by NRRC
 Cs-137 & Co-60 decay mode by:
a) Beta Particles 
b) Alpha & Gamma
c) Internal conversion
d) Non charged Particles

 Is a dose quantity which is the measure of the energy deposited in matter by ionizing
radiation per unit mass?
a) Annual dose
b) Absorbed dose 
c) Effective dose
d) Dose constant

 Sources emits neutrons and are used in a variety of instrumentation and ……………….
Gauging applications including moisture content:
a) Am-241+Be
b) Cs-137
c) Am-241+ alpha 
d) Cs-137 + Be

 1 mRem = ……………. Rem:

a) 1000
b) 1/100
c) 1/1000 
d) 10
 What is the difference between X-rays and gamma rays?
a) X-ray more energy than gamma
b) X-ray is charged particle and gamma is photon
c) Gamma is emitted from nucleus and X-ray is from orbital shell 
d) X-ray is photon and gamma is charged particle

 The activity of Ir-192 now is 1000 GBq, If the half-life is 74 days, the activity after 222 days
from now:
a) 250 GBq
b) 125 GBq  1000 → 500 → 250 → 125  74  3 = 222 days
74 74 74
c) 300 GBq
d) 500 GBq

 In Emergencies the first action be taken is:

a) Putting the source in the shielding
b) Saving life
c) Estimating the dose 
d) All of the above
 If the linear energy transformation (LET) value of radiation is more, the dangerous will be:
a) Less
b) More 
c) No effect
d) Zero dangerous

 1 Roentgen = ………………. Rad = …………………. Gy?

a) 100 Rad, 1 Gy
b) 1 Rad, 1 Gy
c) 1 Rad , 0.01 Gy 
d) 0.01 Rad, 100 Gy

 Three principles for radiation protection from external exposure are:

a) Committed administration, emergency plan and quality assurance
b) Time, distance and shielding 
c) Defence in depth, safety assessment and quality assurance
d) Justification, optimization and dose limitation

 When wavelength of gamma ray decreases, the:

a) Frequency increases and energy decreases
b) Frequency increases and energy increases 
c) Frequency decreases and energy decreases
d) Frequency decreases and energy decreases

 The best shield for Neutron radiation source:

a) Plastic
b) Lead
c) Polyethylene 
d) None of the above
 Ali:
a) 15 mSv/h
b) 5 mSv/Y
c) 10 mSv/Y
d) 20 mSv/Y 

 The transport index is the maximum radiation level at one meter from the external service
of the package:
a) Micro Sievert per hour divided by 10
b) mSv/Year 1 𝑆𝑣 = 100 𝑅𝑒𝑚
c) mRem/h 1 𝑚𝑅𝑒𝑚 = 10 𝜇𝑆𝑣
d) a & c  1 𝑅𝑒𝑚 = 10 𝑚𝑆𝑣
 which of the following types of decay particles in known as positron?
a)  ray
b) None of these particles are known as positrons
c) + Particles 
d) - Particles

 TLD can use for maximum to send for dose reading:

a) 6 Months
b) 3 Months 
c) Half year
d) 1/3 year

 Practices that deem to be not justified, shall be:

a) Approved
b) Discussed
c) Managed between authorized person & RSO
d) Prohibited 

 After 18 years the radioactivity of a certain source has been reduced to 1/8 of its original
activity, what is the half-life of this radioisotope?
a) 60 days
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
b) 06 years  𝟏 → → →  6  3 = 18 Years
𝟔𝒚 𝟐 𝟔𝒚 𝟒 𝟔𝒚 𝟖
c) 66 months
d) 600 days

 If the transport index of a package is 2 and the maximum radiation level on the package
surface is 2.2 mSv, then it should belong to the category:
a) Yellow III under exclusive 
b) Yellow III
c) Yellow II
d) White I
 The minimum amount energy required to produce an ion pair in air is approximately:
a) 100 Kev
b) 1.02 Mev
c) 0.3 Kev
d) 34 ev 

 Number of proton & neutron in an Alpha particle are:

a) 2 & 2 
b) 0 & 2
c) 2 & 0
d) 2 & 4

 Hospital has (40 mg) a sample of Technicum-99 with half-life = 360 min. Then the
Technicum-99 remaining in this sample after 12 hours will be:
a) 1 g
40 (𝑚𝑔) → 20 (𝑚𝑔) → 10(𝑚𝑔) Half-life = 360 (min)  60 (min) = 6 hours
b) 0.01g  6ℎ𝑟 12 ℎ𝑟

c) 20 mg 10 (mg)  1000 = 0.01 g

d) 6.02  1023 mg

 The creation of a positron and an electron from the interaction of a photon with an energy
of at least 1.02 MeV and a strong electric field such as that surrounding an atomic nucleus is
called:
a) The photoelectric effect
b) Compton scattering
c) Pair production 
d) Rayleigh scattering

