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Full name Ukrainian

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Repository Address
Vulnerability

Improper Certificate Validation

https://github.com/mozilla-b2g/gaia
Cross-site Scripting (XSS)
https://github.com/kurogai/100-
redteam-projects

Hardcoded Secret
https://github.com/Mrinank-Bhowmick/pyt
hon-beginner-projects
ReDoS
https://github.com/nautobot/nautobot

Potential Negative Number Used as Index

https://github.com/zeno-ml/zeno-build
Vilkhovyi Danylo Vyacheslavovych
Вільховий Ланило Вячеславович
БІКСб2204.0д
https://github.com/mozilla-b2g/gaia, https://github.com/kurogai/100-redteam-projects, https://github.com/Mrinank-Bhowm
A description of the vulnerability

This vulnerability allows TLS/SSL encryption certificate

forgery.
The code provided is vulnerable to Cross-Site Scripting
(XSS) due to unsanitized input from the HTTP parameter
command that flows into the return value of the index
function. The value of the command parameter is
directly used in the subprocess.check_output function
without proper validation or sanitization. This allows an
attacker to inject malicious code into the command
parameter, leading to the execution of arbitrary
commands on the server.

The vulnerability in the provided Django project lies in

the hardcoding of the Django secret key in the
settings.py file. The secret key is a crucial component of
Django applications and should remain confidential.
Hardcoding it directly in the source code makes it
susceptible to unauthorized access and compromise.
The code contains a potential vulnerability known as
Regular Expression Denial of Service (ReDoS). This
vulnerability arises when unsanitized user input is used
to build a regular expression, which can lead to a
situation where the regular expression engine performs
excessive backtracking and consumes a significant
amount of CPU resources. This can be exploited by an
attacker to launch a Denial of Service (DoS) attack by
sending specially crafted input that triggers the slow
evaluation of the regular expression.

The vulnerability in the provided code is related to the

use of the return value of the snprintf function, which
can be negative in case of an error. The negative value is
used as the length for array operations, which may lead
to unintended behavior, including reading or writing
outside the bounds of the array.
github.com/kurogai/100-redteam-projects, https://github.com/Mrinank-Bhowmick/python-beginner-projects, https://github.com/nautob
The affected code and files

tools/cache_sync.py, mozilla-b2g/gaia CODE: def fetch_with_path(url):

# are we dealing with something URL-esque?
if not url.find('//') + 1:
return None

print 'fetching %s' % url

file = requests.get(url, verify=False)
if file.status_code != 200:
return None

# base our paths in the 'cache' directory.

path = 'cache/' + url.split('//')[1]
Projects/9_remote_command_execution/main.py CODE:
def index():
command = request.args.get("command")
try:
output = subprocess.check_output(command, shell=True)
return output.decode()
except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
return str(e)

projects/RestrauntAPI/Restraunt_API/Restraunt_API/settings.py The affected code is in the

settings.py file of the Django project. Specifically, the line that contains the SECRET_KEY
variable is as follows: SECRET_KEY =
"django-insecure-!5)g&y!d1g=1*fpm_+#!p98*f@dbt6rik7xxb_fi2ni(@k_85!"
nautobot/core/forms/forms.py find =
forms.CharField()
replace = forms.CharField()
use_regex = forms.BooleanField(required=False, initial=True, label="Use regular
expressions")

def clean(self):
super().clean()

if self.cleaned_data["use_regex"]:
try:
re.compile(self.cleaned_data["find"])
except re.error:
raise forms.ValidationError({"find": "Invalid regular expression"}) The
re.compile call with user-supplied input (self.cleaned_data["find"]) can lead to a ReDoS
vulnerability.

src/engine/send_msg_to_file.c len =
snprintf( str, MAX_FILE_NAME_LEN, "%smmt-5greplay-%d.csv", file_name, (int)getpid() );
Here, the value of
len is used as the length of the str array, which may be negative if an error occurs during
the snprintf call.
beginner-projects, https://github.com/nautobot/nautobot,https://github.com/zeno-ml/zeno-build
Possible impact and severity

The provided code contains the use of the requests.get function

with the verify parameter set to False, which disables certificate
verification. This practice is potentially dangerous and can lead to
security vulnerabilities, particularly Man-in-the-Middle (MitM)
attacks.

Possible Impact:
Security Vulnerability:

Disabling certificate verification (verify=False) allows

communication with the server without validating its identity. This
opens up the possibility of Man-in-the-Middle attacks where an
attacker could intercept and manipulate the data exchanged
between the client and server.
Data Integrity Risks:

Without proper certificate verification, there is no guarantee that

the data received from the server has not been tampered with.
This introduces risks to the integrity of the data being fetched.

Sensitive Data Exposure:

Insecure communication may lead to the exposure of sensitive

information during data transfer, especially if the application deals
with confidential or personal data.
The impact of this vulnerability is severe. An attacker could exploit
this vulnerability to execute arbitrary commands on the server,
leading to unauthorized access, data manipulation, or even
complete compromise of the system. Additionally, the returned
output is directly rendered in the HTML page, making it susceptible
to XSS attacks, which could further lead to session hijacking, user
impersonation, and other malicious activities.

