a. Calculate the characteristic impedances of the 3 sections of λ/4 line in the transformer

To design a 3-section binomial transformer for matching a 50Ω load (ZL) to a 100Ω (Z0)
source, we need to calculate the characteristic impedances (Zn) for each section.
a. Calculate the characteristic impedances of the 3 sections of λ/4 line in the

transformer:
For a binomial (or maximally flat) transformer with N sections, the characteristic impedance
of each section, Zn, can be determined as follows:
Zn= Z0 √("ZL")/ ("Z0") ⋅ √("C(N ,n-1) + C(N ,n)") / ("C(N ,n-1) + C(N, n+1)")
( C(N ,m) ) is the binomial coefficient for N choose m.

( Z_0 ) is the source impedance.
( Z_L ) is the load impedance.
( N ) is the number of sections.
( n ) is the section number, ranging from 0 to N.
Using the above formula with N=3, the characteristic impedances for the three sections are:
Calculating the characteristic impedance (Z1) of section 1 (n=1) in a binomial transformer.

Z1= Z0 √("ZL")/ ("Z0") ⋅ √("C(3,0) +C(3,1)") / ("C(3,0) + C(3,2) ")
Z1 is the characteristic impedance of section 1.

Z0 is the system impedance.
ZL is the load impedance.
C(n ,k) is the binomial coefficient.
Substituting the given values:

Z1 = 100 √ 50/100 ⋅ √ ("1+3")/("1+3")
Simplifying further:
Z1 = 100 √0.5 ⋅ √1
And finally:
Z1= 70.71 Ω
EXPLANATION: To determine the characteristic impedance (Z1) of section 1 (n=1) in a
binomial transformer, we can utilize the equation Z1= Z0 √("ZL")/ ("Z0") ⋅ √("C(3,0)
+C(3,1)") / ("C(3,0) + C(3,2) "). In this particular equation, Z1 represents the characteristic
impedance of section 1, Z0 represents the system impedance, ZL represents the load
impedance, and C (n ,k) represents the binomial coefficient. By substituting the given values
into the formula, such as Z0 = 100, ZL = 50, C(3,0) = 1, C(3,1) = 3, and C(3,2) = 3, we can
calculate Z1 as follows: Z1 = 100 √ 50/100 ⋅ √ ("1+3")/("1+3"). Simplifying further, we can
calculate Z1 as Z1 = 100 √ 0.5 ⋅ √ 1, which yields Z1 = 70.71 Ω. Consequently, the
characteristic impedance of section 1 in the binomial transformer amounts to 70.71 ohms.
Calculating the characteristic impedance (Z2) of section 2 (n=2).

Z2= Z0 √("ZL")/ ("Z0") ⋅ √("C(3,1) +C(3,2)") / ("C(3,1) + C(3,3)")

Z2 = 100 √ 50/100 ⋅ √ ("3+3")/("3+1")
Z2 = 100 √ 0.5 ⋅ √ 6/4
And finally:
Z2 = 100 √ 0.5 ⋅ √ 1.5
Z2= 86.60Ω
EXPLANATION: In order to determine the characteristic impedance (Z2) of section 2 (n=2),
we can utilize the provided formula. Z2 can be calculated by taking the square root of the
load impedance (ZL) divided by the system impedance (Z0), and then multiplying it by the
square root of the binomial coefficients C(3,1) and C(3,2). This result is then divided by the
sum of C(3,1) and C(3,3). By substituting the given values, we can simplify the equation
further. By substituting the values, we find that Z2 is equal to 100 multiplied by the square
root of 0.5, multiplied by the square root of 6 divided by 4. Simplifying the equation even
further, we can simplify it to Z2 being equal to 100 multiplied by the square root of 0.5,
multiplied by the square root of 1.5. Consequently, after performing the necessary
calculations, we can conclude that the characteristic impedance of section 2 (Z2) is
approximately 86.60 ohms (Ω). This value represents the impedance that is characteristic of
section 2, and it is an important parameter in understanding the behavior of the system.
The equation for calculating the characteristic impedance (Z3) of section 3 (n=3) in a
binomial transformer.
Z3= Z0 √("ZL")/ ("Z0") ⋅ √("C(3,2) + C(3,3)") / ("C(3,2) + C(3,4)")