 SI units which replace the curie, Roentgen, Rad and Rem are:
a) Joule, Newtons per kilogram, Gray and Sievert
b) Becquerel, newton-meter, coulomb and Sievert
c) Joule, Becquerel, coulomb and Sievert
d) Becquerel, coulomb per kilogram and Sievert 

 Uranium 238 emits an alpha particle to become what nucleus?

a) Thorium-234 
b) Thorium-236
c) Thorium-238
d) Thorium-229
 If the maximum radiation level at one meter from the external surface of the package is 1
Sv/h, the transport index will be:
a) TI = 10
b) TI = 1
c) TI = 0.1 
d) TI = 1000

 What is fraction of a radioisotope has decayed after two half-lives?

a) ¼
b) ½
c) ¾ 
d) 2/4

 The liberation of electrons from substance exposed to electromagnetic radiation is called:

a) The photoelectric effect 
b) Compton scattering
c) Pair production
d) Rayleigh scattering

 The probability of any particular radiation type and energy by a specific element is referred
to as the:
a) Attenuation
b) Build-up factor
c) Cross section 
d) Atomic coefficient

 If the maximum radiation level at one meter from the external surface of the package is 1
Sv/h, the label will be: 1 Sv/h = 0.01 mSv/h
a) White I
b) White II
c) Yellow II 
d) Yellow III
 The range of Alpha particle in air:
a) 1-3 cm 
b) 1-3 meter
c) Unlimited
d) Alpha is radiation that can travel with speed of light

 The average energy which is required to form on electron- ion pair in air or human tissue is
about:
a) 34 ev  The average energy required to produce a
b) 10 Mev free electron pair for human tissue (the
human body) is 34 eV
c) 34 ev
d) 36 ev

 Radiation effects generally occurring without a threshold level of the dose and whose
probability is proportional to the dose are known as: ‫ التأثيرات‬- ‫ التأثيرات الحتمية‬:Commented [WU99]
a) Somatic effects ‫التأثيرات الجسدية‬ ‫الفورية الحاد‬
b) Non-threshold effects Stochastic effects (genetic effects): ‫تلك التأثيرات التي تحدث خالل فترة زمنية قصيرة قد‬
c) Stochastic effects  ‫التأثيرات‬ Those effects that occur over a long period of time :‫تستغرق يوم او يومين او اسبوع ومن مميزاتها‬
‫العشوائية‬ may take years, and their advantages are: ‫ تأثيرات فورية حادة تحدث خالل فترة زمنية قصيرة‬.
* Genetic influences that occur over a long period of ‫تأثيرات عتبية أي لكل مرض عتبة معينة او مقدار معين من‬
d) Deterministic effects ‫التأثيرات الحتمية‬ time. ‫الجرعات لحدوث هذا المرض‬
* Non-threshold effects - have no threshold.
* Examples of this: leukemia, cancers and genetic ‫كلما زادت عتبة المرض أي كلما زادت الجرعة للمرض‬
diseases ‫زادت حده المرض وخطورته‬
‫من أمثلة تلك التأثيرات‬
‫ مرض يصاحبه قيء او أرق او ضعف‬:‫المرض اإلشعاع‬
‫) سيفرت والجمعة المؤكد لحدوث‬٢ - ١( ‫شديد وعتبته من‬
 The range of Beta particles in the water, plastic or human tissue is about: ‫ رم‬٢٠٠ ‫ سيفرت او‬٢ ‫هذا المرض‬
a) 6-8 mm  ‫ رم‬٣٠٠ ‫ سيفرت او‬٣ ‫احمرار الجلد او االيريثما حوالي‬
b) 4-5 m ‫) سيفرت والجرعة‬١٠ - ٨( ‫عتامة عدسة العين العتبة من‬
‫) متر‬٥-٤( ‫م دى جسيمات بيتا فى الهواء عدد أمتار من‬
‫) مم‬٨- ٦( ‫مدى جسيمات بيتا فى جسم االنسان (النسيج البشرى) عدة مللى مترات من‬ ‫ سيفرت‬١٠ ‫المؤكدة لحدوث هذا المرض‬
c) 2-3 mm
‫) مم‬٣- ٢( ‫مدى جسيمات بيتا فى شريحة األلومنيوم عدة مللى مترات من‬ ‫) سيفرت‬٥ -٢( ‫العقم المؤقت او الدائم عند المرأة من‬
d) 4 cm ‫) مم‬٢-١( ‫مدى جسيمات بيتا فى شريحة اللوسيت عدة مللى مترات من‬ ٥٠٠ ‫ سيفرت او‬٥ ‫والجمعة المؤكدة لحدوث هذا المرض‬
‫ ) مم‬٦-٣( ‫مدى جسيمات بيتا فى الماء عدة مللى مترات من‬ ‫رم‬
‫افضل المواد لعمل دروع جسيمات بيتا اقل العناصر اعداد ذرية‬
‫مدى جسيمات بيتا يختلف باختالف نوع الوسط‬
‫) سيفرت‬٦- ٣( ‫العقم المؤقت او الدائم عن الرجل من‬
٦٠٠ ‫ سيفرت او‬٦ ‫والجرعة المؤكدة لحدوث هذا المرض‬
 In this process, the incident photons interact with strong electric field of the atomic ‫رم‬
‫) سيفرت‬٢٢- ٢٠( ‫خلل في الجهاز العصبي المركزي من‬
nucleus:
‫ سيفرت‬٢٢ ‫والجرعة المؤكدة لحدوث هذا المرض‬
a) Compton Scattering
b) Photo electric effect
c) Pair production 

