The Woman Who Changed

the Face of a Hemisphere

Msgr. Eduardo Chávez Ph.D.
The Veritas Series is dedicated to Blessed Michael McGivney
(1852-1890), priest of Jesus Christ and founder of the
Knights of Columbus.
 The Christian Hemisphere
Carl A. Anderson
Past Supreme Knight

Our Lady of Guadalupe’s patronage of churches and families throughout the

hemisphere goes back 475 years, yet her message today is as timely as it was in
1531. Although during these five centuries she has come to symbolize many
things, as Pope John Paul II noted in Ecclesia in America, hers is ultimately a
message of unity, for she is a spiritual mother we all share.

In Ecclesia in America Pope John Paul II noted that “Throughout the continent,
from the time of the first evangelization, the presence of the Mother of God has
been strongly felt, thanks to the efforts of the missionaries. In their preaching,
‘the Gospel was proclaimed by presenting the Virgin Mary as its highest realization.
From the beginning — invoked as Our Lady of Guadalupe — Mary, by her moth-
erly and merciful figure, was a great sign of the closeness of the Father and of
Jesus Christ, with whom she invites us to enter into communion. ...America,
which historically has been, and still is, a melting-pot of peoples, has recognized
in the mestiza face of the Virgin of Tepeyac, ‘in Blessed Mary of Guadalupe, an
impressive example of a perfectly inculturated evangelization.’ Consequently, not
only in Central and South America, but in North America as well, the Virgin of
Guadalupe is venerated as Queen of all America.”

He also wrote, “the renewal of the Church in America will not be possible
without the active presence of the laity. Therefore, they are largely responsible for
the future of the Church.”

The question is what can Catholics, all the baptized – lay and clergy alike –
do to advance the promise of Ecclesia in America—a promise based upon the
reality that our unity in the sacramental life of the Church transcends every
border.

All of us in the Americas can claim Our Lady Guadalupe as our mother. More
of us in this hemisphere, than anywhere else on earth, can claim the common
bond of Catholic faith.
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 Seeking to further forge that bond of spiritual unity, and united under the
mantle and message of Our Lady of Guadalupe, the Knights of Columbus has
been active in the United States since 1882, in Canada since 1897, in Mexico
since 1905, in Cuba and Panama since 1909, in Puerto Rico since 1911, in
Guatemala since 1967 and in the Dominican Republic since 1979. The fraternal
charity of the Knights has fostered cooperation among Catholics throughout the
hemisphere for more than a century. That cooperation has taken many different
forms and increasing such cooperation is a high priority of the Knights of
Columbus, as it should be for other Catholic organizations in the United States.

We invite you to join the largest lay Catholic organization in the world,
which offers to families the opportunity to live their vocation to holiness. We are
committed to spread Our Lady’s message which guides us always closer to her
Son, Jesus Christ.

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 The Woman Who Changed
the Face of a Hemisphere
Msgr. Eduardo Chávez, Ph.D.
The well-remembered Servant of God, John Paul II, declared: “The appearance
of Mary to the native Juan Diego on the hill of Tepeyac in 1531 had a decisive
effect on evangelization. Its influence greatly overflows the boundaries of
Mexico, spreading throughout the whole Continent.”1 Moreover, the Holy Father
proclaimed very explicitly: “America, which historically has been, and still is, a
melting-pot of peoples, has
recognized in the mestiza
face of the Virgin of
Tepeyac, […] in Blessed
Mary of Guadalupe , […]
an impressive example of a
perfectly inculturated
evangelization.
Consequently, not only in
Central and South
America, but in North
America as well, the Virgin Pope Benedict XVI before a statue of St. Juan Diego, who is showing his
of Guadalupe is venerated “tilma” with the image of the Virgin to Bishop Juan de Zumárraga.
as Queen of all America.” 2

