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    Chapter 16 Waves I

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    Warda
    This document outlines the grading scheme, textbook, and course content for Physics II, including laboratory experiments on waves, theory exams, and chapters on the classification, properties, and behavior of mechanical waves, such as their speed on a string, wavelength, and resonant frequency as observed through standing wave experiments. Problems are provided at the end to calculate wave parameters based on given string properties and conditions.

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    Chapter 16 Waves I

    Uploaded by

    Warda
    8 views27 pages
    This document outlines the grading scheme, textbook, and course content for Physics II, including laboratory experiments on waves, theory exams, and chapters on the classification, properties, and behavior of mechanical waves, such as their speed on a string, wavelength, and resonant frequency as observed through standing wave experiments. Problems are provided at the end to calculate wave parameters based on given string properties and conditions.

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    This document outlines the grading scheme, textbook, and course content for Physics II, including laboratory experiments on waves, theory exams, and chapters on the classification, properties, and behavior of mechanical waves, such as their speed on a string, wavelength, and resonant frequency as observed through standing wave experiments. Problems are provided at the end to calculate wave parameters based on given string properties and conditions.

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    8 views27 pages

    Chapter 16 Waves I

    Uploaded by

    Warda
    This document outlines the grading scheme, textbook, and course content for Physics II, including laboratory experiments on waves, theory exams, and chapters on the classification, properties, and behavior of mechanical waves, such as their speed on a string, wavelength, and resonant frequency as observed through standing wave experiments. Problems are provided at the end to calculate wave parameters based on given string properties and conditions.

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    General PHYSICS-II

    (PHYS 121-452)

    Grading Scheme-452

    Laboratory : Lab Reports - 20 Marks


    Final Lab exam - 10 Marks 30 Marks

    Theory:
    Quiz-I&II - 15Marks
    Assignment/hw - 5 MARK
    Mid-Term Exam - 20 Marks 70 Marks
    Final Theory exam - 30 MARKS
    Book for this Course
    PRINCIPLES OF PHYSICS
    10Th Edition
    Authors: JEARL WALKER/DAVID
    HALLIDAY/ROBERT RESNICK
    Wiley Publishers
    International Student Version
    Waves-I

    Chapter:16
    Contents

    • Introduction – Waves
    • Classification of Mechanical waves
    • General wave equation & its parameters
    • Power of the wave
    • Superposition principle
    • Speed of the wave on the string
    • Calculation of wavelength (standing waves)
    • Resonant frequency
    Waves
    A wave is a disturbance in a medium which
    transfers energy from one point to another point
    in a medium
    Types of Waves
    1.Mechanical waves : Water waves, sound
    waves and seismic waves . Needs medium to
    propagate
    2.Electromagnetic Waves: visible, UV, Radio
    Micro, x-ray and radar waves. Doesn’t require a
    medium to propagate
    3.Matter waves: Associated with electrons,
    protons and other fundamental particles
    Classification of Mechanical waves
    Longitudinal waves
    The displacement of particle of the medium is
    parallel to the direction of propagation.

    Transverse wave
    The displacement of particles of the medium is
    perpendicular to the direction of propagation
    Wavelength- the distance travelled by the wave in one cycle
    For longitudinal wave the wavelength is the distance between
    adjacent compressions or rarefactions

    For transverse wave the wavelength is the distance between


    adjacent peaks or troughs
    Wave Parameters
    • Amplitude-the measure of the displacement of the wave from its
    resting position.

    • Wavelength is the distance between identical points (adjacent crests) in the


    adjacent cycles of a waveform signal propagated in space or along a wire

    • Time Period: The period of a waveform is the time required


    for completing one full cycle. It is measured in seconds
    T=1/f
    • The frequency of a waveform is the number of
    cycles that is completed each second.
    It is measured in Hertz(Hz)
    f=1/T
    Exercise:
    Amplitude = ?
    Time period=?
    Frequency, f=?

    •Angular frequency ω:
    2
      2 f ( in rad/s)
    T
    WAVE EQUATION

    y(x,t)=ymsin(kx-t)
    Displacement = y(x,t), Amplitude = ym, Angular wave number = k
    Position = x, Angular frequency = ,Time = t, Oscillating term = sin(kx-t)
    Phase = kx-t

    /2 B

     C 0 or 2 (A or
    E)

    Phase at 3/2
    A - 0 D

    B - /2
    C -
    D - 3/2
    E - 2  or 0
    Angular wave number, k
    Power of the wave
    A wave is a transfer of energy, and therefore the rate
    at which this transfer occurs (or the power) can be
    quantified

    For a sinusoidal wave: P= ( v ym2 2 )/2


    Where,

     = Linear density
    v = speed of the wave
    ym2 = Amplitude

     and v depend on the MEDIUM


    ym and  depend on the WAVE
    The Superposition Principle
    The displacement of the resultant wave that forms
    when two waves overlap depends on the direction of
    the two waves, and their relative phase (or phase
    difference)

    Constructive Interference Destructive Interference


    Principle of superposition
    Overlapping waves add algebraically to produce a resultant wave.
    Overlapping waves do not alter the travel of each other
    Speed of a wave on a stretched string

    From laboratory manual: experiment


    “Standing waves on a string”
    String vibrator causes a transverse wave to travel along a
    piece of string
    T
    Speed of wave = v v
    Tension in the string = T 
    Linear density of the string = 
    Wavelength calculation from the loop

    Fundamental or 1st harmonic, n = 1


    2nd harmonic, n = 2
    3rd harmonic, n = 3
    4th harmonic, n = 4

    2L
    n  n  1, 2, 3, . . .
    n
    Resonant frequency
    Standing wave pattern will be formed only
    when the string vibrates at a particular
    frequency called resonant frequency.
    f = v/

    where n = 1,2,3,4……

    nv
    fn  n  1, 2, 3, . . .
    2L
    Sample problem

    Example A 9-g steel wire is 2 m long and is under a


    tension of 400 N. If the string vibrates in three loops, what
    is the frequency of the wave?
    L

    T
    v

    F=400 N

    f3 = 224 Hz
    Problems to be solved
    3,4,52

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