Botswana

Coordinates: 24°39.5′S 25°54.5′E

Botswana (English: Land of the Tswana;

/bɒtˈswɑːnə/ ⓘ , also
UK: /bʊt-, bʊˈtʃw-/
[14]), officially the Republic of Botswana
Republic of Botswana (Setswana: Lefatshe la Botswana, Lefatshe la
[lɪˈfatsʰɪ la bʊˈtswana]), is a landlocked country in Southern Botswana (Tswana)
Africa. Botswana is topographically flat, with approximately
70 percent of its territory being the Kalahari Desert. It is
bordered by South Africa to the south and southeast,
Namibia to the west and north, and Zimbabwe to the
northeast. It is connected by the Kazungula Bridge[15] to
Zambia, across the world's shortest border between two Flag Coat of arms
countries.
Motto: Pula
A country of slightly over 2.3 million people,[16]
Botswana is "Let There Be Rain"
one of the most sparsely populated countries in the world. It Anthem: Fatshe leno la rona
is essentially the nation state of the Tswana, who make up "Blessed Be This Noble Land"
79% of the population.[17] About 11.6 per cent of the
population lives in the capital and largest city, Gaborone. 0:57

Formerly one of the world's poorest countries—with a GDP

per capita of about US$70 per year in the late 1960s—it has
since transformed itself into an upper-middle-income
country, with one of the world's fastest-growing
economies.[18]

Modern-day humans first inhabited the country over

200,000 years ago. The Tswana ethnic group were
descended mainly from Bantu-speaking tribes who migrated
southward of Africa to modern Botswana around 600 CE,
living in tribal enclaves as farmers and herders. In 1885, the
British colonised the area and declared a protectorate under
the name of Bechuanaland. As decolonisation occurred,
Show globe
Bechuanaland became an independent Commonwealth Show map of Africa
republic under its current name on 30 September 1966.[19] Show all
Since then, it has been a representative republic, with a
consistent record of uninterrupted democratic elections and Capital Gaborone
and largest city 24°39.5′S
the lowest perceived corruption ranking in Africa since at 25°54.5′E
least 1998.[20]
Official languages English[1]
The economy is dominated by mining and tourism.
National language Setswana[1]
Botswana has a GDP (purchasing power parity) per capita of
about $18,113 as of 2021, one of the highest in subsaharan Ethnic groups 79% Tswana
Africa.[2] Botswana is the world's biggest diamond (2012[2]) 11% Kalanga
producing country. Its relatively high gross national income 2% San
per capita (by some estimates the fourth-largest in Africa)
8% others[a]
gives the country a relatively high standard of living and the
third-highest Human Development Index of continental Religion (2021) 79.1%
Christianity
70.2%
Protestantism
Sub-Saharan Africa (after Gabon and South Africa).[21][12] 8.9% other
Botswana is the first African country to host Forbes 30 Christian
Under 30[22] and the 2017 Netball World Youth Cup. 15.2% no religion
4.1% Badimo
Botswana is a member of the Southern African Customs 1.4% others[b]
Union, the Southern African Development Community, the 0.3%
Commonwealth of Nations, and the United Nations. The unspecified[3]
country has been adversely affected by the HIV/AIDS
epidemic. In 2002, Botswana became the first country to Demonym(s) Batswana (plural)
offer anti-retroviral drugs (ARVs) to help combat the Motswana
epidemic.[23] Despite the launch of programs to make (singular)
treatment available and to educate the populace about the
Government Unitary
epidemic,[24] the number of people with AIDS rose from dominant-party
290,000 in 2005 to 320,000 in 2013.[25]: A20 As of 2014, parliamentary
Botswana had the third-highest prevalence rate for republic with an
HIV/AIDS, with roughly 20% of the population infected.[26] executive
However, in recent years the country has made strides in presidency[4][5]
combatting HIV/AIDS, with efforts being made to provide • President Mokgweetsi
proper treatment and lower the rate of mother-to-child Masisi[6]
transmission.[27][28] • Vice-President Slumber
Tsogwane
• National Phandu
Etymology Assembly Skelemani
Speaker
The country's name means "Land of the Tswana", referring
Legislature Parliament
to the dominant ethnic group in Botswana.[29] The (National
Constitution of Botswana recognizes a homogeneous Tswana Assembly)
state.[30] The term Batswana was originally applied to the
Independence from the United
Tswana, which is still the case.[31] However, it has also come Kingdom
to be used generally as a demonym for all citizens of
• Established 30 September
Botswana.[32] (Constitution) 1966
Area
History • Total 581,730 km2
(224,610 sq mi)[7]
(47th)
Early history • Water (%) 2.7

Archaeological digs demonstrate that hominids lived in Population

Botswana for around two million years. Stone tools and • 2023 estimate 2,675,352[8]
fauna remains have shown that all areas of the country were (145th)
inhabited at least 400,000 years ago.[33] • 2023 census 2,675,352 [9]
• Density 4.6/km2
In October 2019, researchers reported that Botswana was (11.9/sq mi)
the birthplace of all modern humans about 200,000 years (231st)
ago.[34][35] Evidence left by modern humans, such as cave GDP (PPP) 2023 estimate
paintings, is about 73,000 years old.[36] The earliest known • Total $51.886
inhabitants of southern Africa are thought to have been the billion[10] (123rd)
forebears of present-day San ("Bushmen") and Khoi peoples. • Per capita $19,394[10]
Both groups speak click languages from the small Khoe- (77th)
Kwadi, Kx’a and Tuu families whose members hunted,
gathered, and traded over long distances. When cattle were GDP (nominal) 2023 estimate
first introduced about 2000 years ago into southern Africa, • Total $20.756
pastoralism became a major feature of the economy, since billion[10] (127th)
the region had large grasslands free of tsetse flies.[37]
It is unclear when Bantu-speaking peoples first moved into • Per capita $7,757[10]
the country from the north, although 600 CE seems to be a (87th)
consensus estimate. In that era the ancestors of the modern- Gini (2015)
53.3[11]
day Kalanga moved into what is now the north-eastern areas high
of the country. These proto-Kalanga were closely connected
to states in Zimbabwe as well as to the Mapungubwe state HDI (2021) 0.693[12]
and the notable of these was Domboshaba ruins, a cultural medium · 117th
and heritage site in Botswana originally occupied towards Currency Pula (BWP)
the end of the Great Zimbabwe period (1250–1450), with
stone walls that have an average height of 1.8 metres. The Time zone UTC+2 (Central
site is a respected place for the people living in the region Africa Time[13])
and it is believed that the chief lived on the top of the hill Date format dd/mm/yyyy
together with his helpers or assistants. These states, located
outside of current Botswana's borders, appear to have kept Driving side left
massive herds of cattle in what is now the Central District— Calling code +267
apparently at numbers approaching modern cattle
density.[38] This massive cattle-raising complex prospered ISO 3166 code BW
until 1300 CE or so and seems to have regressed following Internet TLD .bw
the collapse of Mapungubwe. During this era the first
Tswana-speaking groups, the Bakgalagadi, moved into the Website
www.gov.bw (http://www.gov.bw/)
southern areas of the Kalahari. All these various peoples
were connected to trade
routes that ran via the Tswana
Limpopo River to the Indian Person Motswana
Ocean, and trade goods from
People Batswana
Asia such as beads made
their way to Botswana, most Language Setswana
likely in exchange for ivory, Country Botswana
gold and rhinoceros
horn.[39]
The 'Two Rhino' painting at Tsodilo,
a UNESCO World Heritage Site Toutswemogala Hill Iron Age
Settlement's radio-carbon dates
for this settlement range from
7th to late 19th century indicating occupation of more than one
thousand years. The hill was part of the formation of early states in
Southern Africa with cattle keeping as major source of economy.
Toutswe settlement include house-floors, large heaps of vitrified
cow-dung and burials while the outstanding structure is the stone
wall. There are large tracts of centaurs ciliaris, a type of grass which
has come to be associated with cattle-keeping settlements in South,
Central Africa. Around 700 CE, the Toutswe people moved
westward into Botswana and began an agricultural and pastoral
land tenure system based on sorghum and millet, and domesticated
Domboshaba Ruins Stone Wall
stock, respectively.[40] The site was situated in the centre of a
(top) and clay pottery plate
broader cultural area in Eastern Botswana and shares many
(bottom)
commonalities with other archaeological sites of this region, in
both ceramic production styles and also time frames inhabited.
Large structures were observed that contained vitrified remains of
animal dung, leading to the theory that these were animal enclosures and that Toutswemogala Hill
was thus a major centre of animal husbandry in the region.[40]

