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MMEECCHHAANNICCAALL
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Engineering Metrology (22342)

A MICROPROJECT
ON
" Comparative study of different
Comparators "

UNDER THE GIDANCE OF

Mr.Vaditake S.S.
ACADEMIC YEAR 2022-23
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 INDEX

SR.NO TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE NO.

1. Submitted by.. 03
2. Certificate.. 04
Annexure-I
3. Aims/Benefits of the micro project 05
4. Course outcome addressed 05
5. Proposed methodology 05
6. Action Plan 06
7. Resources used 06
Annexure-I I
8. Brief introduction 07
9. Fundamental law of gearing 07
10. Gear Nomenclature 08 to 09
11. Beam strength of spur gear teeth 09 to 11
12. Gear tooth failure 11 to 12
13. Tooth involute system 12
14. Properties of standard involute teeth 12
15. Advantages & Disadvantages 13
16. Applications of spur gear 13
17. Resources used 14
18. Output of the micro project 14
19. Skill developed/Learning outcome of this micro 14
project
20. Conclusion 14

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SR.N NAME OF TEAM MEMBERS ENROLLMENT ROLL Seat no.
O. NO. NO.
1. JAVANE KUMAR RAJU
2. JARE SUNIL BHIVA
3.
4.
5.

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 CERTIFICATE

MAHARASTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL

EDUCATION

This is to certify that the students, had carried out the micro project
work for the course Engineering Metrology(Course code 22342) on
topic entitled " Comparative study of differentComparators ". The micro
project work is here by accepted for the partial fulfilment towards
completion of Diploma in Mechanical Engineering, for the academic
year 2022-23, from Government Polytechnic, Ahmednagar (MSBTE
Institute Code 0130).

Vaditake S. S. R.M.MANE. SHRI.BALASAHE

B M. KARDILE

GUIDE H.O.D. PRINCIPAL

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 ANNEXURE-I
-A MICRO PROJECT ON-

" Comparative study of different parameters of

Spur gear "

1.0 Aims/Benefits of the micro project

Measurement activities are given prime importance in the industry. The

diploma technicians often come across measuring different parameters of
machined components and the appropriate fitment of interchangeable
components in the assemblies. The student has to identify the variables to be
measured, decide the accuracy required, select the instrument, investigate
reasons for defects and give suggestions, decide whether to accept or reject
the jobs and suggest methods of salvaging the defective material
manufactured. The different methods and instruments which can be used for
linear and angular measurements, geometrical parameters (like surface finish,
Squareness, Parallelism, Roundness, etc), and the use of gauges and systems
of limits, fits, tolerances, etc. are often required to be dealt in detail by a
diploma engineer on the shop floor. Therefore, this course attempts to impart
the necessary knowledge and develop the required abilities so that he can
perform his job efficiently and effectively in modern industry.

2.0 Course outcome addressed

 Select the relevant instrument for measurement.

 Use relevant instruments to measure different parameters of screw
3.0 Proposed
threadmethodology
and gear.

In this project, we get information about the Coordinate Measuring Machine

(CMM).

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4.0 Action Plan

SR.NO. Detail of Activity Plane Plane Name of responsible

start date finish date team members
1. Searching the topic for
micro-project
2. collect information from the
internet and textbook
3. collect information from the
22342 Engineering EME
Metrology reference book,
and Debugged the errors.

4. arrange all information in

ms word
5. Prepare a report on it using
MS word

5.0 Resources used

SR.NO. Name of resource Specifications Quantity

material
1. Smart phone Samsung galaxy m02 1
Ram: 3Gb
2. MS Office Version: 16.0.15
3. Internet Youtube/Wikipedia
4. textbook/manual EME 1
22342 Engineering Metrology

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 ANNEXURE-II
MICRO-PROJECT REPORT

" Comparative study of different parameters of

Spur gear "

Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM)

2. Brief Introduction/Rationale

Spur gears are utilized to transmit power and rotary motion between parallel shafts. If the teeth of
the gear wheels are parallel to the axis of the wheel, the gears are called spur gears. It is utilized wh

Fundamental Law of Gearing

Fundamental Law of Gearing: This law may be expressed as "The form of the teeth of a gear must be

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 Gear Nomenclature
Gear ratio: The ratio of the number of teeth of the wheel (gear) to that of the pinion is called
the

idTransmission
Thus, ratio: The ratio of the angular speed of the first driving gear of a train of gears to
that
𝝅𝒅
Cycloid: A plane curve represented by a point on a circle (generating circle), which rolls
𝒑=
without(m): It is defined as the pitch circle diameter per unit number of teeth, i.e.
Module
𝒛
Involute: A plane curve defined by a point on a straight line that rolls without slip on a fixed
circle 𝒅 𝟏
Face width: The width over the toothed
Diametric
𝒎part== of teeth𝒑
of a gear, measured along a straight line generator
pitch (P): It is defined as the number𝒛 of the gear divided by the pitch circle
of
diameter.
Base circle: In an involute cylindrical gear, the base circle of the involutes of the tooth profiles
is
Thus, 𝒑= 𝒛
𝒅 circle from a point on a tooth to the
Circular pitch (p): The distance on the pitch
𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑝𝑃 =π
corresponding

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 Pressure angle (0): The angle between the line of action (a line through the pitch point and
Backlash:toThe
tangential the difference between
base circles) tooth
and a line space and tooth
perpendicular width
to the line is
of known
centersasatbacklash.
the pitch point is
known as the pressure angle.

