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STANDARD RESULTS

d d
1. (xn) = nxn–1 2. (ax) = ax loge a
dx dx
d d 1
3. (ex) = ex 4. (loge x) =
dx dx x
d 1 d
5. (log10 x) = log10 e 6. (sin x) = cos x
dx x dx
d d
7. (cos x) = – sin x 8. (tan x) = sec2 x

m
dx dx
d d
9. (cosec x) = – cosec x cot x 10. (cot x) = – cosec2 x

o
dx dx

.c
d d 1
11. (sec x) = sec x tan x 12. (sin–1 x) =
dx dx 1 − x2

13.
d
dx
(cos–1 x) =
−1
1− x 2
n
14.
d
dx
ts
(tan–1 x) =
1 +
1
x2
ra

d 1 d −1
15. (sec–1 x) = 16. (cot–1 x) =
dx x x2 − 1 dx 1 + x2
pi

d 1 e x − e− x
17. (cosec–1 x) = – 18. sinh x =
2
as

dx x x2 − 1

e x + e− x e x − e− x
19. cosh x = 20. tanh x =
g

2 e x + e− x
.c

21. cosh2 x – sinh2 x = 1, sech2 x + tanh2 x = 1, coth2 x = 1 + cosech2 x

22. cosh2 x + sinh2 x = cosh 2x
w

23. sinh–1 x = log (x + x2 + 1 ), cosh–1 x = log ( x + x2 − 1 )

w

d d
24. (sinh x) = cosh x 25. (cosh x) = sinh x
dx dx
w

d d
26. (tanh x) = sech2 x 27. (coth x) = – cosech2 x
dx dx
d d
28. (sech x) = – sech x tanh x 29. (cosech x) = – cosech x coth x
dx dx
du dv
d dv du d FG u IJ = v dx − u dx
30. Product rule:
dx
(uv) = u
dx
+v
dx
31. Quotient rule:
dx H vK 2
v

dy dy dt
32. = . if y = f1(t) and x = f2(t)
dx dt dx
(xi)

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(xii)

π π π
33. sin–1 x + cos–1 x = , tan–1 x + cot–1 x = , sec–1 x + cosec–1 x =
2 2 2

FG a − b IJ = tan a – tan b, tan F a + b I = tan

34. tan–1
H 1 + ab K
–1
GH 1 − ab JK
–1 –1 –1 a + tan–1 b

F 2x I = sin F 2x I = 2 tan x
35. tan–1 GH 1 − x JK
2 GH 1 + x JK
–1
2
–1

3 tan x − tan3 x
36. sin 3x = 3 sin x – 4 sin3 x, cos 3x = 4 cos3 x – 3 cos x, tan 3x =
1 − 3 tan 2 x

m
2 tan x
sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x, tan 2x = ,
1 − tan 2 x

o
1 − tan 2 x
cos 2x = 2 cos2 x – 1 = 1 – 2 sin2 x = cos2 x – sin2 x =
1 + tan 2 x

.c
x3 x5 x7 x2 x4 x6
37. sin x = x –

ex = 1 + x +
3!
+
5!
x2
+
–
7!

x3
+ ...,

+ ...
n ts
cos x = 1 –
2!
+
4!
–
6!
+ ...

2! 3!
ra

(1 – x)–1 = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + ... ; | x | < 1 (1 + x)–1 = 1 – x + x2 – x3 + ...