However, agriculture also played a vital role in the longevity of Toutswemogala Hill's extended
occupation, as many grain storage structures have also been found on the site. Many different
stratified layers of housing floors further signal continuous occupation over hundreds of years. The
arrival of the ancestors of the Tswana-speakers who came to control the region has yet to be dated
precisely. Members of the Bakwena, a chieftaincy under a legendary leader named Kgabo II, made
their way into the southern Kalahari by 1500 CE, at the latest, and his people drove the Bakgalagadi
inhabitants west into the desert. Over the years, several offshoots of the Bakwena moved into
adjoining territories. The Bangwaketse occupied areas to the west, while the Bangwato moved
northeast into formerly Kalanga areas.[41] Not long afterwards, a Bangwato offshoot known as the
Batawana migrated into the Okavango Delta, probably in the 1790s.[42]

Effects of the Mfecane and Batswana-Boer Wars

The first written records relating to modern-day Botswana

appear in 1824. What these records show is that the Bangwaketse
had become the predominant power in the region. Under the rule
of Makaba II, the Bangwaketse kept vast herds of cattle in well-
protected desert areas, and used their military prowess to raid
their neighbours.[43] Other chiefdoms in the area, by this time,
had capitals of 10,000 or so and were fairly prosperous.[44] This
equilibrium came to end during the Mfecane period, 1823–1843,
when a succession of invading peoples from South Africa entered
the country. Although the Bangwaketse were able to defeat the
invading Bakololo in 1826, over time all the major chiefdoms in
Botswana were attacked, weakened, and impoverished. The
German map of 1905 still showing
the undivided Bechuanaland area
Bakololo and AmaNdebele raided repeatedly and took large
numbers of cattle, women, and children from the Batswana—
most of whom were driven into the desert or sanctuary areas
such as hilltops and caves. Only after 1843, when the Amandebele moved into western Zimbabwe,
did this threat subside.[45]

During the 1840s and 1850s trade with Cape Colony-based merchants
opened up and enabled the Batswana chiefdoms to rebuild. The
Bakwena, Bangwaketse, Bangwato and Batawana cooperated to control
the lucrative ivory trade and then used the proceeds to import horses
and guns, which in turn enabled them to establish control over what is
now Botswana. This process was largely complete by 1880, and thus the
Bushmen, the Kalanga, the Bakgalagadi, and other current minorities
were subjugated by the Batswana.[46] The earliest known map of
Botswana dates from 1849, drawn by David Livingstone.[47]

Following the Great Trek, Afrikaners from the Cape Colony established
themselves on the borders of Botswana in the Transvaal. In 1852 a
coalition of Tswana chiefdoms led by Sechele I defeated Afrikaner
Sechele I who led a
incursions at the Battle of Dimawe and, after about eight years of
Batswana Merafe Coalition
intermittent tensions and hostilities, eventually came to a peace
against Boers in 1852
agreement in Potchefstroom in 1860. From that point on, the modern-
day border between South Africa and Botswana was agreed on, and the
Afrikaners and Batswana traded and worked together comparatively
peacefully.[48][49]

In 1884 Batawana, a northern based Tswana clan's cavalry under the command of Kgosi Moremi
fought and defeated the Ndebele's invasion of northern Botswana at the Battle of Khutiyabasadi.
This blow to the larger invading Ndebele force signalled the start of the collapse of the Ndebele
Kingdom in Zimbabwe and helped galvanise Tswana speaking authority of the area now making part
of northern Botswana.[50]
Due to newly peaceful conditions, trade thrived between 1860 and 1880. Taking advantage of this
were Christian missionaries. The Lutherans and the London Missionary Society both became
established in the country by 1856. By 1880, every major village had a resident missionary, and their
influence slowly became felt. Khama III (reigned 1875–1923) was the first of the Tswana chiefs to
make Christianity a state religion and changed a great deal of Tswana customary law as a result.
Christianity became the de facto official religion in all the chiefdoms by World War I.[51]

Colonialism and the Bechuanaland Protectorate

During the Scramble for Africa the territory of Botswana was

coveted by both the German Empire and Britain. During the
Berlin Conference, Britain decided to annex Botswana in order to
safeguard the Road to the North and thus connect the Cape
Colony to its territories further north. It unilaterally annexed
Tswana territories in January 1885 and then sent the Warren
Expedition north to consolidate control over the area and 3 Dikgosi Monument: Khama III,
convince the chiefs to accept British overrule. Despite their Sebele I & Bathoen I who
misgivings, they eventually acquiesced to this fait negotiated a Protectorate
accompli.[52][53]

In 1890 areas north of 22 degrees were added to the new Bechuanaland Protectorate. During the
1890s the new territory was divided into eight different reserves, with fairly small amounts of land
being left as freehold for white settlers. During the early 1890s, the British government decided to
hand over the Bechuanaland Protectorate to the British South Africa Company. This plan, which was
well on its way to fruition despite the entreaties of Tswana leaders who toured England in protest,
was eventually foiled by the failure of the Jameson Raid in January 1896.[54][55]

When the Union of South Africa was formed in 1910 from the
main British colonies in the region, the High Commission
Territories—the Bechuanaland Protectorate, Basutoland (now
Lesotho), and Swaziland (now Eswatini)—were not included, but
provision was made for their later incorporation. However, the
UK began to consult with their inhabitants as to their wishes.
Although successive South African governments sought to have
the territories transferred to their jurisdiction, the UK kept
delaying; consequently, it never occurred. The election of the
Nationalist government in 1948, which instituted apartheid, and Postage stamp of British-ruled
South Africa's withdrawal from the Commonwealth in 1961, Bechuanaland from 1960
ended any prospect of the UK or these territories agreeing to
incorporation into South Africa.[56]

An expansion of British central authority and the evolution of native government resulted in the
1920 establishment of two advisory councils to represent both Africans and Europeans.[57] The
African Council consisted of the eight heads of the Tswana tribes and some elected members.[57]
Proclamations in 1934 regulated tribal rule and powers. A European-African advisory council was
formed in 1951, and the 1961 constitution established a consultative legislative council.

Independence

In June 1964, the United Kingdom accepted proposals for a democratic self-government in
Botswana. An independence conference was held in London in February 1966.[58] The seat of
government was moved in 1965 from Mahikeng in South Africa, to the newly established Gaborone,
which is located near Botswana's border with South Africa. Based on the 1965 constitution, the
 country held its first general elections under universal suffrage
and gained independence on 30 September 1966.[59] Seretse
Khama, a leader in the independence movement and the
legitimate claimant to the Ngwato chiefship, was elected as the
first president, and subsequently re-elected twice.

Queen Elizabeth II, accompanied by Prince Philip, Duke of

Edinburgh and her son Prince Andrew, Duke of York, arrived in
Botswana during the fourth-leg tour of Africa on 25–27 July
Future presidents Quett Masire (left) 1979. During their visit, they were greeted by tribal dancers and a
and Seretse Khama (right) at 21-gun salute.
independence talks in London,
1965. Khama died in office in 1980. The presidency passed to the
sitting vice-president, Quett Masire, who was elected in his own
right in 1984 and re-elected in 1989 and 1994. Masire retired
from office in 1998. He was succeeded by Festus Mogae, who was elected in his own right in 1999
and re-elected in 2004. The presidency passed in 2008 to Ian Khama (son of the first president),
who had been serving as Mogae's vice-president since resigning his position in 1998 as Commander
of the Botswana Defence Force to take up this civilian role. On 1 April 2018 Mokgweetsi Eric
Keabetswe Masisi was sworn in as the fifth president of Botswana, succeeding Ian Khama. He
represents the Botswana Democratic Party, which has also won a majority in every parliamentary
election since independence. All the previous presidents have also represented the same party.[60]

A long-running dispute over the northern border with Namibia's Caprivi Strip was the subject of a
ruling by the International Court of Justice in December 1999. It ruled that Kasikili Island belongs to
Botswana.[61]

In 2014, the Okavango Delta of Botswana, the largest inland delta in the world, was inscribed as the
1,000th World Heritage Site.

