SenseOrgans

organsinvolved inperceptionofexternalstimulus

u v u
Externoreceptor interoreceptor Proprioreceptors

Photoreceptor
Eye Retina th andpositionofbody 3
Stimulus light Carotidbody space
Chemoreceptor jointtendonligament
Muscles

reef of
Phonoreceptor Ear Organ Corti
Stimulus Sound

Olfactoreceptor Nose Olfactoryepithelium

Stimulus Chemicalin air

hemoreceptor

gym p g
Stimulus Chemicals infood

Mechanoreceptors Skin
Stimulus touchpressure
painhotcold
Human
eye
OrganofphotoreceptorCteloreceptor

v u
Eyeball AccessoryStructure

eyelideyelasheseyebrow
lacrimalapparatus

Eyeball
globularstructurepresentinthe
socket ofskull orbitofeye
fluidfilledstructure 6.5mL
diameter 2.5cm

Weight Fgm

of
Layers Coats eyeball
Outerfibrouscoat Tunica Fibrosa
MiddleVascularcoat TunicaVasculosa

Innernervouscoat Tunica Nervosa

Outermost Tunica Fibrosa

cornea
outermostdensethickstronglayer

at sclera
Avascularstructure except

Limbus

v u sclera
AnteriorStructure PosteriorStructure

g Opaquewhitecolored gale
 Structure Character Function
Cornea transparent Refraction
oflight
Anteriorlysituated Protection

Avascular Cornealreflex
Nutrientsviaaqueoushumor

Corneahas 5layers

Sclera Opaque Protection

Posteriorlysituated Attachment
ofextraocularmuscles
White of
youreye
z layers 419

Refraction
oflightineyesisdueto 4structure
Cornea 40D almost23rd
Aqueoushumor
Lens 20D
Vitreoushumor

totalrefractivepowerof
eyeGOD

SpecialPointsregardingcornea
Itisavascular thereforecorneatransplation
Donation
ofeye Donationofcornea
transplantation Keratoplasty

inflammation Keratitis

Junctionbetweencornea sclera Limbus

MiddleTunicaVasculosa Uvea
vascularinnature
Pigmented
layer
Tunica
vasculosacomprises of3parts Iris Choroid

Ciliarybody
 Iris

Iris rainbow sclera

pigmentedmembranethatgivescolortoyoureyes
ofmelanocytes
comprises
cornea
centralopening
ofiris Pupil

Irishasspecialsetsofmuscles 2typesofmuscles
Outer RadialMuscle DilatorPapillae
ofthismuscle DilatationofPupil
Contraction
Mydriasis

Inner fircularMuscle ConstrictorPapillae

Contraction
ofthismuscle Constrictionofpupil Miosis

Sympatheticaction Mydriasis
Parasympathetic action Miosis

of
Diaphragm camera iris
Choroid

present linesinternalsurface scleraof

highvascularsupply

function

providesnutrientstounderlyingretina

pigmented melanocytes oflight

melanin preventsscattering

Ciliarybody

anteriorexpansionofchoroid

totheiris
presentposterior

Ciliarymuscle helpsinaccommodation
Ciliaryprocess thesuspensoryligaments Zonularfiberfiber zones
forms of
Ciliaryepithelium

functions
Accommodation
ofvision
AnchorsHoldsthelens
Secretion
ofAqueoushumor

Lens
presentbehindtheirisandpupilinthecavity ofeyeball
transparent
encapsulated

Biconvex

froghasellipticallens
 placedin itspositionbysuspensoryligaments
avascular

ectodermal
refractivepowerZOD

Cataract lossoflenstransparency

Glaucoma ofopticnerve alsoAIntraocularPressureClop

disease

Pres
biopia lossoflenselasticity

Innermost TunicaNervosa Retina

innermost
layerthinnestlayermostcomplicatedlayer
Retinahas10layers
Pigmented layer