 In the isotope have disintegration of beta followed by Gamma decay, number of Beta is:
a) Less than the number of Gamma photons
b) Equal to the number of Gamma photons
c) More than the number of Gamma photons
d) All of above 
 ‫‪ Americium-241 is an alpha emitter, produce 10 Sv per 10 hr. The absorbed dose produces‬‬
‫‪from the source is:‬‬
‫‪a) 1 Gy/h‬‬
‫‪b) 3 Sv/h‬‬
‫‪c) 50 mSv/h‬‬
‫‪d) 50 mGy/h ‬‬
‫‪e) 50 Gy/h‬‬

‫‪Solve:‬‬
‫)‪Dose (D) = Dose rate (DR)  Time (T‬‬ ‫‪Am-241‬‬
‫‪Dose rate = Dose  Time‬‬ ‫‪Dose = 10 Sv, Time = 10 hr‬‬
‫)‪= 10 (Sv)  10 (hr‬‬ ‫‪From table (5-1) the‬‬
‫‪radiation weighting factor‬‬
‫)‪= 1 Sv/hr  HT (Equivalent Dose‬‬ ‫‪WR for Alpha particle = 20‬‬ ‫]‪ :Commented [WU100‬الجرعة المكافئة‪Ht :‬‬
‫‪∴ HT = WR  DT,R‬‬ ‫هى حاصل ضرب معامل اإلشعاع النوعي (المعامل المرجح لإلشعاع)‬
‫مضروبا في الجرعة الممتصة از الكرما‬
‫𝐇‬ ‫𝟏‬ ‫‪HT = WR  D‬‬
‫𝒚𝑮𝒎 𝟎𝟓 = 𝒚𝑮 𝟓𝟎 ‪𝐃𝐓𝐑 = 𝐓 = = 𝟎.‬‬
‫𝐑𝐖‬ ‫𝟎𝟐‬
‫حيث ‪ WR‬يسمى المعامل المرجح لإلشعاع (معامل اإلشعاع النوعي) هو‬
‫معامل خاص باإلشعاعات المؤينة سؤال كانت جسيمات ألفا‪ ،‬او بيتا‪ ،‬او‬
‫فوتونات جاما ‪،‬او النيترونات‪.‬‬

‫أو هو معامل يحول الجرعة الممتصة او الكرما إلى جرعة مكافئة‬

‫الجرعة الفعالة ‪ ET:‬هي جرعة كامل الجسم‪.‬‬

‫‪ Who is responsible for prepare an emergency plan for the protection of people and the‬‬ ‫‪ET = HT  WT‬‬
‫?‪environment‬‬
‫او هي حاصل ضرب الجرعة المكافئة فى معامل النسيج النوعي‬
‫‪a) RSO‬‬ ‫(المعامل المرجح للنسيج)‬
‫‪b) Licensee ‬‬
‫‪c) Qualified Expert‬‬ ‫المعامل المرجح للنسيج (معامل النسيج النوعي ‪(WT‬هو معامل خاص‬
‫‪d) All of above‬‬ ‫باألنسجة واألعضاء مثل القولون والكبد واالثنى عشر والغدة الدرقية‬
‫والعظام والرئة والصدر والجلد وهكذا‪.......‬‬
‫المعامل المرجح للنسيج‪ :‬هو معامل يحول الجرعة المكافئة إلى جرعة‬
‫فعالة‬
‫‪ Establishment of a radiation protection and emergency plan in radiological emergencies in‬‬ ‫]‪ :Commented [WU101‬مالحظة مهمة‪ :‬يجب االلتفات الى‬
‫‪the installation is the responsibility of the:‬‬ ‫صيغة اللفظ في السؤال حيث ان وجود او تأسيس او انشاء‬
‫‪a) RPO ‬‬ ‫(‪ )Establish‬خطة الطوارئ او برنامج الحماية من االشعاع هي‬
‫‪b) Director of the installation‬‬ ‫من مسؤوليات (المرخص له) مدير المنشأة‬
‫‪c) Qualified Expert‬‬ ‫اما المسؤول عن الجانب الفني والتقني من تدريب العاملين واعداد‬
‫او تحضير او وضع (‪ )prepare‬خطة الطوارئ هي من‬
‫‪d) Regulatory Authority‬‬
‫مسؤوليات (مسؤول الحماية من االشعاع)‬

