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    Methology For Earth Resisitivity of Soil

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    mohd waseem
    This document outlines the methodology for determining the earth resistivity of soil. It describes the standards, objective, principles, equipment, procedures, and calculations involved. The Wiener four-electrode method is recommended, where four electrodes are driven into the earth and a current is passed between the outer electrodes to induce a voltage between the inner electrodes, allowing resistivity to be calculated based on voltage, current, and electrode spacing. Measurements are taken in multiple directions and depths to characterize variations and determine average site resistivity.

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    Methology For Earth Resisitivity of Soil

    Uploaded by

    mohd waseem
    23 views4 pages
    This document outlines the methodology for determining the earth resistivity of soil. It describes the standards, objective, principles, equipment, procedures, and calculations involved. The Wiener four-electrode method is recommended, where four electrodes are driven into the earth and a current is passed between the outer electrodes to induce a voltage between the inner electrodes, allowing resistivity to be calculated based on voltage, current, and electrode spacing. Measurements are taken in multiple directions and depths to characterize variations and determine average site resistivity.

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    ERT SOP

    Original Title

    METHOLOGY FOR EARTH RESISITIVITY OF SOIL

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    This document outlines the methodology for determining the earth resistivity of soil. It describes the standards, objective, principles, equipment, procedures, and calculations involved. The Wiener four-electrode method is recommended, where four electrodes are driven into the earth and a current is passed between the outer electrodes to induce a voltage between the inner electrodes, allowing resistivity to be calculated based on voltage, current, and electrode spacing. Measurements are taken in multiple directions and depths to characterize variations and determine average site resistivity.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    23 views4 pages

    Methology For Earth Resisitivity of Soil

    Uploaded by

    mohd waseem
    This document outlines the methodology for determining the earth resistivity of soil. It describes the standards, objective, principles, equipment, procedures, and calculations involved. The Wiener four-electrode method is recommended, where four electrodes are driven into the earth and a current is passed between the outer electrodes to induce a voltage between the inner electrodes, allowing resistivity to be calculated based on voltage, current, and electrode spacing. Measurements are taken in multiple directions and depths to characterize variations and determine average site resistivity.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 4

    METHOLOGY FOR EARTH RESISITIVITY OF SOIL

    STANDARDS:-
     IS:3043-2018

    OBJECT:-
     TO DETERMINE EARTH RESISITIVITY OF SOIL.

    INTRODUCTION:-
     Soil resistivity is a basic parameter and one of the most important methods for the design
    of effective grounding and lightning prevention or protection systems.
     In addition, resistivity profiling can yield information on characteristics (including depth)
    of different layers in the subsurface.
     The resistivity of rocks or soils is in general a complicated function of their porosity,
    permeability, ionic content of pore fluids, and mineralization.
     The resistivity of earth varies over a wide range depending on its moisture content.
    TEST LOCATION:-
     In the evaluation of earth resistivity for substations and generating stations, at least eight
    test directions shall be chosen from the center of the station to cover the whole site.
     In case of transmission lines, the measurements shall be taken along the direction of the
    line throughout the length approximately once in every 4 kilometers.

    PRINCIPLE OF TEST:-

     Wiener’s four electrode method is recommended for these types of field investigations. In
    this method, four electrodes are driven into the earth along a straight line at equal
    intervals. A current I is passed through the two outer electrodes and the earth and the
    voltage difference V, observed between the two inner electrodes. The current I flowing
    into the earth produces an electric field proportional to its density and to the resistivity of
    the soil.
     The voltage V measured between the inner electrodes is, therefore, proportional to the
    field. Consequently, the resistivity will be proportional to the ratio of the voltage to
    current.

    ρ = 2Π × S R -------------------------------(1)
    Where

    ρ = resistivity of soil in ohm-meters,


    S = distance between successive electrodes in meters, and
    R = megger reading in ohms.
    EQUIPMENT:-

     4 Pole Digital —Ground resistance tester


     Earthling Rods
     Hammer
     Connecting cables
     Measuring tape
     User's Manuals for meter
     Small sledgehammer

    NOTE:- This procedure is applicable for DDR3 Machine.