Clearance: The difference between the dedendum of one gear and the addendum of the mating
Center distance
gear is known (C): The distance between the centers of the two gears in the mesh is known as
as clearance.
the center distance.

𝟏 𝒎
𝑻𝒉𝒖𝒔, 𝑪 =∗ (𝒅𝟏 + 𝒅𝟐) = ∗ (𝒛𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐)
𝟐
𝟐

Beam strength of spur gear teeth (Design for Static Load)

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The analysis of bending stresses in gear tooth was accomplished by Wilfred. In the Lewis analysis, the
gear tooth is treated as a cantilever beam as displayed in Fig. The tangential component (Pt) causes
the bending moment about the base of the tooth. The Lewis equation is based on the following
assumptions: (i) The effect of the radial component (Pr), which generates compressive stresses,
is neglected. (ii) It is assumed that the tangential component (Pt) is uniformly distributed over the
 width of the gear. This is possible when the gears are rigid and accurately machined. (iii) The effect
of
stress concentration is neglected. (iv) It is assumed that at any time, only one pair of teeth is in
contact and takes the total load.

At the section XX,

𝑴𝒃 = 𝑷𝒕 ∗ 𝒉
𝟏
𝑰 = () ∗ 𝒃𝒕𝟑
𝟏𝟐
𝒕
𝒚=𝟐

The bending stresses given by,

(𝑷 ∗ 𝒉) (𝒕)
𝑴𝒃 𝒚 𝒕 𝟐
𝝈𝒃 = =[(𝟏
𝑰
𝟏𝟐) ∗ 𝒃𝒕𝟑]

Rarrangingthe terms,

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𝒕𝟐
𝑷𝒕 = 𝒃𝝈𝒃 (𝟔𝒉𝒎)
Multiplying the numerator and denominator of the right-hand side by m,
𝒕𝟐
𝑷𝒕 = 𝒎𝒃𝝈𝒃 (𝟔𝒉𝒎)

Defining a factor Y,
𝒕𝟐
𝒀 = 𝟔𝒉𝒎
The equation rewritten as,
𝑷𝒕 = 𝒎𝒃𝝈𝒃𝒀
In the above equation , Y is called the Lewis form factor.

Gear tooth failures

The two basic modes for gear tooth failure are 1. Breakage of the tooth due to static and dynamic
loads, 2. Surface destruction. Breakage of Tooth: The complete breakage of the tooth can be avoided
by adjusting the module and face width so that the beam strength of the gear tooth is more than the
sum of static and dynamic loads. Surface Destruction: The wear of gear tooth takes place due to the
combined action of rolling and sliding. Rolling causes contact stresses and sliding causes rubbing
action. The pinion is subjected to more rubbing action as it rotates faster than the gear. The
principal types of gear tooth wear are:
1. abrasive wear
2. corrosive wear
3. pitting - 11

4. scoring
Tooth involute system
All standard systems specify the involute profile for gear tooth. The bases are as follows:
Proportions of standard involute teeth
The involute profile satisfies the fundamental law of gearing at any center distance.
All involute gears of a given module and pressure angle are completely interchangeable.
All involute gears of a given module and pressure angle can be machined from one single tool.
The basic rack of an involute profile has straight sides. It is comparatively easy to machine straight si

14.5° full depth 20° full depth 20° stub system

Pressure angle 14.5° 20° 20°
Addendum m m 0.8m
Dedendum 1.157m 1.25m m
Clearance 0.157 m 0.25 m 0.2 m
Working depth 2m 2m 1.6m
Whole depth 2.157 m 2.25 m 1.8 m
Tooth thickness 1.5708 m 1.5708 m 1.5708 m

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Advantages and Disadvantages
Benefits of Spur Gear:
1. Spur gears have high power transmission efficiency.
2. They are compact and easy to install.
3. They offer a consistent velocity ratio.
4. Unlike belt drives, spur gear drives have no slip.
5. Spur gears are highly reliable. They can be used to transmit large amounts of power of the
order of 50,000 kW).

Drawbacks of Spur Gear:

1. Spur gear drives are expensive when compared to belt drives. They have a restricted center
distance. This is because in a spur gear drive, the gears should mesh and they should be in
direct contact with each other.
2. Spur gears make a lot of noise when operating at high speeds.

Applications of Spur Gear

Spur gears have a broad range of applications. They are utilized in
1. Metal cutting machines
2. Power plants
3. Marine engines
4. Mechanical clocks and watches
5. Fuel pumps
6. Washing Machines
7. Gear motors and gear pumps
8. Rack and pinion mechanisms
9. Material handling equipment
10. Automobile gearboxes
11. Steel mills
12. Rolling mills

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 3. Actual Resources Use

SR.NO. Name of resource Specifications Quantity

material
1. Smart phone Samsung galaxy m02 1
Ram: 3Gb
2. MS Office Version: 16.0.15
3. Internet Youtube/Wikipedia
4. textbook/manual EME 1
22342 Engineering Metrology

4. Outputs of the Micro-Project

In this project, we successfully did a Comparative study of different Comparators

5. Skill Developed / Learning outcomes of this Micro-Project

 Increase knowledge about different Comparators

 Experience teamwork
 Increase communication skill
 Know about different Comparators

6. Conclusion

Comparators can give accurate measurements, with constant precision by stopping

human error. They are employed to find out, how much the dimensions of the given component
differ from that of a known datum.

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