In the 1970s, Botswana held a reputation of being one the world's principal producers of
diamonds.[62] This reputation has held into the modern day as Botswana's diamond mining industry
is among the world's largest.[63][64] Botswana's Jwaneng mine in particular is the world's richest.[65]

Geography
At 581,730 km2 (224,607 sq mi) Botswana is the world's 48th-
largest country. It is similar in size to Madagascar or France. It
lies between latitudes 17° and 27° south, and longitudes 20° and
30° east.

Botswana is predominantly flat, tending towards gently rolling

tableland. Botswana is dominated by the Kalahari Desert, which
covers up to 70% of its land surface. The Okavango Delta, one of
the world's largest inland river deltas, is in the north-west. The
Makgadikgadi Pan, a large salt pan, lies in the north.

The Limpopo River Basin, the major landform of all of southern

Africa, lies partly in Botswana, with the basins of its tributaries, Botswana map of Köppen climate
the Notwane, Bonwapitse, Mahalapye, Lotsane, Motloutse and classification
the Shashe, located in the eastern part of the country. The
Notwane provides water to the capital through the Gaborone
Dam. The Chobe River lies to the north, providing a boundary between Botswana and Namibia's
Zambezi Region. The Chobe River meets with the Zambezi River at a place called Kazungula
(meaning a small sausage tree, a point where Sebitwane and his Makololo tribe crossed the Zambezi
into Zambia).

Biodiversity and conservation

Botswana has diverse areas of wildlife habitat. In addition to the

delta and desert areas, there are grasslands and savannas, where
blue wildebeest, antelopes, and other mammals and birds are
found. Northern Botswana has one of the few remaining large
populations of the endangered African wild dog. Chobe National
Park, found in the Chobe District, has the world's largest
concentration of African elephants. The park covers about
11,000 km2 (4,247 sq mi) and supports about 350 species of
Zebras roaming the Okavango
birds.
Basin
The Chobe National Park and Moremi Game Reserve (in the
Okavango Delta) are major tourist destinations. Other reserves
include the Central Kalahari Game Reserve located in the Kalahari Desert in Ghanzi District;
Makgadikgadi Pans National Park and Nxai Pan National Park are in Central District in the
Makgadikgadi Pan. Mashatu Game Reserve is privately owned, located at the confluence of the
Shashe and Limpopo Rivers in eastern Botswana. The other privately owned reserve is Mokolodi
Nature Reserve near Gaborone. There are also specialised sanctuaries like Khama Rhino Sanctuary
(for rhinoceros) and Makgadikgadi Sanctuary (for flamingos). They are both located in Central
District.

Botswana faces two major environmental problems, drought and

desertification, which are heavily linked. Three-quarters of the
country's human and animal populations depend on groundwater
due to drought. Groundwater use through deep borehole drilling
has somewhat eased the effects of drought. Surface water is scarce
in Botswana and less than 5% of the agriculture in the country is
sustainable by rainfall. In the remaining 95% of the country, raising
livestock is the primary source of rural income. Approximately 71%
of the country's land is used for communal grazing, which has been
a major cause of the desertification and the accelerating soil
erosion of the country.[66]

Since raising livestock has been profitable for the people of

Botswana, they continue to exploit the land with dramatically
increasing numbers of animals. From 1966 to 1991, the livestock
population grew from 1.7 million to 5.5 million.[66]: 64 Similarly, the The Okavango Delta (top).
human population has increased from 574,000 in 1971 to 1.5 Giraffe crossing a road (bottom).
million in 1995, a 161% increase in 24 years. Over 50% of all
households in Botswana own cattle, which is currently the largest
single source of rural income. Rangeland degradation or desertification is regarded as the reduction
in land productivity as a result of overstocking and overgrazing, or as a result of veld product
gathering for commercial use. Degradation is exacerbated by the effects of drought and climate
change.[66]

Environmentalists report that the Okavango Delta is drying up due to the increased grazing of
livestock.[67] The Okavango Delta is one of the major semi-forested wetlands in Botswana and one of
the largest inland deltas in the world; it is a crucial ecosystem to the survival of many animals.[67]
The Department of Forestry and Range Resources has already begun to implement a project to
reintroduce indigenous vegetation into communities in Kgalagadi South, Kweneng North and
Boteti.[68] Reintroduction of indigenous vegetation will help reduce the degradation of the land. The
United States Government has also entered into an agreement with Botswana, giving them US$7
million to reduce Botswana's debt by US$8.3 million. The stipulation of the US reducing Botswana's
debt is that Botswana will focus on more extensive conservation of the land.[67] The country had a
2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 9.13/10, ranking it 8th globally out of 172
countries.[69]

The United Nations Development Programme claims that poverty is a major problem behind the
overexploitation of resources, including land, in Botswana. To help change this the UNDP joined in
with a project started in the southern community of Struizendam in Botswana. The purpose of the
project is to draw from "indigenous knowledge and traditional land management systems". The
leaders of this movement are supposed to be the people in the community, to draw them in, in turn
increasing their possibilities to earn an income and thus decreasing poverty. The UNDP also stated
that the government has to effectively implement policies to allow people to manage their own local
resources and are giving the government information to help with policy development.[70]

Government and politics

Botswana is a parliamentary republic governed by the Constitution of
Botswana,[71] and it is the longest uninterrupted democracy in
Africa.[72] Its seat of government is in Gaborone.[73] Botswana's
governing institutions were established after it became an independent
nation in 1966. Botswana's governmental structure is based on both the
Westminster system of the United Kingdom and the tribal governments
of the Tswana people.[71] Botswana has a centralised government in
which national law supersedes local law.[74] Local laws are developed by
local councils and district councils.[75] They are heavily influenced by
tribal governments, which are led by the tribe's chief.[75]

The Parliament of Botswana consists of the National Assembly, which

serves as the nation's formal legislature, and the Ntlo ya Dikgosi, an Mokgweetsi Masisi has
advisory body made up of tribal chiefs and other appointed been the President of
members.[76] Botswana's executive branch is led by the President of Botswana since 2019.
Botswana, who serves as both the head of state and head of
government.[71] The members of parliament choose the president,[77]
and the president then appoints the Vice-President and the members of the Cabinet.[78] The
president has significant power in Botswana, and the legislature has little power to check the
president once appointed.[77][79] The judiciary includes the High Court of Botswana, the Court of
Appeal, and Magistrates' Courts.[80] Cases are often settled by customary courts with tribal chiefs
presiding.[75]

Elections in Botswana are held every five years and overseen by the Independent Electoral
Commission (IEC).[81] Botswana operates a multi-party system in which many political parties
compete in elections,[72] but it is effectually a dominant-party state in which the Botswana
Democratic Party has ruled with a majority government since independence.[82][83] The nation's
elections are recognised as free and fair, but the ruling party has institutional advantages that other
parties do not.[81][84] Factionalism is common within Botswana's political parties, and several
groups have formed new parties by splitting from established ones.[72] Since 2019, the Umbrella for
Democratic Change has operated as a coalition of opposition parties.[85] The most recent election
was held in 2019, with the Botswana Democratic Party maintaining its majority and Mokgweetsi
Masisi being re-elected president.[86]
In Botswana's early years, its politics were managed by President Seretse Khama and Vice-President
(later president) Quett Masire.[87] Since the Kgabo Commission in 1991, factionalism and political
rivalries have dominated Botswana politics. The Barata-Phathi faction was led by Peter Mmusi,
Daniel Kwelagobe, and Ponatshego Kedikilwe, while the A-Team faction was led by Mompati
Merafhe and Jacob Nkate.[88][89] When Festus Mogae and Ian Khama became president and vice-
president, respectively, they aligned with the A-Team. Khama effectively expelled the A-Team from
the party in 2010 after he became president.[89] A new rivalry formed in 2018 when Khama's chosen
successor, Mokgweetsi Masisi, became president. He opposed Khama, and the two formed a political
rivalry that looms over Batswana politics in the 2020s.[90]