What did John Paul II see that made him proclaim the liturgical feast of Our
Lady of Guadalupe for the entire American continent? What is it in this devotion
that prompted Pope Benedict XVI, a few short days after he started his pontificate,
to explicitly affirm before the Virgin of Guadalupe of Tepeyac: “We entrust our
lives in your hands?” Why is this devotion loved in such evident ways by all
Popes, and why is it that since 1573 until today, indulgences, privileges and
blessings have been granted to the humble shrine in Tepeyac? And why do
millions of people, not only from Mexico, but from everywhere, find in her a
message that is explicitly personal, that touches their hearts, converts them and
1
JOHN PAUL II, Ecclesia in America, México, January 22th, 1999 (Vatican City: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1999) 20.
The Holy Father quotes literally the IV Conferencia General del Episcopado Latinoamericano. Santo Domingo a 12
de octubre de 1992, 24. Look also in AAS, 85 (1993) p. 826.
2
JOHN PAUL II, Ecclesia in America, (Vatican City: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1999) 20.
3
rekindles their faith, fills them with hope, and makes them fall in love with the
immense love of God?

Just as with any salvation event, the Guadalupano is a well-recorded moment

in history. It happened 475 years ago, and in a specific place: the hill of Tepeyac. It
transcends frontiers, cultures, peoples and customs; it touches the deepest sense
of the human being. Moreover, it takes into account the participation of each
human being, concrete and historical, with his or her defects and virtues, so that
the intervention can reach beyond what human nature would allow. One of the
clearest manifestations that the Guadalupano is in fact a salvation event is the
conversion of hearts, its ability to move and direct lives toward the only one who
is the Way, the Truth and the Life, Jesus Christ, our Lord. In this event, God has
taken the initiative to meet with the human being in a predetermined
historical moment. This historical aspect is important when it comes to making
a reality of a complete and total change of life, in order to create a culture of life
and a civilization of love from the root itself.

God intervenes by means of his own Mother, Our Lady of Guadalupe, who
is sent by the Father, through the Holy Spirit, to manifest her Son, Jesus Christ,
and to allow every human being to become a participating part of Him. She is the
first disciple and missionary who manifests and delivers to us the message of
salvation. At the same time, she forms disciples and missionaries who can bear
witness, at the expense of their own lives, to their
immense joy upon encountering the love of Jesus
Christ through his Mother and our Mother.

It is a real and true story, just as the love of

God is real and true. The Guadalupan event is
part of the history of salvation, which has a decisive
influence upon the evangelization of the whole
continent, just as the Holy Father affirmed. Our
Lady of Guadalupe is the Star of Evangelization,
“perfectly inculturated,” a role model for the
entire world.

St. Juan Diego before The Acontecimiento Guadalupano

the Virgin of Guadalupe. (Guadalupan Event), centered in Jesus Christ, our
4
Lord, consists of the apparitions of Our Lady of Guadalupe to an Indian named
Juan Diego Cuauhtlatoatzin (which means: Eagle able to speak), which took place
between December 9 and 12, 1531, on the hill or Tepeyac north of Mexico City.

Ten years earlier, after the Conquista (the Conquest of

the Aztec empire by the Spanish) of 1521 had taken place,
the natives’ religious rituals were done away with, including
the human sacrifices they offered in an attempt to feed the
gods so that the life cycle could continue. Now that the
gods were no longer being fed, the natives were afraid that a
cataclysm was imminent. However, before their incredulous
eyes there was no change in the cosmos: the sun continued
to rise, the stars and the moon were still there, occupying
Human sacrifice: their place, day and night, and the cycles of the seasons
Offering of the heart and continued. What had taken place? Had the gods lied to
blood to the sun god. them? Had everything been a mockery against those who
considered themselves to be sons of the sun? What had happened to their
prophecies and their hopes? Where were their gods now? Was this a strategy of
those demanding beings?