‫‪‬من مهام مدير المنشأة (المرخص له)‪-:‬‬

‫‪ .1‬وضع (تأسيس) خطة الطوارئ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬وضع (تأسيس) خطة العمل‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬وضع (تأسيس) خطة توكيد الجودة‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬توفير التدريب الكافي للعاملين وأمان المصادر المشعة‪.‬‬
‫‪ .5‬المسؤول عن حفظ السجالت في المنشأة هو مدير المنشأة (المرخص له)‪.‬‬

‫‪‬من مهام الجهة الرقابية (الجهة المختصة)‪-‬هيئة الرقابة النووية واالشعاعية‪:‬‬

‫‪ .1‬وضع حدود الجرعات في المنشأة‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬وضع السجالت في المنشأة‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬وضع حدود الجرعات للمهنيين والعاملين في المنشأة وعامة البشر‪.‬‬

‫‪‬المسؤول عن كتابة السجالت في المنشأة هو مسؤول الحماية من اإلشعاع‪.‬‬

 Calculate the effective dose rate at a distance of 20 cm from a thin unshielded P-32 beta
source which has an activity of 20 mCi
:‫المعطيات‬
5  𝐴  𝐸𝑎𝑣𝑟
Answer: 𝐷= A = 20 mCi  1000 = 0.02 Ci
𝑑2
1 mCi = 37 MBq
5  740  0.57
𝐷= 20 mCi = X MBq
(0.2)2 X = 20  37 = 740 MBq
Eavr = Emax  3 = 1.7  3 = 0.57 Mev
𝐷 = 52725 𝑆𝑣/ℎ ‫ نأخذها من الجدول في الفورميال شيت‬P-32 ‫قيمة‬
‫ الزم‬، Eavr ‫وهي الطاقة القصوى وعشان تطلع قيمة‬
: ‫نعوض في العادلة‬
Eavr = Emax  3
D = 20 cm = 0.2 m

 Three components of the technical requirements for protection and safety are:
 Three components of an adequate radiation protection program are: ‫ احيانا يكون السؤال عن اإلطار العام‬:Commented [WU102]
a) Committed administration, emergency plan quality ‫للحماية من اإلشعاع‬
Frameworks of radiation protection
b) Defence in depth, safety and quality insurance
‫بتكون اجابته‬
c) Time, distance and shielding Justification
d) Justification, optimization and dose limitation  Optimisation
Dose limits

‫احيانا يكون السؤال نفس الطريقة السابقة‬

‫يسأل عن األساليب التقنية للحماية من اإلشعاع او للحصول على أفضل‬
‫حماية‬
 What Is the best thickness shield for P-32 source with 20 Ci activity (beta emitters)?
a) 0.25-inch aluminium ‫بتكون‬
Time
b) 1 inch Lucien plastic  Distance
c) Foot from air Shield
d) 0.25-inch Lead
‫والطريقة الثالثة مكونات برنامج الحماية من اإلشعاع‬-

 Which of the following solid-state materials has the most constant response per roentgen over the
energy range of 0.1 Mev, when used as a dosimeter without special shield to correct for energy
dependence:
a) Lithium drifted GE
b) Lithium fluoride 
c) Calcium sulphate
d) Calcium fluoride
 According to the NRRC, the areas where committed equivalent or effective dose may reach 1/10 of
the occupational dose limit is called:
a) Radiation Area
b) Controlled Area
c) Prohibited Area
d) Supervised Area 

 The advantage of a long counting time for optimization of statistics is that ……. while it’s advantage
is that ……….
a) Instrument may saturate – the accuracy is poor
b) The accuracy is higher – background may change 
c) The accuracy is poor – background may change
d) Instrument may stature – background may change

 The linear attenuation coefficient of gamma ray photons in a matter depends on the atomic number
of the absorber and on the………: ‫ معامل التوهين الخطى لفوتونات جاما‬:Commented [WU103]
a) Energy of photons :‫يعتمد على‬
b) Number of photons .)‫طاقة المادة (طاقة اإلشعاع‬
Z ‫نوع المادة( العدد الذرى للمادة‬
c) Thickness of the matter
d) B & C  .X ‫وال يعتمد على سمك المادة‬
e) None of the above
:‫ فى الحاالت االتية‬B ‫يطبق معامل التراكم او البناء‬
.‫إذا كان لدينا طاقات مختلفة غير محدودة‬
‫حزمة فوتونية مشتتة‬
 The build-up factor for a gamma source and shield geometry at a point outside the shield is 20. The .‫سمك الدرع عريض او كبير‬
fraction of the dose contributed by unscattered photons is:
‫ تطبق ظاهرة تشتت كومبتون المتعددة إذا كان سمك الدرع‬:‫مالحظة‬
a) 0.05 )‫(عريض‬
b) 0.1 20 1 + 19
c) 0.5 = B:‫العوامل التي يتوقف عليها معامل التراكم او معامل البناء‬
1 1 )‫طاقة المادة (طاقة االشعاع‬
d) 0.8 1
= 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑖𝑠 1, 𝑆𝑜 = 0.05 Z)‫نوع المادة( العدد الذرى للمادة‬
e) 0.9 20 X. ‫سمك المادة‬

)‫ لحدوث ظاهرتي تشتت (استطارة‬B ‫يتحقق معامل التراكم او البناء‬

‫كومبتون وإنتاج االزواج‬
 ‫ وفي الكواشف‬،‫ أشباه الموصالت تشبه في عملها غرفة التأين بسبب انه ال يحدث تكبير للشحنة وينتج زوج أيوني‬
‫الوميضية ينتج ثقب الكتروني‬
 Semiconductors are similar in their work function to the ionization chamber because there is no
amplification of the charge and an ionic pair is produced, and in scintillators detectors an
electronic hole is produced.