Foreign relations and military

At the time of independence, Botswana had no armed forces. It

was only after the Rhodesian and South African armies attacked
the Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army and Umkhonto we
Sizwe[91] bases respectively that the Botswana Defence Force
(BDF) was formed in 1977.[92] The president is commander-in-
chief of the armed forces and appoints a defence council and the
Botswana soldiers board a BDF currently consists of roughly 60,000 servicemen. In 2019,
Botswana Defence Force plane to Botswana signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear
Mozambique, July 2021. Weapons.[93]

Following political changes in South Africa and the region, the

BDF's missions have increasingly focused on prevention of poaching, preparing for disasters, and
foreign peacekeeping. The United States has been the largest single foreign contributor to the
development of the BDF, and a large segment of its officer corps have received U.S. training. The
Botswana government gave the United States permission to explore the possibility of establishing an
Africa Command (AFRICOM) base in the country.[94]

Human rights

Many of the indigenous San people have been forcibly relocated from their land to reservations. To
make them relocate, they were denied access to water on their land and faced arrest if they hunted,
which was their primary source of food.[95] Their lands lie in the middle of the world's richest
diamond field. Officially, the government denies that there is any link to mining and claims the
relocation is to preserve the wildlife and ecosystem, even though the San people have lived
sustainably on the land for millennia.[95] On the reservations they struggle to find employment, and
alcoholism is rampant.[95] On 24 August 2018 the UN Special Rapporteur on Minorities, Fernand de
Varennes, issued a statement calling on Botswana "to step up efforts to recognise and protect the
rights of minorities in relation to public services, land and resource use and the use of minority
languages in education and other critical areas."

Botswana was ranked as a "flawed democracy" and 30th out of 167 states in the 2021 Democracy
Index (The Economist), higher than Italy and Belgium, and just below the Czech Republic. This was
the second highest rating in Africa, and highest ranking in continental Africa (only the offshore
island nation of Mauritius bested its ranking). According to 2023 V-Dem Democracy indices
Botswana ranks as 75th electoral democracy worldwide and 12th electoral democracy in Africa.
According to Transparency International, Botswana is the least corrupt country in Africa and ranks
just below Portugal and South Korea.[96]

Until June 2019, homosexual acts were illegal in Botswana. A Botswana High Court decision of 11
June of that year struck down provisions in the Criminal Code that punished "carnal knowledge of
any person against the order of nature" and "acts of gross indecency", making Botswana one of
twenty-two African countries that have either decriminalised or legalised homosexual acts.[97]

Capital punishment is a legal penalty for murder in Botswana, and executions are carried out by
hanging.[98]

The Botswana Centre for Human Rights, Ditshwanelo, was established in 1993.[99]

Administrative divisions

Botswana's ten districts are:

Southern District
South-East District
Kweneng District
Kgatleng District
Central District
North-East District
Ngamiland District
Kgalagadi District
Chobe District
Ghanzi District The districts of Botswana. The
appropriate article can be found by
Botswana's councils created from urban or town councils are: clicking over the district. City districts
Gaborone City, Francistown, Lobatse Town, Selebi-Phikwe are not shown.
Town, Jwaneng Town, Orapa Town and Sowa Township.

Economy
Since independence, Botswana has had one of the fastest growth rates in per capita income in the
world.[100] Botswana has transformed itself from one of the poorest countries in the world to an
upper middle-income country. GDP per capita grew from $1,344 in 1950 to $15,015 in 2016.[101]
Although Botswana was resource-abundant, a good institutional framework allowed the country to
reinvest resource-income in order to generate stable future income.[102] By one estimate, it has the
fourth highest gross national income at purchasing power parity in Africa, giving it a standard of
living around that of Mexico.[103]

The Ministry of Trade and Industry of Botswana (https://web.ar

chive.org/web/20130823203723/http://www.mti.gov.bw/) is
responsible for promoting business development throughout the
country. According to the International Monetary Fund,
economic growth averaged over 9% per year from 1966 to 1999.
Botswana has a high level of economic freedom compared to
other African countries.[104] The government has maintained a
sound fiscal policy, despite consecutive budget deficits in 2002
and 2003, and a negligible level of foreign debt. It earned the
highest sovereign credit rating in Africa and has stockpiled GDP per capita of Botswana, 1950
foreign exchange reserves (over $7 billion in 2005/2006) to 2018
amounting to almost two and a half years of current imports.[105]

The constitution provides for an independent judiciary, and the government respects this in practice.
The legal system is sufficient to conduct secure commercial dealings, although a serious and growing
backlog of cases prevents timely trials. The protection of intellectual property rights has improved
significantly. Botswana is ranked second only to South Africa
among sub-Saharan Africa countries in the 2014 International
Property Rights Index.[106]

While generally open to foreign participation in its economy,

Botswana reserves some sectors for citizens. Increased foreign
investment plays a significant role in the privatisation of state-
owned enterprises. Investment regulations are transparent, and
bureaucratic procedures are streamlined and open, although
GDP per capita (current), % of world
somewhat slow. Investment returns such as profits and
average, 1960–2012; Zimbabwe,
dividends, debt service, capital gains, returns on intellectual South Africa, Botswana, Zambia,
property, royalties, franchise's fees, and service fees can be Mozambique
repatriated without limits.

Botswana imports refined petroleum products and electricity from South Africa. There is some
domestic production of electricity from coal.

Energy

Energy in Botswana is a growing industry with tremendous potential. However almost all
Botswana's electricity is generated from coal.[107] No petroleum reserves have been identified and all
petroleum products are imported refined, mostly from South Africa. There is extensive woody
biomass from 3 to 10t / hectare.

Recently, the country has taken a large interest in renewable energy sources and has completed a
comprehensive strategy that may attract investors in the wind, solar and biomass renewable energy
industries. Botswana's power stations include Morupule Power Stations B(600 MW), and A (132
MW),[108] Orapa Power Station (90 MW) and Phakalane Power Station (1.3 MW).

The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) undertook an evaluation of the national
energy sector in 2021 and found that Botswana could meet 15% of its energy needs in 2030 from its
indigenous solar, wind, and bioenergy resources.[109][110]

Transport

During SONA 2020 summit it was announced that Botswana has a network of roads, of varied
quality and capacity, totalling about 31,747 kilometres (19,727 mi). Of these, 20,000 kilometres
(12,000 mi) are paved (this is including 134 kilometres (83 mi) of motorways.[111] The remaining
11,747 kilometres (7,299 mi) worth are unpaved. Road distances are shown in kilometres and speed
limits are indicated in kilometres per hour (kph) or by the use of the national speed limit (NSL)
symbol. Some vehicle categories have various lower maximum limits enforced by speed limits, for
example trucks.[112]

Finance

An array of financial institutions populates the country's financial system, with pension funds and
commercial banks being the two most important segments by asset size. Banks remain profitable,
well-capitalised, and liquid, as a result of growing national resources and high interest rates.[113] The
Bank of Botswana serves as a central bank. The country's currency is the Botswana pula.