(1 – x)–2 = 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 + ... (1 + x)–2 = 1 – 2x + 3x2 – 4x3 + ...
pi

C+D C−D C+D C−D

38. sin C + sin D = 2 sin cos , sin C – sin D = 2 cos sin
as

2 2 2 2

C+D C−D C+D D−C

cos C + cos D = 2 cos cos , cos C – cos D = 2 sin sin
g

2 2 2 2
.c

39. 2 cos A cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A – B), 2 sin A sin B = cos (A – B) – cos (A + B)
2 sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A – B), 2 cos A sin B = sin (A + B) – sin (A – B)
w

40. sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B, sin (A – B) = sin A cos B – cos A sin B
w

cos (A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B, cos (A – B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B

d 1 d 1
w

41. (sinh–1 x) = , (cosh–1 x) =

dx 1+ x 2 dx 2
x −1

d 1 d 1
(tanh–1 x) = , where | x | < 1, (coth–1 x) = 2 , where | x | > 1
dx 1 − x2 dx x −1

d 1 d 1
(sech–1 x) = – , (cosech–1 x) = –
dx x 1− x 2 dx x x2 + 1

42. (cos θ + i sin θ)n = cos nθ + i sin nθ, (cos θ + i sin θ)–n = cos nθ – i sin nθ
43. sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1, sec2 θ – tan2 θ = 1, 1 + cot2 θ = cosec2 θ

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(xiii)

44. θ 0° 30° 45° 60° 90° 180° 270° 360°

sin θ 0 1/2 1/ 2 3 /2 1 0 –1 0

cos θ 1 3 /2 1/ 2 1/2 0 –1 0 1

tan θ 0 1/ 3 1 3 ∞ 0 ∞ 0
45. θ 90° – θ 90° + θ π–θ π+θ
sin θ cos θ cos θ sin θ – sin θ
cos θ sin θ – sin θ – cos θ – cos θ
tan θ cot θ – cot θ – tan θ tan θ

m
a b c b2 + c2 − a2
46. sine formula: = = ; cosine formula: cos A =
sin A sin B sin C 2bc

o
a+b+c
47. Area of triangle Δ = s(s − a) (s − b) (s − c) , where s =

.c
2
n!

ts
48. nC =
r r!n− r!

z
n
x n+ 1
49. x n dx = + c; n ≠ – 1
n+1
ra

z 1
x
dx = log x + c;
e z e x dx = ex + c; z a x dx =
ax
log e a
+c
pi

z sin x dx = – cos x + c; z cos x dx = sin x + c

as

z tan x dx = log sec x + c; z cot x dx = log sin x + c

g

z FG π + x IJ + c
.c

sec x dx = log (sec x + tan x) + c = log tan

H 4 2K
z
w

x
cosec x dx = log (cosec x – cot x) + c = log tan +c
2

z z
w

sec x tan x dx = sec x + c; cosec x cot x dx = – cosec x + c

w

50. z a −x2
dx
2
= sin–1
FG x IJ + c;
H aK z − dx
a −x2 2
= cos–1
FG x IJ + c
H aK
z 2
a +x
dx
2
FG x IJ + c; − dx = 1 cot FG x IJ + c
=
H aK
1
a
tan–1
a +x a H aK z 2 2
–1

z dx
2
a −x
=
1
2a 2
F a + x IJ + c; dx = 1 log FG x − a IJ + c
log G
H a − xK x −a 2a H x + aK z 2 2

z dx
x x −a 2
1
= sec G J + c;
a 2
F xI
H a K
− dx
–1
1
= cosec G J + c
a z
F xI
H aK x x 2 − a2
–1

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(xiv)

51. z sech2 x dx = tanh x + c, z cosech2 x dx = – coth x + c

z sinh x dx = cosh x + c, z cosh x dx = sinh x + c

z sech x tanh x dx = – sech x + c, z cosech x coth x dx = – cosech x + c

52. z a2 − x2 dx =
1
2
x a2 − x2 +
1 2
2
x
a sin–1 + c
a

z a2 + x 2 dx =
1
2
x a2 + x2 +
1 2
2
a log (x + a2 + x2 ) + c

m
z x2 − a2 dx =
1
2
x x2 − a2 –
1 2
2
a log (x + x2 − a2 ) + c

o
z FG x IJ + c;
z FG x IJ + c

.c
dx dx
= sinh–1 = cosh–1
a +x2 2 H aK 2
x −a 2 H aK
53. z
a
b
f ( x) dx =
za
b
f ( y) dy ;
za
b
f ( x) dx = –
n
z a