The defeat experienced in the Conquista was not only a military one. It also
resulted in an economic depression and a moral, spiritual, cultural and religious
collapse. It was a clear desertion of those gods in whom all the natives had
believed and to whom they had given the hearts and the blood of their children.
For what purpose? For nothing, absolutely for nothing! An empire was dying.

The trauma of the Conquista inevitably persisted among the natives. An

expert in the Náhuatl (Aztec) culture, Miguel Leon-Portilla, tells us: “Those who
were considered invincible, the peoples of the sun, the most powerful of their
time in history had to accept the defeat. Once the gods were dead and the
government lost, with its control, fame and glory, the experience of the Conquest
meant something more than a tragedy; it remained nailed to the soul and its
memory turned into trauma.”3 The sad and somber echoes of the Canto Mexicano
(Mexican Song) resonated in the Anáhuac desert.
3
LEÓN-PORTILLA, MIGUEL. El reverso de la conquista (México 2: Joaquín Mortiz, 1970)21-22.

5
 The crying expands, the tears drop there in the
Tlatelolco.
The Mexicans have already left by way of the
waters;
They look like women; the escape is general
Where are we going? Oh my friends! Was it true?
Mexico City is being abandoned. The conquest of Tenochtitlan
The smoke is rising; the fog is expanding
[…] Cry my friends
Understand that because of these events
We have lost the Mexican nation
The water and the food have turned sour
This is what the Giver of life in Tlatelolco has done…

A small group of Franciscan missionaries had to face an enormous challenge

among millions of natives that had comprised the Aztec empire. These saintly
men had to do something to keep the Indians alive and at the same time they
needed to evangelize them. There is little doubt that during the first evangelizing
effort in Mexico, the work of the missionaries was extraordinary4; however, the
task was more than they could handle.

Fray Gerónimo de Mendieta wrote about the missionaries’ concern, from the
beginning of the evangelization, with being able to detach the natives from their
gods. The missionaries kept trying in a thousand different ways to make them-
selves understood, but “…neither the Indians understood what was being said in
Latin nor could their idolatry be stopped, and the priests could not
admonish them or implement ways to stop them because they did not know
their language. And they felt distraught and afflicted because of this.”5
Undoubtedly, they were worried. How can you evangelize millions of natives
while involved in a dramatic conquest with only a few missionaries, who at that
time amounted to no more than thirty? Moreover, their potential converts were
decimated by a terrible disease, smallpox, which broke out shortly after the
4
Cfr. FRAY GERÓNIMO DE MENDIETA. Historia Eclesiástica Indiana (México: Porrúa (Col. Biblioteca Porrúa
N° 46, 1980). Also: FRAY TORIBIO MOTOLINIA, Historia de los Indios de la Nueva España (México: Porrúa (Col.
“Sepan cuantos...” N° 129), 1973). Also: FRAY BERNARDINO DE SAHAGÚN, Historia General de las Cosas de la
Nueva España (México5: Porrúa (Col. “Sepan cuantos...” N° 300, 1982).
5
FRAY GERÓNIMO DE MENDIETA, Historia Eclesiástica, p. 219.
6
arrival of the Europeans and killed half of the
indigenous population, while the these same people
were also experiencing a dramatic trauma because of
the death of their gods.

The friars were indeed very worried because while

they were trying to defend the Indians from the
mistreatment by the Spaniards, they were also trying
to stop arrogance, hatred, and greed from destroying
the Spanish community itself. The Primera Audiencia
(First Audience), a civil governmental agency at the
time, was a most corrupt institution. Thefts, Fray Juan de Zumárraga,
violations, and unjust behavior plagued and seriously first bishop of Mexico.
affected both the natives and some of the Spaniards who were trying to correct
the situation. The Spanish missionaries suffered atrocities at the hands of their
Catholic compatriots, who allowed their hearts to be tempted by incredible
cruelty, even to the point of attempting to murder the bishop of Mexico City, Fray
Juan de Zumárraga. The bishop was forced to excommunicate the members of the
First Audience, damaging their reputation in México City. It was truly such an
intensely complex time that Bishop Zumárraga wrote to the king while imploring
God’s help: “If God does not intervene to provide an instant remedy, this land is
on the verge of being lost forever...”