Neurallayer Receptor Nervecells

Layerofrodsandcones
Bipolarcelllayer
Ganglioncelllayer

Rodes Cones

fordimightvision
responsible Raat responsible tobrightlightvisionsolarvision
produces apigmentcalled Rhodopsin producesIodopsin
VitaminA d

moreinno lessin no
Moreinnocturnalanimals 3typesofconesfound
Cowlhasonlyrodcells Redcones
Greencone

Bluecone
Rodesarenotfoundin foreacentral
is forea centraliseonlycones
 Photoreceptor Bipolarcells Ganglioncell Opticdisc

Opticdisc formedbyaxons cellsthatleavetheeyeformingoptic

ganglion nerve
akablindspot

MaculaLutea Macula small lutea yellow

ovalyellowspotpresentlateraltoopticdisc
Centreof
macula foveacentralis

Foveafentralis
only Cones arepresent
therefore hashighestvisualacuity
Accessory Structure

Eyelid Palpebral

eyelid
upperyelid
laver
gap palpebralfissure
movablefoldsthatprotect
eye
Layers
Skin thinnestskin

Orbicularis Oculi
Muscle
tissueTarsalplate
Connective

Tarsalgland Meibomiangland

thatpreventsadherenceof2eyelids
Secretsafluid

eyelidshashair
folliclesandgland GlandofMoll Sweatgland
Glandof Zeis Sebaceous
gland
FIT A

froghasa3rdeyelidcallednicticatingmembrane
Humanshavevestigialnicticatingmembrane PlicaSemilunaris

Conjunctiva
thintransparent mucousmembrane
linesoutsidesurfaceofsclera Bulbarconjunctiva

ofeyelid
insidesurface Palpebralconjunctiva

Vascular
Lacrimal Apparatus
Lacrimalgland secretslacrimalfluid tear
ductoflacrimalgland I
Lysozyme
lacrimalcanaliculi
lubricatingaction
lacrimalsac
Naso
lacrimalduct
ChambersandSegments
ofeyeball
Posterior Segment
AnteriorSegment
lens
Ineqiliarybody
y Vitreouschamber
AntChambers
Postchambers A

AnteriorSegment
ohas2 chambers

thecornea infront
Anteriorchamber behin ofisis

theiris infrontofthelens
Posterior chamber behind

Boththese chambers arefilledwith afluid Aqueoushumor nourishcornea lens

Aghumoris secretedbyciliarybody ciliaryprocess

Ciliarybody
secret
u
Aqhumour Canalofschlemn
drainedinto
v
oofmyPosteriorchamber pupil Anteriorchamber
0.25mL
Blockage ofCanalofSchlemncausesincreased collectionofaqueous inthechambers italsocausesincreasei
intraocularpressure Glaucoma Chatard

ExtraocularMuscles

6 ineacheye
MedialRectus CNin Oculomotor

LateralRectus CN Vi Abducens

iii iii CNin

InferiorRectus

am
InferiorOblique CNin
504LRG Restby 3

DefectsofVision
NormalVision Emmetropiavision

Cornea 40D Lens 20D GOD

Accommodation

Focused
lightfallsonRetina
Photoreceptors arestimulated
Exitation
ofNerveCAPgenerate
impulse
OpticNerve Brain Occipitallobe

AbnormalVision

Nearsightedness Myopia

canseenearobjectsbutcannotseefarobjects
lightrayscomingfromfarawayconvergeinfrontofretina
usuallyduetoenlargement ofeyeball
Correction Minuspowerlens concave
Farsightedness Hyperopia Hypermetropia

canseefarobjectsbutcannotseenearobject
imageformedbehindtheretina
Correction Convenlens

Astigmatism
curvature
oflens orcorneaisirregularduetowhichlight
raysconverge at 2points
visionisblurryordistorted
Correction Cylindricallens

Presbyopia

thelenslosesitselasticitytherefore accommodationisalsolost
Seenin old
age
Correction Bifocallens

Glaucoma

Cataract lossoftransparencyoflens

VitaminAdef Bi
tot'sspotconjunctivalxerosiscornealxerosis
Xerophthalmia
dryeye
Mostcommoncauseofpreventableblindness inchildren VitAdef
MCcauseof blindness inworld Cataract