.‫ ارتفاع النبضة الناتجة في العداد التناسبي تختلف باختالف نوع الشعاع الساقط وطاقة الشعاع‬
 The height of the resulting pulse in the proportional counter varies with the type of incident
beam and the beam energy.

.‫ السبب في القدرة التحليلية للعداد التناسبي هو اختالف ارتفاع النبضة‬

 The reason for the analytical ability of the proportional counter is the difference in pulse height.

:‫ تتفاعل أشعة جاما (األشعة السينية) مع المادة وبالتالي تفقد طاقتها من خالل واحدة من ثالث عمليات رئيسية‬
.‫) التأثير الكهروضوئي‬1
.‫) تأثير كومبتون‬2
‫) ضاهرة انتاج األزواج‬3
 Gamma rays (x-rays) interact with the material and thus lose its energy through one of three
main processes:
1) Photoelectric effect.
2) Compton effect.
3) Pair production.

‫ ولكن بطريقة غير مباشرة‬،‫ يستخدم جيجر ميولر في قياس التعرض‬

 The Geiger-Mueller counter is used to measure exposure, but in an indirect way

‫ واحسن كاشف من الكواشف الغازية لذلك هو عداد جايجر‬،‫ لقياس التلوث االشعاعي يجب ان يكون الكاشف ذو نافذة‬
‫ أما في الكواشف الوميضية فأحسن كاشف لقياس‬،‫ أما أشباه الموصالت فال تصلح لقياس التلوث االشعاعي‬،‫ميولر‬
.‫التلوث االشعاعي فهو كبريتيد الخارصين‬
 To measure radioactive contamination, the detector must have a window, and the best detector
of gas detectors for that is the Geiger-Mueller counter. As for semiconductors, they are not
suitable for measuring radioactive contamination. As for Scintillators detectors, the best
detector is for measuring radioactive contamination radioactive contamination is zinc sulphide.

‫ إذا لم تتغير القراءة بنافذة وبدون نافذة ذلك يعني التلوث بمصدر بيتا وجاما معا وال توجد الفا‬
 If the reading does not change in a window and without a window, this means
contamination with a source of beta and gamma together, and there is no alpha

‫ بينما أشعة جاما يحتمل‬،‫ مقارنة كاشف يستطيع الكشف عن بيتا وجاما أعلى كفاءة في بيتا ألن بيتا بالتأكيد تعمل تأين‬
 Compared to a detector that can detect beta and gamma more efficiently in beta because
beta is definitely an ionizer, while gamma rays are possible
 :‫ برنامج الحماية من اإلشعاع يتمثل فى األتى بالترتيب‬
.‫ تنظيم وإدارة ملتزمة بمبادئ الحماية‬.1
.‫ إختيار األفراد وتدريبهم تدريبا مالئما‬.2
.‫ مراقبة اشعاعية فعالة مهنية‬.3
.‫ مراقبة فعالة لعامة الجمهور والبيئة‬.4
.‫ برنامج متكامل لتوكيد الجودة‬.5
‫ التخطيط للطوارئ واالستعداد لمواجهتها‬.6
 The radiation protection program is represented in the following order:
1. Organization and management committed to the principles of protection.
2. Selection of personnel and training them appropriately.
3. Effective and professional radiological monitoring.
4. Effective monitoring of the general public and the environment.
5. An integrated program for quality assurance.
6. Emergency planning and preparedness

:‫ اإلطار العام او األساسي للحماية من اإلشعاع‬

:‫ أسس الحماية من اإلشعاع‬
‫ يقصد بها اختيار منافع الممارسة والبعد عن اضرارها (االخذ فى االعتبار األضرار العاجلة‬:‫تبرير الممارسة‬
.)‫واآلجلة‬
-‫ يقصد بها اختيار أفضل األوضاع بأقل التكاليف والتى تتم عن طريق اعداد المتعرضين‬:‫أمثلة الحماية واألمان‬
.‫ الجرعات الشخصية‬- ‫احتماالت المتعرضين‬
‫تحديد وتقيد الجرعات‬
 General or basic framework for radiation protection:
 Fundamentals of radiation protection:
Justification for the practice: It means choosing the benefits of the practice and
avoiding its harms (taking into account the immediate and future damages).
Protection and security optimization: It means choosing the best conditions at the
lowest costs, which is done by preparing the exposed - the potential of the exposed -
personal doses.
Doses Limitation

: Controlled Area ‫ المنطقة المراقبة‬

.‫سنة‬/ ‫ مللى سيفرت‬٦ ‫) الحد السنوى للتعرض المهنى اى حوالي‬١٠ / ٣( ‫جرعة فعالة سنوية تعادل ثالثة أعشار‬
 An annual effective dose equivalent to three tenths (3/10) of the annual occupational
exposure limit, i.e., about 6 mSv/year.