Botswana's competitive banking system is one of Africa's most advanced. Generally adhering to
global standards in the transparency of financial policies and banking supervision, the financial
sector provides ample access to credit for entrepreneurs. The Capital Bank opened in 2008.[114] As of
August 2015, there are a dozen licensed banks in the country.[115] The government is involved in
banking through state-owned financial institutions and a special financial incentives programme
that is aimed at increasing Botswana's status as a financial centre. Credit is allocated on market
terms, although the government provides subsidised loans. Reform of non-bank financial
institutions has continued in recent years, notably through the establishment of a single financial
regulatory agency that provides more effective supervision.[116] The government has abolished
exchange controls, and with the resulting creation of new portfolio investment options, the
Botswana Stock Exchange is growing.[117]

Gemstones and precious metals

In Botswana, the Department of Mines[118] and Mineral Resources, Green Technology and Energy
Security[119] led by Hon Sadique Kebonang in Gaborone, maintains data regarding mining
throughout the country. Debswana, the largest diamond mining company operating in Botswana, is
50% owned by the government.[120] The mineral industry provides about 40% of all government
revenues.[121] In 2007, significant quantities of uranium were discovered, and mining was projected
to begin by 2010. Several international mining corporations have established regional headquarters
in Botswana, and prospected for diamonds, gold, uranium, copper, and even oil, many coming back
with positive results. Government announced in early 2009 that they would try to shift their
economic dependence on diamonds, over serious concern that diamonds are predicted to dry out in
Botswana over the next twenty years.

Botswana's Orapa mine is the largest diamond mine in the world in terms of value and quantity of
carats produced annually.[122] Estimated to have produced over 11 million carats in 2013, with an
average price of $145/carat, the Orapa mine was estimated to produce over $1.6 billion worth of
diamonds in 2013.[123]

Creative industries

Increasing importance is being given to the economic contribution of the creative industries to
national economies. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
recompiles statistics about the export and import of goods and services related to the creative
industries.[124] The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) has assisted in the preparation
of national studies measuring the size of over 50 copyright industries around the world.[125]
According to the WIPO compiled data, the national contribution of creative industries varies from
2% to 11% depending on the country.

Using the WIPO-framework, the Companies and Intellectual Property Authority(CIPA) and the
Botswana Institute for Development Policy Analysis were published by a sector-specific study in
2019.[126] In 2016, copyright industries contributed 5.46% to value-added and 2.66% to the total
labour force, 1.28% to exports, and 3.47% to imports.

Demographics
As of 2012, the Tswana are the majority ethnic group in Botswana, making up Population in
approximately 79% of the population, followed by Kalanga at 11% and the San Botswana[127][128]
(Basarwa) at 3%. The remaining 7% is made up of White Batswana/European
Year Million
Batswana,[129] Indians,[2] and a number of other smaller Southern African ethnic
groups. 1950 0.4

2000 1.7
2020 2.4
Native groups include the Bayei, Bambukushu, Basubia, Baherero and Bakgalagadi. The Indian
minority is made up of both recent migrants and descendants of Indian migrants who arrived from
Mozambique, Kenya, Tanzania, Mauritius and South Africa.

Since 2000, because of deteriorating economic conditions in

Zimbabwe, the number of Zimbabweans in Botswana has risen
into the tens of thousands.[130] Fewer than 10,000 San people
are still living their traditional hunter-gatherer way of life. Since
the mid-1990s the central government of Botswana has been
trying to move San out of their historic lands.[131]

James Anaya, as the Special Rapporteur on the situation of

human rights and fundamental freedoms of indigenous people
Population pyramid 2016 for the United Nations in 2010, described loss of land as a major
contributor to many of the problems facing Botswana's
indigenous people, citing the San's eviction from the Central
Kalahari Game Reserve (CKGR)[132] as a special example.[133]: 2 Among Anaya's recommendations in
a report to the United Nations Human Rights Council was that development programs should
promote, in consultation with indigenous communities such as the San and Bakgalagadi people,
activities in harmony with the culture of those communities such as traditional hunting and
gathering activities.[133]: 19

Largest cities or towns in Botswana

Census Botswana 2022[134]
Rank Name District Pop. Rank Name District Pop.
South-
1 Gaborone 246,325 11 Kanye Southern 48,028
East
North- Selibe
2 Francistown 103,417 12 Central 42,488
East Phikwe
3 Mogoditshane Kweneng 88,006 13 Letlhakane Central 36,338
North- South-
4 Maun 84,993 14 Ramotswa 33,271
Gaborone West East
South-
5 Molepolole Kweneng 74,674 15 Lobatse 29,772
East
6 Serowe Central 55,676 16 Mmopane Kweneng 25,345 Maun
South-
7 Tlokweng 55,508 17 Thamaga Kweneng 25,297
East
Francistown 8 Palapye Central 52,636 18 Moshupa Southern 23,858
9 Mochudi Kgatleng 50,317 19 Tonota Central 23,296
10 Mahalapye Central 48,431 20 Bobonong Central 21,216

Languages

The official language of Botswana is English, while Languages of Botswana

Languages Per cent
Setswana is widely spoken across the country.[1] In
Setswana 77.3%
Setswana, prefixes are more important than they are
Sekalanga 7.4%
in many other languages, since Setswana is a Bantu Shekgalagadi 3.4%
language and has noun classes denoted by these English 2.8%
prefixes. They include Bo, which refers to the country, Sesarwa 1.7%
Ba, which refers to the people, Mo, which is one Sembukushu 1.6%
person, and Se which is the language. For example, Ndebele 1.0%
the main ethnic group of Botswana is the Tswana Seherero 1.0%
Afrikaans 0.4%
Sesubiya 0.3%
people, hence the name Botswana for its country. The Seyeyi 0.2%
people as a whole are Batswana, one person is a Other Asian 0.4%
Motswana, and the language they speak is Setswana. Other European 0.4%
Other African 0.1%
Other languages spoken in Botswana include Kalanga Other 0.1%
(Sekalanga), Sarwa (Sesarwa), Ndebele, Kgalagadi,
Tswapong, !Xóõ, Yeyi, and, in some parts, Afrikaans.

Religion

An estimated 77% of the country's citizens identify as Religion in Botswana (Pew Research)[135]
Christians. Anglicans, Methodists, and the United per
religion
cent
Congregational Church of Southern Africa make up the Protestant 66%
majority of Christians. There are also congregations of Atheist 20%
Lutherans, Baptists, Roman Catholics, The Church of Catholic 7%
Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the Dutch Reformed Folk 6%
Church, Mennonites, Seventh-day Adventists, Jehovah's Other 1%
Witnesses and Serbian Orthodox in the country.
According to the 2001 census, the nation has around
5,000 Muslims (mainly from South Asia), 3,000 Hindus, and 700 of the Baháʼí Faith.
Approximately 20% of citizens identify with no religion.

Culture

Literature and cinema

Botswana literature belongs somewhere in the strong African literary writing circles. African
literature is known for its consciousness and didactic writing styles. Writing as an art form has
existed in Botswana for a long while, from the rock painting era — especially in the Tsodilo Hills,
known to be 20,000 years old — to the present day, with the movie production of The No.1 Ladies
Detective Agency, based on a series of more than 20 novels set in Botswana.

In recent times and to date Botswana has seen a remarkable

appearance of distinguished writers whose genres range from
historical, political and witty story writing. Prominent amongst
these are the South African-born Bessie Head, who settled in
Serowe; Andrew Sesinyi; Barolong Seboni (whose works include
Images of the Sun, Screams and Pleas, Lovesongs, Windsongs of
the Kgalagadi and Lighting the Fire, and several other
publications that include a play, Sechele I, and Setswana Riddles
Translated into English); Unity Dow, Galesiti Baruti; Caitlin
Davies; Lauri Kubuetsile; Albert Malikongwa; Toro Mositi; and
Moteane Melamu.[136]
Unity Dow, author of Far and
Most of Bessie Head's important works are set in Serowe. When
Beyon', The Screaming of the
Rain Clouds Gather (1968), Maru (1971), and A Question of
Innocent, and Heavens May Fall
Power (1973) all have this setting. The three are also
autobiographical; When Rain Clouds Gather is based on her
experience living on a development farm, Maru incorporates her experience of being considered
racially inferior, and A Question of Power draws on her understanding of what it was like to
experience acute psychological distress. Head also published a number of short stories, including the
collection The Collector of Treasures (1977). She published a book on the history of Serowe, Serowe:
Village of the Rainwind. Her last novel, A Bewitched Crossroad (1984), is historical, set in 19th-
century Botswana. She had also written a story of two prophets, one wealthy and one who lived
poorly, called Jacob: The Faith-Healing Priest.[137][138]

The 1981 comedy The Gods Must Be Crazy was set in Botswana and became a major international
hit; 2000's Disney production Whispers: An Elephant's Tale was filmed in Botswana. In 2009, parts
of M. Saravanan's Tamil-language Indian action film Ayan were filmed in Botswana.