    PROCEDURE:-
     At the selected test site, in the chosen direction, four electrodes are driven into the earth
    along a straight line at equal intervals, s.
     The depth of the electrodes in the ground shall be of the order of 10 to 15 cm.
     An appropriate range on the instrument is thus selected to obtain clear readings avoiding
    the two ends of the scale as far as possible.
     Connect the terminal C1 and C2 on the current unit to the current electrodes.
     Connect the terminal P1 and P2 on the potential unit to the potential electrodes.
     Keep the DIRECT/REVERSE switch in ‘direct’ position.
     Switch ‘ON’ the digital display switch on P unit.
     Switch ‘ON’ the S.P. switch of the P unit.
     Switch ‘ON’ the digital display switch on the current.
     Set the P display to read ‘000’ by suitably adjusting the S.P. coarse and fine controls.
    This cancels the back ground self-potential across the potential electrodes. Keep R & V
    switch in ‘R’ position.
     Set the current control knob in ‘1’ Position.in this position the C unit sends 100ma, of
    current.
     Press the ‘press for current’ switch of C unit and observe the digital readout on. If the
    readout is 100 within 1% accuracy then the voltage set on is appropriate.
     If not release the press for current switch and adjust the voltage starting from lower value,
    by changing the voltage control to an appropriate value so as to get the value of 100 on
    the C display for setting ‘1’.
     After ensuring the value of the current being sent into the ground is correctly adjusted
    and displayed on observe the digital display on P unit. This value multiplied by the
    multiplication factor (RED) set on the current control gives the value of resistance ‘R’.
     Keep the direct / reverse switch in reverse position. Repeat the above operation.
     Release the press for current switch and proceed to the next electrode separation.
     Calculate the resistivity of soil by using equation no. 1.
     During the above test, it would be desirable to get information about the horizontal and
    vertical variations in earth resistivity over the site under consideration for the correct
    computation of the resistivity to be used in the design calculations.
     The vertical variations may be detected by repeating the test at a given location in a
    chosen direction with a number of different electrode spacing, increasing from 2 to 250m
    or more, preferably in the steps 2, 5,10,15,25 and 50m or more.
     If the resistivity variations are within 20 to 30%, the soil in the vicinity of the test
    location may be considered uniform. Otherwise a curve of resistivity versus electrode
    spacing shall be plotted and this curve further analyzed to deduce stratification of soil
    into two or more layers of appropriate thickness or a soil of gradual resistivity variation.
     The horizontal variations are studied by taking measurements in various directions from
    the center of the station.
    Computation of earth resistivity of uniform Soil:-
     When the earth resistivity readings for different electrode spacing in a direction are
    within 20 to 30%, the soil is considered to be uniform.
     When the spacing is increased gradually from low values, at a stage, it may be found that
    the resistivity reading is more or less constant irrespective of the increase in the electrode
    spacing.
     The resistivity for this spacing is noted and taken as the resistivity for that direction. In a
    similar manner, resistivity for at least eight equally spaced directions from the center of
    the site is measured.
     These resistivity are plotted on a graph sheet in the appropriate directions choosing a
    scale. A closed curve is plotted on the graph sheets jointing all the resistivity points
    plotted to get the polar resistivity curve.
     The area inside the polar resistivity curve is measured and equivalent circle of the same
    area is found out.
     The radius of this equivalent circle is the average resistivity of the site under
    consideration.
     The average resistivity thus obtained may be used for the design of the ear-thing grid and
    other computations and the results will be reasonably accurate when the soil is
    homogeneous.

    Polar Curve
    CONNECTIONS FOR A FOUR-TERMINAL

    TEST CONNECTION TO MEASURE THE SUM OF THE POTENTIAL ELECTRODE


    RESISTANCES

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