b
f ( x) dx ;
z 0
a
ts
f ( x) dx =
z 0
a
f (a − x) dx

z
R|2 f (x) dx, if f (x) is even functionU|
ra

z
a

f ( x) dx = S V
a

−a |T 0, if f ( x) is odd function |W
0
pi

z 2a
f ( x) dx = S2 z
R| f (x) dx, if f (2a − x) = f (x) U|
a

V
as

T| 0, if f (2 a − x) = − f ( x)W|
0
0
g

54. Leibnitz rule for differentiation under the integral sign

z z
.c

d ψ (α ) ψ (α ) ∂ dψ (α) dφ(α)
f ( x, α) dx = { f ( x, α)} dx + f{ψ(α), α} – f{φ(α), α}
dx φ (α ) φ (α ) ∂α dα dα
w

→
→ → r xi + yj + zk
w

55. If r = xi + yj + zk then | r | = 2

x +y +z 2 2 and r = → =
|r| x 2 + y2 + z 2
w

–→ –→ –→
56. AB = position vector of B-position vector of A = OB – OA

→ → → → → →
57. a ⋅ b = | a | | b | cos θ ; work done = ∫c F ⋅ dr

→ → → →
58. a × b = | a | | b | sin θ n

→ → → →
59. Area of parallelogram = a × b , Moment of force = r × F

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(xv)

→→→
a1 a2 a3 → →
→ → → →
60. a ⋅ ( b × c ) = [ a b c ] = b1 b2 b3 = (a × b) . c
c1 c2 c3

→ → →
where a = Σ a1 i , b = Σ b1 i and c = Σ c1 i
→ → → → → →
If a ⋅ ( b × c ) = 0, then a , b , c are coplanar.

→ → → →
→ → → → → → → → → → → → → a⋅c a ⋅d
61. a × ( b × c ) = (a ⋅ c ) b – ( a ⋅ b ) c 62. ( a × b ) ⋅ ( c × d ) = → → → →
b⋅c b ⋅d

m
→ → → → →→→ → →→→ →
63. ( a × b ) × ( c × d ) = [ a b d ] c – [ a b c ] d

o
64. A (Adj. A) = | A | I 65. AA–1 = I = A–1 A

.c
66. AI = A = IA 67. (ABC)′ = C′B′A′
68. (AB)C = A(BC); A(B + C) = AB + AC
69. A + B = B + A; A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C
n ts
70. (AB)–1 = B–1A–1
ra

71. Walli’s formula

pi

R| n − 1 . n − 3 . n − 5 ...... 3 . 1 . π
z π/2
n
sin θ dθ =
z π/2
cos n
θ dθ = S n n−2 n−4 4 2 2
if n is even
as

0 0 || n . n − 2 . n − 4 ...... 45 . 23
n−1 n−3 n−5
if n is odd
T
g

z eax sin bx dx =
eax
.c

72. (a sin bx – b cos bx) + c

a + b2
2

z
w

eax
eax cos bx dx = (a cos bx + b sin bx) + c
a + b2
2
w

73. Γ(1/ 2) = π , Γ(− 1/ 2) = – 2 π

w

x2 x3 x4 x5 x6
74. log (1 + x) = x – + – + – + ......
2 3 4 5 6

x2 x3 x4 x5 x6
log (1 – x) = – x – – – – – – ......
2 3 4 5 6

75. sin nπ = 0 ; cos nπ = (– 1)n, sin n +

FG 1IJ
π = (– 1)n ; cos n +
1 FG IJ
H 2 K 2 H K
π = 0, where n ∈ I

76. x3 + y3 + z3 – 3xyz = (x + y + z)(x2 + y2 + z2 – xy – yz – zx).

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