Supervised Area: ‫ المنطقة الخاضعة لإلشراف‬

.‫سنة‬/‫ مللى سيفرت‬٢ ‫) الحد السنوى للتعرض المهنى اى حوالي‬١٠/ ١( ‫جرعة فعالة سنوية تعادل عشر‬
 An annual effective dose equivalent to one-tenth (1/10) of the annual occupational exposure
limit, i.e. about 2 mSv/year.
 :)‫ منطقة عموم البشر (عامة الجمهور‬
.‫ ساعة‬/ ‫ ميكرو سيفرت‬0.1 ‫سنة وال تزيد عن‬/‫ مللى سيفرت‬١ ‫جرعة فعالة سنوية تعادل‬
 An annual effective dose equivalent to 1 mSv/year and not more than 0.1 microSv/hour.

:Absorbed Dose ‫ تعريف الجرعة الممتصة‬

‫مقدار الطاقة المودعة ألي نوع من االشعاعات المؤينة على وحدة الكتلة من المادة‬
 The amount of energy deposited by any type of ionizing radiation per unit mass of the
substance dE/dm

Kerma: dE(tr)/dm ‫ تعريف الكرما‬

‫مقدار الطاقة الحركية المودعة لألشعة السينية على وحدة الكلتلة من المادة‬
 The amount of kinetic energy deposited by x-rays per unit mass of the material

:‫ شرح التلوث االشعاعى‬

.‫يقصد به وجود مادة مشعة على سطح مادة مشعة أخرى او فى حجمها‬
 It means the presence of a radioactive substance on the surface of another radioactive
substance or in its volume.

:‫ انواع التلوث االشعاعى‬

.‫ التلوث االشعاعى السطحى‬.1
‫ التلوث االشعاعى الحجمى‬.2
 Types of radioactive contamination:
1. Surface radioactive contamination.
2. Volumetric radioactive contamination
.‫ يقصد بها وجود مادة مشعة على سطح مادة مشعة أخرى‬: ‫ التلوث اإلشعاعي السطحي‬
.‫ يقصد بها وجود مادة مشعة في وحدة حجوم مادة مشعة أخرى‬:‫ التلوث اإلشعاعي الحجمي‬
 Surface radioactive contamination: It means the presence of a radioactive substance on the
surface of another radioactive substance
 Volumetric radioactive contamination: means the presence of a radioactive substance in a
unit volume of another radioactive substance.

:‫ انواع التلوث اإلشعاعي السطحي‬

.‫ التلوث اإلشعاعي السطحي الراسخ‬.1
.‫ التلوث اإلشعاعي السطحي الغير لراسخ‬.2
Types of surface radioactive contamination:
1. Fixed Contamination
2. Non-Fixed Contamination

:‫ التلوث اإلشعاعي السطحي غير الراسخ‬

.‫يقصد بها وجود مادة مشعة على سطح مادة مشعة أخرى والذي يسهل ازالته عن طريق األيدي‬
.‫تتم إزالة التلوث اإلشعاعي من األماكن االقل تركيز إلى األماكن األكثر تركيز ومن خارج الغرفة إلى داخلها‬
 Non-Fixed surface radioactive contamination:
 It means the presence of a radioactive substance on the surface of another radioactive
substance, which is easy to remove by hand.
Radioactive contamination is removed from places of least concentration to places of highest
concentration and from outside the room to its interior.
:‫ لتلوث اإلشعاعي السطحي الراسخ‬
‫عكس التلوث اإلشعاعي السطحي غير الراسخ‬
‫التلوث اإلشعاعي السطحي الغير راسخ أخطر من الراسخ لذا عندما ال يذكر نوع التلوث نعتبره غير راسخ ألنه أخطر من‬
.‫الراسخ‬

)‫ األجهزة والمعدات المختلفة والمعاطف داخل المختبرات (تعتبر تلوث إشعاع سطحي راسخ‬
.٢‫سم‬/‫ بيكرل‬0.4 ‫ وتركيزات بواعث ألفا عالية السمية‬٢‫سم‬/‫ بيكرل‬4 ‫تركيزات بوعث ألفا وبيتا وجاما منخفضة السمية‬
 Various devices, equipment and coats inside laboratories (considered well-established surface
radiation contamination)
Low toxic concentrations of alpha, beta and gamma emitters are 4 Bq/cm2 and high toxicity
alpha emitters 0.4 Bq/cm2.