And God intervened through the being He loves

the most, His own Mother, who chooses a simple and
humble Indian to be her faithful messenger, her
completely trustworthy intercessor: Juan Diego
Cuauhtlatoatzin.

Juan Diego was born in the town of Cuautitlan

around 1474. He was a macehual; that is to say, a
common man who had experienced personally the
Conquest by the Spaniards and the Indian tribes who
decided to ally themselves with the Europeans to
defeat the Mexican Empire. In 1524, with the arrival
St. Juan Diego Cuauhtlatoatzin
(“Speaking Eagle”)
in Mexico of the first Franciscan missionaries, Juan
Diego embraced the Christian faith and was baptized
7
along with his wife Maria Lucia and his uncle Juan
Bernardino. Together they decided to move to the
town of Tulpletlac. Maria Lucia passed away in
1529.

On Saturday, December 9, 1531, Juan Diego was

on his way to Tlatelolco to attend catechism when
the Mother of God appeared to him. She asked him
to be her messenger so that a sacred little house, a
temple, could be built in the valley of Tepeyac
where she could offer there all her love in the form
of her Son, Jesus Christ. She said this needed to be
St. Juan Diego before Zumárraga
approved by the bishop, Fray Juan de Zumárraga.
Juan Diego displayed great strength and patience before the ensuing difficulties
and contradictions. At one point, the bishop asked for a sign and the Virgin Mary
asked Juan Diego to go back to Tepeyac so that she could give him the sign that
had been requested.

However, Juan Diego could not keep the

appointment because he had to take care of his uncle,
who was gravely ill.
On that day,
Tuesday, December
12, he left in a
hurry, very early, to
go to Tlatelolco to
get a priest to take
St. Juan Diego being stopped care of his uncle
by the Virgin of Guadalupe Juan Bernardino.
Very distressed, he
sought to avoid his meeting with the Virgin,
going around the hill of Tepeyac, planning in
that way to avoid any delays. But it was then
that the Virgin of Guadalupe stopped him to
tell him the most beautiful words, words that The Virgin visiting St. Juan Diego’s uncle,
were also meant for us: “Listen, put it in Juan Bernardino, whom she brings back to
health and to whom she reveals her name:
your heart. My Son, the youngest, whatever “Santa María de Guadalupe.”
8
made you afraid and afflicted you, it is no longer; do not allow your face and your
heart to be upset; do not be afraid of this illness or of any other illness, or of
anything poignant and afflicting. Am I not here, I who am your mother? Aren’t
you under my shadow and my protection? Am I not the source of your
happiness? Aren’t you in the hollow of my robe and the crossing of my arms? Is
there anything else you need?” The Lady from Heaven assured him that his uncle
Juan Bernardino was already cured. Precisely at that moment, the Virgin appeared
before the dying uncle and not only gave him back his health but disclosed her
name: “Santa Maria de Guadalupe.” (“Guadalupe” is a name of Arabic origin that
means “the river bed”, “the one that carries the water”; it can also be translated
as “river of light.” She takes us to the living water.) Since 1675, some historians
have suggested that Juan Bernardino had heard an Indian name rather than the
name Guadalupe, but this is totally untrue as it is also not true that the Spaniards
had named her Guadalupe. It was the Virgin herself who chose to call herself
“Santa María de Guadalupe.”