The critically acclaimed A United Kingdom, about the real-life love story of Seretse Khama and Ruth
Williams, was filmed partly between Botswana and London, and was released internationally in
2016.[139]

Media

There are six television stations in Botswana, one of which is state-owned (Botswana TV), along with
Now TV, Khuduga HD, Maru TV, Access TV and EBotswana. There are five local radio stations (RB1,
RB2, Duma FM, Gabz FM, and Yarona FM) and thirteen newspapers (Mmegi, Sunday Standard,
The Telegraph, Business Weekly, The Botswana Gazette, The Voice, The Guardian, Echo, Botswana
People's Daily, DailyNews, Tswana Times, Weekend Post, and The Monitor) that publish regularly.

Music

Botswana's music is mostly vocal and performed, sometimes

without drums depending on the occasion; it also makes heavy use
of string instruments. Botswana folk music has instruments such as
setinkane (a sort of miniature piano), segankure/segaba (a
Botswanan version of the Chinese instrument erhu), moropa
(meropa -plural) (many varieties of drums), phala (a whistle used
mostly during celebrations, which comes in a variety of forms).
Botswanan cultural musical instruments are not confined only to
the strings or drums. The hands are used as musical instruments
too, by either clapping them together or against phathisi (goat skin
turned inside out wrapped around the calf area, only used by men)
to create music and rhythm. For the last few decades, the guitar has
been celebrated as a versatile music instrument for Tswana music
as it offers a variety in string which the segaba instrument does not
have. The national anthem is "Fatshe leno la rona". Written and
composed by Kgalemang Tumediso Motsete, it was adopted upon Folklore Musician Sereetsi (top)
& traditional basket (bottom)
independence in 1966.[140][141][142]

Visual arts

In the northern part of Botswana, women in the villages of Etsha and Gumare are noted for their
skill at crafting baskets from Mokola Palm and local dyes. The baskets are generally woven into three
types: large, lidded baskets used for storage, large, open baskets for carrying objects on the head or
for winnowing threshed grain, and smaller plates for winnowing pounded grain. The artistry of these
baskets is being steadily enhanced through colour use and improved designs as they are increasingly
produced for international markets.[143]
The oldest paintings from both Botswana and South Africa depict hunting, animal and human
figures, and were made by the Khoisan (!Kung San/Bushmen) over twenty thousand years ago
within the Kalahari Desert.

Food

The cuisine of Botswana mostly includes meat as Botswana is a cattle country. The national dish is
seswaa, pounded meat made from goat meat or beef, Segwapa dried, cured meat ranging from beef
to game meats & the cut may also vary, either fillets of meat cut into strips following the grain of the
muscle, or flat pieces sliced across the grain. Botswana's cuisine shares some characteristics with
other cuisine of Southern Africa.

Examples of Botswana food are: Bogobe, pap (maize porridge), boerewors, samp, Magwinya (fried
dough bread) and mopane worms. Porridge (bogobe) is made by putting sorghum, maize, or millet
flour into boiling water, stirring into a soft paste, and cooking it slowly. A dish called ting is made
when the sorghum or maize is fermented, and milk and sugar added. Without the milk and sugar,
ting is sometimes eaten with meat or vegetables as lunch or dinner. Another way of making bogobe
is to add sour milk and a cooking melon (lerotse). This dish is called tophi by the Kalanga tribe.
Madila is a traditional fermented milk product similar to yogurt or sour cream.[144]

Many different kinds of beans are grown, including cowpeas, ditloo, and letlhodi. Some vegetables
grow in the wild and are available seasonally including thepe and Delele (okra). Many fruits are
locally available, including marula. Watermelons, believed to have come originally from Botswana,
are plentiful in season. Another kind of melon, called lerotse or lekatane, is also grown. Some kinds
of wild melon found in sandy desert areas are an important food and water source for the people
who live in those areas. Kgalagadi Breweries Limited produces the national beer, St. Louis Lager,
Botswana's first and only local beer brand that has also been a part of Botswana's rich history since
1989, and non-alcoholic beverage Keone Mooka Mageu, a traditional fermented porridge.

Sports

Football is the most popular sport in Botswana, with

qualification for the 2012 Africa Cup of Nations being the
national team's highest achievement to date. Other popular
sports are softball, cricket, tennis, rugby, badminton, handball,
golf, and track and field.[145][146] Botswana is an associate
member of the International Cricket Council. Botswana became a
Francistown Stadium member of The International Badminton Federation and Africa
Badminton Federation in 1991. The Botswana Golf Union has an
amateur golf league in which golfers compete in tournaments
and championships. Botswana won the country's first Olympic medal in 2012 when runner Nijel
Amos won silver in the 800 metres. In 2011, Amantle Montsho became world champion in the 400
metres and won Botswana's first athletics medal at the world level. High jumper Kabelo Kgosiemang
is a three-time African champion, Isaac Makwala is a sprinter who specialises in the 400 metres, he
was the gold medalist at the Commonwealth Games in 2018, Baboloki Thebe was a silver medalist in
the 200 metres at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics and reached the semi-finals at the 2014 World
Junior Championships in Athletics, and Ross Branch Ross, a motor-biker, holds the number one
plate in the South African Cross Country Championship and has competed at the Dakar Rally. Letsile
Tebogo set the world junior record in the 100 metres with a time of 9.94 at the 2022 World Athletics
Championships.

On 7 August 2021 Botswana won the bronze medal in the Men's 4 × 400 metres relay at the
Olympics in Tokyo.
The card game bridge has a strong following; it was first played in Botswana around 40 years ago,
and it grew in popularity during the 1980s. Many British expatriate schoolteachers informally taught
the game in Botswana's secondary schools. The Botswana Bridge Federation (BBF) was founded in
1988 and continues to organise tournaments. Bridge has remained popular and the BBF has over
800 members.[147] In 2007 the BBF invited the English Bridge Union to host a week-long teaching
programme in May 2008.[148]

Education
Botswana has made great strides in educational development
since independence in 1966. At that time there were very few
graduates in the country and only a very small percentage of the
population attended secondary school. Botswana increased its
adult literacy rate from 69% in 1991 to 83% in 2008.[149] Among
sub-Saharan African countries, Botswana has one of the highest
literacy rates.[150] According to The World Factbook - Central
Intelligence Agency as of 2015, 88.5% of the population age 15
and over could read and write and were respectively literate.[150]
Physicist in a lab at Botswana
With the discovery of diamonds and the increase in government International University of Science
revenue that this brought, there was a huge increase in and Technology
educational provision in the country. All students were
guaranteed ten years of basic education, leading to a Junior
Certificate qualification. Approximately half of the school population attends a further two years of
secondary schooling leading to the award of the Botswana General Certificate of Secondary
Education (BGCSE). Secondary education in Botswana is neither free nor compulsory.

After leaving school, students can attend one of the seven technical colleges in the country, or take
vocational training courses in teaching or nursing. Students enter the University of Botswana,
Botswana University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Botswana International University of
Science and Technology and the Botswana Accountancy College in Gaborone. Many other students
end up in the numerous private tertiary education colleges around the country. Notable among these
is Botho University (https://web.archive.org/web/20130904150159/http://www.bothocollege.ac.b
w/), the country's first private university which offers undergraduate programs in Accounting,
Business and Computing. Another international university is the Limkokwing University of Creative
Technology which offers various associate degrees in Creative Arts.[151] Other tertiary institutions
include Ba Isago (https://web.archive.org/web/20130812002117/http://www.baisago.co.bw/),
ABM University College the largest school of business and management, New Era (http://www.newe
racollege.ac.bw/), Gaborone Institute of Professional Studies (https://web.archive.org/web/201203
28065146/http://www.gips.ac.bw/gips.php), Gaborone University College of Law And Professional
Studies (http://www.guc.ac.bw/) etc. Tremendous strides in providing quality education have been
made by private education providers such that a large number of the best students in the country are
now applying to them as well. A vast majority of these students are government sponsored. The
nation's second international university, the Botswana International University of Science and
Technology, was completed in Palapye in 2011.