Z3= 100 √ 50/100 ⋅ √ ("3+1")/("3+0")
Z3 = 100 √ 0.5 ⋅ √ 4/3
And finally:
Z3 = 100 √ 0.5 ⋅ √ 1.333
Z3 = 70.71Ω
EXPLANATION: The formula provided allows for the calculation of the characteristic
impedance (Z3) of section 3 (n=3) in a binomial transformer. Z3 represents the impedance of
section 2, while Z0 represents the system impedance and ZL represents the load impedance.
The equation incorporates the binomial coefficient C(n ,k), which is used to determine the
number of ways to choose k items from a set of n items. By substituting the given values into
the equation, we can simplify it further to find the value of Z3. In this case, with Z0 = 100,
ZL = 50, and C(3,2) = 3, the final result is Z3 = 70.71Ω.
So we have characteristic impedances Z1 = 70.71Ω, Z2 = 86.60Ω, and Z3 = 70.71Ω for the
three sections, respectively.
b. Calculate the bandwidth for Γm = 0.05:
In a maximally flat response, the bandwidth can be estimated using the following relation for
a binomial transformer with Γm at mid-band frequency (fm = 4 GHz here):
Δf = ("2fmΓm")/("πN")
Δf is the bandwidth,
fSm is the center frequency,
Γm is the magnitude of the reflection coefficient at mid-band.
N is the number of sections in the binomial transformer.
Let's write the given calculation in equation form:

Δf = ("2*4*0.05")/("π*3")
Δf = 0.4/ π
And substituting the numerical value for π:

Δf = 0.4/3.14159
Δf = 0.1273GHz or 127.3MHz
Therefore, the estimated bandwidth for a reflection coefficient magnitude of 0.05 (Γm = 0.05)
is approximately 127.3 MHz.
EXPLANATION: When considering the achievement of a maximally flat response, the

estimation of bandwidth can be determined through the utilization of a specific equation. In
this particular scenario, the equation involves the utilization of a binomial transformer that
incorporates a reflection coefficient magnitude (Γm) at the mid-band frequency (fm = 4
GHz). The equation can be expressed as follows: Δf = ("2fmΓm")/("πN"). In this equation, Δf
represents the bandwidth, fm represents the center frequency, Γm represents the magnitude of
the reflection coefficient at mid-band, and N represents the number of sections in the
binomial transformer. To calculate the bandwidth, we can substitute the given values into the
equation. In this case, the center frequency (fm) is 4 GHz and the magnitude of the reflection
coefficient at mid-band (Γm) is 0.05. By plugging these values into the equation, we can
proceed with the calculation: Δf = ("2*4*0.05")/("π*3"). Simplifying the equation further, we
obtain Δf = 0.4/π. To proceed with the calculation, we substitute the numerical value for π,
which is approximately 3.14159: Δf = 0.4/3.14159. After performing the calculation, we find
that Δf is approximately equal to 0.1273 GHz or 127.3 MHz. Therefore, based on the given
reflection coefficient magnitude of 0.05 (Γm = 0.05), the estimated bandwidth is
approximately 127.3 MHz.
Final Solution.
The three sections in question have distinct characteristic impedances, namely Z1 = 70.71Ω,
Z2 = 86.60Ω, and Z3 = 70.71Ω. Each section presents a unique impedance value,
contributing to the overall behavior of the system. Additionally, when considering a reflection
coefficient magnitude of 0.05 (Γm = 0.05), the estimated bandwidth is approximately 127.3
MHz. This estimation provides valuable insight into the system's performance and allows for
further analysis and optimization.

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To design a 3-section binomial transformer for matching a 50Ω load (ZL) to a 100Ω (Z0)

a. Calculate the characteristic impedances of the 3 sections of λ/4 line in the

( C(N ,m) ) is the binomial coefficient for N choose m.

Calculating the characteristic impedance (Z1) of section 1 (n=1) in a binomial transformer.

Z1 is the characteristic impedance of section 1.

Substituting the given values:

Calculating the characteristic impedance (Z2) of section 2 (n=2).

Substituting the given values:

Substituting the given values:

Let's write the given calculation in equation form:

And substituting the numerical value for π:

EXPLANATION: When considering the achievement of a maximally flat response, the

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