The impact of this vulnerability is significant, as the Django secret

key is used for cryptographic signing and should be kept
confidential. If an attacker gains access to the secret key, they
could potentially impersonate the Django application, manipulate
its sessions, and perform other malicious actions, leading to a
compromise of the application's integrity and security. The
severity of this vulnerability is high.
If an attacker submits a specially crafted input for the "find" field
that triggers ReDoS, it can lead to a significant increase in CPU
usage, causing the application to become unresponsive or slow.
This can result in a Denial of Service (DoS) situation where
legitimate users are unable to use the service.

The impact of this vulnerability could be reading or writing outside

the bounds of the str array, leading to undefined behavior,
crashes, or potential security issues. The severity depends on how
the code is used and the specific consequences of accessing
memory out of bounds.
ithub.com/zeno-ml/zeno-build
Your proposed solution or fix

Changes made:

verify=True is set in the requests.get call to enable certificate verification.

Used file.text instead of file.content when writing the file to handle text-based
responses correctly.
By making these changes, you ensure that the code validates the server's
certificate, mitigating the risk of Man-in-the-Middle attacks and maintaining the
security of the communication.
from flask import Flask, request, escape
from flask_httpauth import HTTPBasicAuth
import subprocess

app = Flask(__name__)
auth = HTTPBasicAuth()

users = {
"admin": "password"
} def index():
command = request.args.get("command")

if command is not None:

command = escape(command
try:
output = subprocess.check_output(["allowed_command", command])
return output.decode()
except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
return str(e)

if __name__ == "__main__":
app.run()

The recommended solution is to remove the hardcoded secret key from the
settings.py file and instead use a secure method for managing secrets. Django
provides a python-decouple package that can be used to separate configuration
parameters from code. It allows you to store sensitive information, such as secret
keys, in a separate configuration file that is not included in version control.
from decouple import config

SECRET_KEY = config("SECRET_KEY", default="your_default_secret_key")

Create a .env file in the project's root directory with the
following content:

SECRET_KEY=your_actual_secret_key
Ensure that the .env file is added to your .gitignore file to prevent it from being
committed to version control.
To mitigate the ReDoS vulnerability, it's essential to implement input validation
and sanitization before using user-supplied input to build regular expressions.
One possible solution is to limit the complexity of the regular expressions or use
techniques such as timeout mechanisms to prevent excessive backtracking.

import time class

BulkRenameForm(forms.Form):
# Existing code...

def clean(self):
super().clean()

if self.cleaned_data["use_regex"]:
try:
start_time = time.time()
re.compile(self.cleaned_data["find"], timeout=1) # Set an appropriate
timeout value
elapsed_time = time.time() - start_time
if elapsed_time > 1:
raise forms.ValidationError({"find": "Regular expression evaluation
timed out"})
except re.error:
raise forms.ValidationError({"find": "Invalid regular expression"})

To address this vulnerability, you should check the return value of snprintf before
using it as the length for array operations. If an error occurs, handle it
appropriately. One common approach is to compare the return value with the
buffer size and take corrective action if it exceeds the buffer size.
len = snprintf(str,
MAX_FILE_NAME_LEN, "%smmt-5greplay-%d.csv", file_name, (int)getpid());
if (len < 0 || len >= MAX_FILE_NAME_LEN) {

ABORT("%d snprintf failed or produced a too long string\n", errno);

}
Tool(s) you may used
This fixed code includes proper sanitization using the escape function and
validation of the command parameter. It's also recommended to avoid using
shell=True in subprocess calls whenever possible to minimize the risk of
command injection. Flask: The web framework used in the
code.
Flask-HTTPAuth: Library for handling HTTP authentication in Flask.
Subprocess: Python module used for spawning processes.
This fix is a basic example, and in a real-world scenario, you might need to
implement more comprehensive input validation and consider additional
security measures based on your specific use case and requirements.

No specific tools are required to fix this issue, but python-decouple is

recommended for managing configuration parameters securely. Additionally,
code review tools and linters that can detect hardcoded secrets could be
employed for proactive identification of such issues.
You can use various tools to identify and analyze ReDoS vulnerabilities. One
such tool is the OWASP ZAP (Zed Attack Proxy), which includes a variety of
automated scanners for security testing. Additionally, manual code review and
testing with crafted inputs can help identify potential vulnerabilities.

Static Code Analysis Tools: Tools like Clang Static Analyzer or Coverity Scan can
help identify potential issues in the code by analyzing it without executing it.
Code Review: Manual code review
by experienced developers can catch such issues. Peer reviews are essential
for ensuring code quality and security.
Dynamic Analysis Tools: Tools like Valgrind can be used for
dynamic analysis to detect memory-related issues during runtime.