)‫ المالبس الشخصية خارج المختبرات (تلوث إشعاعي سطحي غير راسخ‬

0.04 ‫ بينما تركيزات بواعث ألفا عالية السمية‬٢‫سم‬/‫ بيكرل‬0.4 ‫تركيزات بواعث ألفا وبيتا وماما منخفضة السمية‬
٢‫سم‬/‫بيكرل‬
 Personal clothing outside laboratories (surface radioactive contamination is not established)
Concentrations of alpha, beta and mamma emitters are low toxicity of 0.4 Bq/cm2 while
concentrations of high toxic alpha emitters are 0.04 Bq/cm2
.)‫ الجلد واالطراف (االيدى واالقدام‬
٢‫سم‬/‫ بيكرل‬0.2 ‫ بينما تركيزات بواعث ألفا عالية السمية‬٢‫سم‬/‫ بيكرل‬2 ‫تركيزات بواعث ألفا وبيتا وجاما منخفضة السمية‬
 Skin and extremities (hands and feet).
Concentrations of alpha, beta and gamma emitters have a low toxicity of 2 Bq/cm2, while
alpha emitters have a high toxicity of 0.2 Bq/cm2.
 ‫‪ ‬مراقب التلوث (مرصاد التلوث)‬
‫(جهاز اإلشعاع المكاني) (‪Radiation Monitor):‬‬
‫‪ o‬يستخدم لقياس التلوث اإلشعاعي لسطح ملوث‪.‬‬
‫‪ o‬يستخدم لقياس التلوث اإلشعاعي لجسيمات بيتا‪.‬‬
‫مراقب التلوث هو أي كاشف غازي مزود بنافذة (غرفة التأين بنافذة‪ -‬عداد تناسبي بنافذة‪-‬عداد جيجر ميولر بنافذة)‪.‬‬

‫‪ o‬مراقب التلوث قادر على قياس نشاط إشعاعي أقصاه ‪ 185‬بيكرل او ‪ 0.005‬ميكرو كيورى‪.‬‬
‫الحظ‪ :‬يجب أال يزيد المستوى اإلشعاعي ‪ RL‬عند ظروف النقل الروتينية عند أي نقطة على السطح الخارجي للطرد عن ‪2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫مللى سيفرت‪/‬ساعة‪ ،‬كما يجب اال يزيد المستوى اإلشعاعي عن ‪ 0.1‬مللى سيفرت ‪/‬ساعة على بعد ‪ 2‬متر من سطح الطرد‬
‫بخالف االرساليات التي تتم تحت استخدام قاصر او التي تتم بالسكك الحديدية او الطرق البرية‬
‫لذا في هذه الحالة يجب مراقبة المصدر وقت وجودة داخل المخزن‬
‫فى حالة النقل‪ ،‬يجب أال يزيد عدد الطرود أثناء عملية تستيف الطرود عن ‪ 50‬طرد حتى ال يتعرض الشخص الذى يحتاج‬
‫إلى مصادر لإلشعاعات‪ ،‬واذا زادت عدد الطرود عن ‪ 50‬طرد فأكثر يتم الفصل بينهما بواقع ‪ 6‬أمتار‬
‫‪ o‬المقصود بعملية التستيف للطرود أي عند تجميع األجهزة التي تحتوي على مصادر مشعة أثناء عملية النقل‬

‫انواع الطرود‪:‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪ .1‬طرد مستثنى‬
‫‪ .2‬طرد من الفئة أ ‪Type (A) Package‬‬
‫‪ .3‬طرد من الفئة ب أحادي الطرف‬
‫‪Type (B-U) package‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬
‫‪-٤‬طرد من الفئة ب متعدد الطرف‬ ‫‪o‬‬
‫‪Type (B-M) package‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬طرد من الفئة ج ‪Type (C) package‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬

‫الفرق بين كال من‪:‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪ .1‬طرد من الفئة(ب) أحادي الطرف‪ :‬يجب إبالغ فقط الجهة التي يرسل إليها الطرد‬
‫‪ .2‬طرد من الفئة (ب) متعدد الطرف‪ :‬يجب إبالغ الجهة التي يرسل اليها الطرد بشرط أن تجميع جميع الدول‬
‫اإلقليمية لديها علم بعملية الشحن‬
‫‪ .3‬طرد الفئة (ج) المستخدم في المفاعالت النووية‪.‬‬

‫عريف معامل جاما النوعي في النظام المعياري‪:‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫قيمة التعرض لمصدر مشع نشاطه ‪ 1‬ميجا بيكرل على مسافة ‪ 1‬متر من المصدر‬
‫تعريف معامل جاما النوعي في النظام التقليدي‪:‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫قيمة التعرض لمصدر مشع نشاطه ‪ 1‬كيورى على مسافة ‪ 1‬متر من المصدر‪.‬‬
‫‪ o‬اذن معامل جاما النوعي في النظام المعياري = معامل جاما النوعي في النظام التقليدي ÷ ‪3.7‬‬
 :‫أهم ماجاء في التشريعات‬

 Accident
Any unintended event, including operating errors, equipment failures and other mishaps, the
consequences or potential consequences of which are not negligible from the point of view of
protection and safety.