Juan Diego had the faith

and the hope to accept what the
Virgin told him and made
himself available to bring to the
bishop the sign he had
requested. The Virgin asked
him to go to the top of the hill,
where he would find beautiful
flowers to cut and put in his
tilma (cloak). Just as she said,
Juan Diego found on that dry
St. Juan Diego shows the flowers to bishop Zumárraga and in and rocky hilltop, a place of
that very moment the image of the Virgin of Guadalupe death, the most beautiful and
appeared on his “tilma.”
extraordinary flowers. He did as
he was told, and came down from the top of the hill bringing inside his tilma the
precious sign that the bishop had requested. The Virgin arranged each one of the
flowers in the Indian’s tilma and sent him straight to Mexico City to deliver the
promised sign to the bishop.

After much patience, Juan Diego found himself before the bishop to give him
the sign. For the Indian, the contents of his tilma was very eloquent because,
9
St. Juan Diego’s “tilma” showing the image of the Virgin of Guadalupe.

10
according to the native understanding, the truth is “flor y canto” (flower and
song). He was bringing flowers from that place, the Tepeyac, where he heard the
marvelous bird songs. The Indian was delivering the truth in his tilma, much to
everybody’s surprise. When Juan Diego opened his tilma with the flowers, at that
moment, the beautiful image of Our Lady of Guadalupe appeared on it. It was a
surprise for the bishop and for all those who were there observing the
development of this wonder. It was a surprise for Juan Diego, because the printed
image of the Virgin of Guadalupe in his tilma meant that he himself, the humble
and simple Indian, had turned into the sign itself. It was his tilma and now he
himself, his total person, was in the hands of the bishop, head of his Church. His
very person was turning into the sign of the divine presence in the hands of the
bishop.

This event spoke of the immense love of God and let both the Spaniards and
the Indians know how they could come to understand the real truth of the One
for whom we live, the Giver of life, the Owner of the heavens and earth who
came to save the human being from sin and death, from desperation and hate,
from violence and injustice.

The image on the tilma shows the Virgin Mother as a mestiza (a woman of
mixed race), wrapped in the sun with the moon at her feet, her robe studded with
stars. Her message and will is the spreading of the love of God and that is why
she asked for a temple, to offer His love to persons of every lineage who trust in
Her.

In this salvation event, unity, harmony,

and God’s intervention are manifested in an
evangelization executed through His own
Mother, Mary, for a true conversion as described
in the Gospel of St. John. During the Wedding
at Cana, Mary, Mother of God, gives human
beings her only commandment: “Do whatever
he tells you” (Jn 2:5). Up until now, the
Guadalupan event has been an unparalleled
Representation of the Indian wedding example of what the Servant of God, beloved
depicting the knot made with the bride’s John Paul II, called “the model of evangelization
“huipil” and the groom’s “tilma.” perfectly inculturated.”
11
 But there is something else. The appearance of the blessed image on the
humble tilma of Juan Diego has several meanings. These four are the most
essential ones:
• The tilma was used as cover for protection against inclement weather.
• It was used to carry things, thus contributed to the support of the family.
• The tilma within the Indian society was an indication of the status and
social condition of a person. Only noblemen could have their garments
decorated.
• And, lastly, the tilma was so important that during Indian weddings the
man’s tilma was tied into a
knot with the huipil, the
woman’s dress, as a symbol
that their lives were united.

When the Virgin of

Guadalupe printed her image
on the humble tilma, she
herself, with her own image,
decorated and dignified the
human being. It is she who
goes through a spiritual
wedding with the people. It is
she who is our protection. Let
us remember what she tells
Juan Diego, and through him
all of us: “Don’t be afraid. Am
I not here, I who am your
mother?” And, it is she who
will give us sustenance, her
own Son Jesus Christ, who
delivers himself in a very
Image of the Virgin of Guadalupe. In the center of her abdomen
special way during the
there is a four-petalled flower representing God Almighty. Eucharist. Jesus Christ, our
Her dress also has flowers that represent the civilization Lord, is the center of the
of the truth of the Love of God. To the side, there is a Guadalupan event. He is the
representation of a hill within a codex. one who gives us sustenance
12
with his body and his blood and for this
reason the Immaculate Virgin of
Guadalupe wants a temple to offer all
her love, which is her own Son, Jesus
Christ. Thus, the center of her message
and her image is not her; it is all about
her Son. She shows herself as the
immaculate tabernacle of God.