The quantitative gains have not always been matched by qualitative ones. Primary schools in
particular still lack resources, and the teachers are less well paid than their secondary school
colleagues. The Botswana Ministry of Education[152] is working to establish libraries in primary
schools in partnership with the African Library Project.[153] The Government of Botswana hopes that
by investing a large part of national income in education, the country will become less dependent on
diamonds for its economic survival, and less dependent on expatriates for its skilled workers.[154]
Those objectives are in part pursued through policies in favour of vocational education, gathered
within the NPVET (National Policy on Vocational Education and Training), aiming to "integrate the
different types of vocational education and training into one comprehensive system".[154] Botswana
invests 21% of its government spending in education.[149]

In January 2006, Botswana announced the reintroduction of school fees after two decades of free
state education[155] though the government still provides full scholarships with living expenses to
any Botswana citizen in university, either at the University of Botswana or if the student wishes to
pursue an education in any field not offered locally, they are provided with a full scholarship to study
abroad.

Science and technology

Botswana is planning to use science and technology to diversify

its economy and thereby reduce its dependence on diamond
mining. To this end, the government has set up six hubs since
2008, in the agriculture, diamonds, innovation, transport, health
and education sectors.[156]

Botswana published its updated National Policy on Research, Deaftronics Solar Powered Hearing
Science and Technology in 2011, within a UNESCO project Aid
sponsored by the Spanish Agency for International Cooperation
and Development (AECID). This policy aims to take up the
challenges of rapid technological evolution, globalisation and the achievement of the national
development goals formulated in high-level strategic documents that include Botswana's Tenth
National Development Plan to 2016 and Vision 2016.[156] The National Policy on Research, Science,
Technology and Innovation (2011) fixes the target of raising gross domestic expenditure on research
and development (R&D) from 0.26% of GDP in 2012 to over 2% of GDP by 2016. This target can
only be reached within the specified time frame by raising public spending on R&D.[156]

Despite the modest level of financial investment in research,

Botswana counts one of the highest researcher densities in sub-
Saharan Africa: 344 per million inhabitants (in head counts),
compared to an average of 91 per million inhabitants for the
subcontinent in 2013.[156] Botswana was ranked 85th in the
Global Innovation Index in 2023.[157][158]

In 2009, Botswana-based company Deaftronics launched a solar-

powered hearing aid after six years of prototype development.
Since then, Deaftronics has sold over 10,000 of the hearing aids.
Priced at $200 per unit, each hearing aid includes four
rechargeable batteries (lasting up to three years) and a solar
Cubesat miniaturized satellite charger for them. The product is inexpensive compared to many
similar devices, that can start from around $600.[159][160]

In 2011, Botswana's Department of Agricultural Research (DAR) unveiled Musi cattle, designed to
ultimately optimise the overall efficiency for beef production under Botswana conditions. A hybrid of
Tswana, Bonsmara, Brahman, Tuli and Simmental breeds,[161] it is hoped that the composite will
lead to increased beef production. The objective of the research was to find a genetic material that
could perform like crossbreeds already found in Botswana and well above the indigenous Tswana
breed while retaining the hardiness and adaptability of the native stock in one package.[162]

In 2016, the Botswana Institute of Technology Research and Innovation (BITRI) developed a rapid
testing kit for foot-and-mouth disease in collaboration with the Botswana Vaccine Institute and
Canadian Food Inspection Agency. The existing diagnostic methods required highly trained
laboratory personnel and special equipment, which caused delays in the implementation of control
procedures; whereas the kit developed in Botswana allows for on-site diagnosis to be made.[163]

The Square Kilometre Array (SKA) (MeerKAT) will consist of

thousands of dishes and antennas spread over large distances
linked together to form one giant telescope. Additional dishes will
be located in eight other African countries Botswana among them.
Botswana was selected to participate because of its ideal location in
the southern hemisphere and environment, which could enable
easier data collection from the universe. Botswana government has
built SKA precursor telescope at Kgale View, called the African
Very Long Base Line Interferometry Network (AVN) & sent student
on Astronomy scholarships.[164]

Botswana launched its own 3-year programme to build & launch a

Micro Satellite (CubeSat) Botswana Satellite Technology (Sat-1
Project) in Gaborone on 18 December 2020. The development of
the satellite will be led by Botswana International University of
Science and Technology (BIUST) with technical support from
University of Oulu in Finland and Loon, a giant leap forward in the
Botswana Innovation Hub Under
realisation of Botswana's ambition to become a technologically
Construction
driven economy. The satellite, which will be used for earth
observation, will generate data for smart farming and real-time
virtual tourism. Furthermore, it will help us predict and forecast
harvest time through the use of robotics and automated technology.[165][166]

In the IT sector in 2016 a firm, Almaz, opened a first-of-its-kind computer assembly

company.[167][168] Ditec, a Botswana company, also customises, designs and manufactures mobile
phones. Ditec is one of the leading experts in design, development and customisation of Microsoft
powered devices.[169]

On 19 November 2021 scientists at the Botswana Harvard HIV Reference Laboratory (BHHRL) first
discovered the variant Omicron subsequently designated B.1.1.529, and then named "Omicron"
becoming the first country in the world to discover the variant. Since early 2021, they have genome-
sequenced some 2,300 positive SARS-CoV-2 virus samples. According to Dr Gaseitsiwe, Botswana's
genome sequence submissions to GISAID are among the highest in the African region on a per capita
basis, on a par with its well-resourced neighbour South Africa. Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute
Partnership (BHP) was built in 2003, two years after the umbrella organisation opened the BHHRL,
its purpose-built HIV research lab and one of the first on the continent.[170]

Infrastructure
Botswana has 971 kilometres (603 mi) of railway lines, 18,482 kilometres (11,484 mi) of roads, and
92 airports, of which 12 have paved runways. The paved road network has almost entirely been
constructed since independence in 1966. The national airline is Air Botswana, which flies
domestically and to other countries in Africa. Botswana Railways is the national railway company,
which forms a crucial link in the Southern African regional railway system. Botswana Railways offers
rail-based transport facilities for moving a range of commodities for the mining sector and primary
industries, as well as passenger-train services and dry ports.[171][172]

In terms of power infrastructure in Botswana, the country produces coal for electricity and oil is
imported into the country. Recently, the country has taken a large interest in renewable energy
sources and has completed a comprehensive strategy that will attract investors in the wind, solar and
biomass renewable energy industries. Botswana's power stations include Morupule B Power Station
(600 MW), Morupule A Power Station (132 MW), Orapa Power Station (90 MW), Phakalane Power
Station (1.3 MW) and Mmamabula Power Station (300 MW),
which is expected to be online in the near future. A 200 MW solar
power plant is at the planning and design stage by Ministry of
Mineral Resources, Green Technology and Energy Security.[173][174]

Health

Botswana's healthcare system has been steadily improving and

expanding its infrastructure to become more accessible. The
country's position as an upper middle-income country has allowed
them to make strides in universal healthcare access for much of
Botswana's population. The majority of the Botswana's 2.3 million
SSKI Airport (top), Air Botswana
inhabitants now live within five kilometres of a healthcare
(Middle) & Thapama Interchange
facility.[175] As a result, the infant mortality and maternal mortality
(bottom)
rates have been on a steady decline.[176] The country's improving
healthcare infrastructure has also been reflected in an increase of
the average life expectancy from birth, with nearly all births
occurring in healthcare facilities.[175]

Access to healthcare has not alleviated all of the country's healthcare concerns because, like many
countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, Botswana is still battling high rates of HIV/AIDS and other
infectious diseases. In 2013, about 25% of the population was infected with HIV/AIDS.[177]
Botswana is also grappling with high rates of malnutrition among children under the age of 5 which
has led to other health concerns such as diarrhea and stunted growth.[178]