 Committed dose
The lifetime dose expected to result from an intake.
Committed effective dose, E()

The quantity, defined as: () WT  HT()

where is the committed equivalent dose to tissue or organ T over?
the integration time elapsed after an intake of radioactive substances
and is the tissue weighting factor for tissue or organ T. When is not
specified, it will be taken to be 50 years for adults and the time to age 70
years for intakes by children or as specified by the NRRC.

 Individual monitoring
Monitoring using measurements by equipment worn by individuals, or measurements of
quantities of radioactive substances in or on, or taken into, the bodies of individuals, or measurements
of quantities of radioactive substances excreted from the body by individuals.

 Investigation level
The value of a quantity such as effective dose, intake or contamination per unit area or volume
at or above which an investigation would be conducted.

 Radioactive waste
Any material, regardless of its physical form, resulting from activities, practices or interventions
such as decontamination, for which no further use is foreseen and which contains or is
contaminated with radioactive substances, and has radiological activity (A) or concentration
higher than the level set for clearance from regulatory control.

 Radioactive waste management

All administrative and operational activities involved in the handling, pre-treatment, treatment,
conditioning, transport, storage and disposal of radioactive waste.

 Security
Prevention and detection of any theft, sabotage, unauthorized access, illegal transfer (or any
other criminal act) involving nuclear, nuclear-related or radioactive materials and associated
facilities.

Annual dose the dose from external exposure in a year plus the committed dose from
intakes of radionuclides in that year.
Area monitoring A form of workplace monitoring in which an area is monitored by
taking measurements at different points in that area.
Carers and comforters Persons who willingly and voluntarily help (other than in their
occupation) in the care, support and comfort of patients undergoing radiological
procedures for medical diagnosis or medical treatment
Committed dose The lifetime dose expected to result from an intake
Controlled area A defined area in which specific protection measures and safety
provisions are or could be required for controlling exposures or preventing the spread
of contamination in normal working conditions, and preventing or limiting the extent
of potential exposures
Diagnostic reference level A level used in medical imaging to indicate whether in
routine conditions, the dose to the patient or the amount of radiopharmaceuticals
administered in a specified radiological procedure for medical imaging is unusually
high or unusually low for that procedure
Emergency exposure situation A situation of exposure that arises as a result of an
accident, a malicious act or other unexpected events, and requires prompt action in
order to avoid or reduce adverse consequences.
Emergency preparedness the capability to take actions that will effectively mitigate
the consequences of an emergency for human health and safety, quality of life,
property and the environment.
Intake
1. The act or process of taking radionuclides into the body by inhalation or ingestion or
through the skin.
2. The activity (A) of a radionuclide taken into the body in a given period or as a result
of a given event.
Qualified expert an individual who is duly recognized as having expertise in a relevant
field of specialization, e.g., medical physics, radiation protection, occupational health,
fire safety, quality management or any relevant engineering or safety specialty
Radiation safety officer (RSO) A competent person certified by the NRRC in radiation
safety matters relevant for a given type of practice who is designated by the
authorized person or employer to oversee the application of regulatory requirements.
Radiological medical practitioner A health professional with Specialist in education
and training in the medical uses of radiation, who is competent to perform
independently or to oversee radiological procedures in a given specialty.
Relative biological effectiveness (RBE) A relative measure of the effectiveness of
different radiation types at inducing a specified health effect expressed as the inverse
ratio of the absorbed doses of two different radiation types that would produce the
same degree of a defined biological endpoint
Remedial action the removal of a source or the reduction of its magnitude (in terms of
activity (A) or amount) for the purposes of preventing or reducing exposures that
might otherwise occur in an existing exposure situation.
The authorized person shall designate a controlled area in which specific measures for
protection and safety are or could be required for:
a. Controlling exposures in normal operation.
b. Preventing the spread of contamination in normal operation.
c. Preventing or limiting the likelihood and magnitude of potential exposures.

Appendix 1: Categorization of Radioactive Sources1

For the categorization of a radioactive source the activity ratio A/D should be calculated. This should be done
by taking the activity A of the concerned source (in TBq) and dividing it by the D value. The resulting ratio
A/D should then be compared with the values tabulated in the right-hand column of Table 1. Table 2 shows
the activity corresponding to a dangerous source (D value) for selected radionuclides used in common
practices. The D values for additional radionuclides are specified by the NRRC.

Table 1. Categories for sealed sources used in common practices

Ratio of activity in the source to activity

Category that is considered dangerous
(A/D)
1 A/D ≥ 1000
2 2 1000 > A/D ≥ 10
3 3 10 > A/D ≥ 1
4 4 1 > A/D ≥ 0.01
0.01 > A/D
and
5 A > level for exemption𝑎5

a Levels for exemption are specified by the NRRC

Example:
We have an Ir-192 source has an activity of 109 Ci (4.033TBq):
A = 4.033 TBq
D (value) = 8  10-2 (TBq)  Find it from table 2
Ratio of activity in the source to activity that is considered dangerous (A/D):
A/D = 4.033  8  10-2 = 50.4 (1000 > A/D ≥ 10)  Category 2