In this image, we can observe that

everything about Our Lady of
Guadalupe is a code that the Indians
understood perfectly. The image reveals
a pregnant young woman, the Mother
Virgin, with a tunic that represents the A Franciscan baptizing an Indian.
earth and a blue robe that represents the heavens. In her, there is harmony among
all the stars because she is wrapped in the sun, her robe is studded with stars and
she is stepping on the moon. In the center of her abdomen there is a four-petalled
flower that means God owns heaven and earth, the omnipotent and omnipresent
God. The flowers around her are rooted in the blue robe that signifies the
heavens; therefore, they are flowers rooted in God, in the Divine. These strange
flowers are made up of two graphic elements, the hill and the river. To the
Indians this binomial meant “civilization.” In the flower-hill section there are a
number of small flowers—thus a flower hill, full of the truth of God. When
accompanied by water, it means the truth of God which results in a new
civilization of love, in unity and in harmony.

Shortly after the apparition of the Virgin of Guadalupe, conversions began

occurring at an astounding rate. The missionaries could not believe what they
were witnessing; they were startled and overwhelmed. The Indians were coming
from everywhere, from far away lands asking for the sacraments. Fray Jerónimo de
Mendieta said: “As they were being baptized, many of them received the
sacrament with tears in their eyes. Who would dare say that they came without
faith? It was hard for them to come from such far away places when no one was
compelling them to do so to receive the sacrament of baptism. In 1539, only eight
years after the apparition, almost nine million Indians had converted. As far as

13
the Spaniards were concerned, the rate of their conversion was astounding. There
are many documents that describe how the enormous devotion of the missionaries
prompted the Indians to come en masse to see the blessed image.

Although almost five centuries have gone by since the Guadalupan Event,
today it is revealed to us as something marvelously new. The message of
Guadalupe is perfectly adequate to meet the needs of our times and the search for
peace, so that all men can better themselves in harmony, sharing the wealth of
the cultures of their ancestors.

Because of this, it is necessary to reiterate the importance of the Guadalupan

Event when it comes to the evangelization of an entire continent and beyond.
This event spreads a living Gospel to a world so much in need of unity, peace,
solidarity and love, a true conversion. Because of a simple, humble man of good
will, who was full of love for the God whom Mary brought to us, wonderful
things can move forward in favor of a new humanity, bonded together in a
civilization of love.

Franciscans preaching the Gospel and baptizing. Eight years after the
apparition of the Virgin of Guadalupe, 9 million Indians had converted
to Catholicism.

6
FRAY GERÓNIMO DE MENDIETA, Historia Eclesiástica, p. 276.

14
 Prayer to the Virgin of Guadalupe
Blessed Virgin of Guadalupe, Mother of the true God for whom we live, bearer
of Jesus Christ who gives us His Spirit and gives life to the Church,

We thank you because you are our loving and compassionate Mother; because you
hear our weeping, our sorrow; because you are the remedy and the cure for our
grief, our misery and our pain.

Thank you, Mother, for placing us in your heart, for allowing us to be under your
shadow and your protection, for being the source of our joy and for keeping us in
the hollow of your robe and the crossing of your arms.

Thank you, Our Mother, because we have learned this message through your
humble son St. Juan Diego and through his intercession we ask that you fortify us
in Peace, in Unity and in Love.

AMEN.

Father Eduardo Chávez

15
Notes

16
“Faith is a gift of God which enables us to know and love
Him. Faith is a way of knowing, just as reason is. But living
in faith is not possible unless there is action on our part.
Through the help of the Holy Spirit, we are able to make a
decision to respond to divine Revelation, and to follow
through in living out our response.”
– United States Catholic Catechism for Adults, 38.

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