Health industry

The Ministry of Health[179] in Botswana is responsible for

overseeing the quality and distribution of healthcare throughout
the country. Life expectancy at birth was 55 in 2009 according to
the World Bank, having previously fallen from a peak of 64.1 in
1990 to a low of 49 in 2002.[180] After Botswana's 2011 census,
current life expectancy is estimated at 54.06 years.[2] Scottish Livingstone Hospital in
Molepolole
The Cancer Association of Botswana is a voluntary non-
governmental organisation. The association is a member of the
Union for International Cancer Control. The Association supplements existing services through
provision of cancer prevention and health awareness programs, facilitating access to health services
for cancer patients and offering support and counselling to those affected.[181]

HIV/AIDS epidemic

Like elsewhere in Sub-Saharan Africa, the economic impact of AIDS is considerable. Economic
development spending was cut by 10% in 2002–3 as a result of recurring budget deficits and rising
expenditure on healthcare services. Botswana has been hit very hard by the AIDS pandemic; in 2006
it was estimated that life expectancy at birth had dropped from 65 to 35 years.[182] However, after
Botswana's 2011 census current life expectancy is estimated at 54.06 years.[2] However the graph
here shows over 65 years, therefore there is conflicting information about life expectancy.

The prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Botswana was estimated at 25.4% for adults aged 15–49 in 2009 and
21.9% in 2013,[25]: A8 exceeded by Lesotho and Eswatini in sub-Saharan African nations. This places
Botswana at the third highest prevalence in the world, in 2013, while "leading the way in prevention
and treatment programmes".[26] In 2003, the government began a comprehensive programme
involving free or cheap generic antiretroviral
drugs as well as an information campaign
designed to stop the spread of the virus; in 2013,
over 40% of adults in Botswana had access to
antiretroviral therapy.[25]: 28 In the age group of
15–19 years old, prevalence was estimated at 6%
for females and 3.5% for males in 2013,[25]: 33
and for the 20–24 age group, 15% for females
and 5% for males.[25]: 33 Botswana is one of 21
priority countries identified by the UN AIDS
group in 2011 in the Global Plan to eliminate new
HIV infections among children and to keep their Life expectancy in select Southern African countries,
mothers alive.[25]: 37 From 2009 to 2013, the 1950–2019. HIV/AIDS has caused a fall in life
country saw a decrease over 50% in new HIV expectancy.
infections in children.[25]: 38 A further measure of
the success, or reason for hope, in dealing with
HIV in Botswana, is that less than 10% of pregnant HIV-infected women were not receiving
antiretroviral medications in 2013, with a corresponding large decrease (over 50%) in the number of
new HIV infections in children under 5.[25]: 39, 40 Among the UN Global Plan countries, people living
with HIV in Botswana have the highest percentage receiving antiretroviral treatment: about 75% for
adults (age 15+) and about 98% for children.[25]: 237

With a nationwide Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission program, Botswana has reduced

HIV transmission from infected mothers to their children from about 40% to just 4%. Under the
leadership of Festus Mogae, the Government of Botswana solicited outside help in fighting
HIV/AIDS and received early support from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the Merck
Foundation, and together formed the African Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Partnership (ACHAP).
Other early partners include the Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute, of the Harvard School of Public
Health and the Botswana-UPenn Partnership of the University of Pennsylvania. According to the
2011 UNAIDS Report, universal access to treatment – defined as 80% coverage or greater – has been
achieved in Botswana.[183]

Tourism

The Botswana Tourism Organisation[184] is the country's official

tourism group. Primarily, tourists visit Gaborone due to the city
having numerous activities for visitors. The Lion Park Resort[185]
is Botswana's first permanent amusement park and hosts events
such as birthday parties for families. Other destinations in
Botswana include the Gaborone Yacht Club and the Kalahari
Fishing Club and natural attractions such as the Gaborone Dam
and Mokolodi Nature Reserve. There are golf courses which are
Tourist on a safari boat cruise
maintained by the Botswana Golf Union (BGU).[186] The
Phakalane Golf Estate is a multi-million-dollar clubhouse that
offers both hotel accommodations and access to golf courses. Museums in Botswana include:

Botswana National Museum in Gaborone

Kgosi Bathoen II (Segopotso) Museum in Kanye
Kgosi Sechele I Museum in Molepolole
Khama III Memorial Museum in Serowe
Nhabe Museum in Maun
Phuthadikobo Museum in Mochudi
 Supa Ngwano Museum Centre in Francistown

See also
Africa portal

Outline of Botswana
List of Botswana-related topics

Notes
a. includes Kgalagadi, Basarwa, Indian, and White
b. Including Baháʼí, Hindu, and Islam.

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Bibliography
Hillbom, Ellen; Bolt, Jutta (2018). Botswana – A Modern Economic History. Palgrave Macmillan.
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Leith, J. Clark (2005). Why Botswana Prospered. McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 0-
7735-2820-2.

General sources

This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA IGO 3.0. Text
taken from UNESCO Science Report: Towards 2030​(http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002
354/235406e.pdf), 546–547, UNESCO, UNESCO Publishing.

Further reading
Charles, Thalefang (2016). Botswana's Top50 Ultimate Experiences. Mmegi Publishing House.
ISBN 9789996845413.
Acemoglu, Daron; Johnson, Simon; Robinson, James A. (11 July 2001). "An African Success
Story: Botswana" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180718075640/http://economics.mit.edu/files/2
84). Archived from the original (https://economics.mit.edu/files/284) on 18 July 2018. Retrieved
13 July 2018 – via mit.edu.
Cohen, Dennis L (1979). "The Botswana Political Elite: Evidence from the 1974 General
Election". Journal of Southern African Affairs. 4: 347–370.
Colclough, Christopher and Stephen McCarthy. The Political Economy of Botswana: A Study of
Growth and Income Distribution (Oxford University Press, 1980)
Cunningham, A.B.; Milton, S.J. (1987). "Effects of basket-weaving industry on mokola palm and
dye plants in northwestern Botswana". Economic Botany. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal
requires |journal= (help)
 Denbow, James & Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). Culture and Customs of Botswana. Westport, CT:
Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-33178-7.
Edge, Wayne A. and Mogopodi H. Lekorwe eds. Botswana: Politics and Society (Pretoria: J.L.
van Schaik, 1998)
Good, Kenneth (1992). "Interpreting the Exceptionality of Botswana". Journal of Modern African
Studies. 30: 69–95. doi:10.1017/S0022278X00007734 (https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022278X0
0007734). S2CID 154542272 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154542272).
Good, Kenneth (September 1994). "Corruption and Mismanagement in Botswana: A Best-Case
Example?" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180403150659/http://projects.iq.harvard.edu/files/gov
2126/files/good.pdf) (PDF). Journal of Modern African Studies. 32 (3): 499–521.
doi:10.1017/S0022278X00015202 (https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022278X00015202).
eISSN 1469-7777 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1469-7777). ISSN 0022-278X (https://www.worl
dcat.org/issn/0022-278X). S2CID 153626418 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1536264
18). Archived from the original (https://projects.iq.harvard.edu/files/gov2126/files/good.pdf) (PDF)
on 3 April 2018. Retrieved 13 July 2018 – via harvard.edu.
Tlou, Thomas, and Alec C. Campbell. History of Botswana (Macmillan Botswana, 1984)

External links
Botswana (https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/botswana/). The World Factbook.
Central Intelligence Agency.
Botswana (https://web.archive.org/web/20081026035549/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpub
s/for/botswana.htm) from UCB Libraries GovPubs
Botswana (https://curlie.org/Regional/Africa/Botswana) at Curlie
Botswana (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13040376) from the BBC News
Wikimedia Atlas of Botswana
Geographic data related to Botswana (https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/1889339) at
OpenStreetMap
Key Development Forecasts for Botswana (http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Co
untry=BW) from International Futures
Government Directory for Botswana (http://www.government.co.bw)

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