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Forces in One Dimension : Chapter Four

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A SUMMARY TEXTBOOK FOR
PHYSICS OF CLASSICAL MECHANICS 101

Written by Waleed Sh. Abu Khader

Reviewed by Saleem Abdo

University of Jordan

School of Engineering

First Edition 2015

Contents

Chapter 4 : Forces in One Dimension

4.1 Free body Diagram 2

4.2 Newton’s First Law of Motion 3

4.3 Newton’s Second Law of Motion 6

4.4 Newton’s Third Law of Motion 8

4.5 Universal Gravitational Force 10

Problems 12
Chapter Four : Force in one dimension

4.1 Free Body Diagram

- Definition :

A quantity that has a magnitude and a direction .

- Causes :
1) Change in shape : “ length of a spring “ .
2) Change in velocity :
• Changes in the direction
• Stops a body
• Moves a body
- Types :
1) Field forces
2) Contact forces

The main goal of this chapter is to teach you how to draw a free body diagram ( FBD ) and to
analyze the forces in both ( x ) and ( y ) direction :

• Drawing makes your calculations much easier .

• Analyzing models by simplifying forces in the ( 𝒙, 𝒚 ) components .

Example 4.1.1 : Draw the free body diagram at the knob ( ‫ ) عقدة‬, and determine the
components in the ( 𝒙, 𝒚 ) direction .

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‫وليد شاهر أبوخضر‬
 𝒙 − 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒚 − 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

𝑭𝟐 (+𝒙) 𝑭𝒈 (−𝒚)

𝑭𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝟓𝟎) (+𝒙) 𝑭𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝟓𝟎) (+𝒚)

Example 4.1.2 : Draw the free body diagram on the shown beam that weights ( 𝑭𝒈 ) .

𝑅𝑦 2𝑚 5𝑚
120 𝑁
120 𝑁
30 𝑁
𝑅𝑥 30 𝑁

𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝐹𝑔
3𝑚 3𝑚

• 𝑹𝒙 and 𝑹𝒚 are force reactions acted by the wall to keep the body stable which will be
explained in chapter ( 7.3 ) .

4.2 Newton’s First Law of Motion

When viewed in an inertia reference frame, an object either remains at rest or continues to
move at a constant velocity, unless acted upon by an external force.

• Inertia : is another term for mass ( 𝒎 → 𝒌𝒈 )

• Equilibrium : occurs when the summation of forces equal zero ( ∑ 𝑭 = 𝟎 ) .
- When an object is not moving :
𝒂 = 𝟎 → 𝝑 𝒊 = 𝝑𝒇 = 𝟎
- When an object is moving :
𝒂 = 𝟎 → 𝝑𝒊 = 𝝑𝒇 → 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅

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‫وليد شاهر أبوخضر‬
 - Inertia :
Assume two persons ( 𝑨, 𝑩 ) are standing on a moving bus , if the mass of each
person are ( 𝒎𝑩 = 𝟑𝟎 𝒌𝒈 ) , ( 𝒎𝑨 = 𝟕𝟓 𝒌𝒈 ) respectively .
Due to the difference in masses in the system when the bus stops suddenly mass
( 𝑩 ) would move a longer distance forward than mass ( 𝑨) .

𝑎⃗ → 𝑠𝑢𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑝
𝐴
𝐵

𝑥1 𝑥2

Since ( 𝒎𝑨 > 𝒎𝑩 ) the inertia of ( A ) is larger than the inertia of ( B ) therefore ( 𝒙𝟏 < 𝒙𝟐 ).

- Equilibrium :
➢ To ensure equilibrium the summation of forces
in all directions should be zero .
• ∑ 𝑭𝒙 = 𝟎
• ∑ 𝑭𝒚 = 𝟎
• ∑ 𝑭𝒛 = 𝟎

Example 4.2.1 : Determine whether the particle is in equilibrium or not when the forces
shown acts upon it . 6𝑁
+𝑥

5𝑁
4𝑁
∑ 𝑭𝒙 = 𝟔 + 𝟒 − 𝟓

= 𝟏𝟎 − 𝟓

=𝟓𝑵≠𝟎

Therefore the particle is not in equilibrium .

10 𝑘𝑁 +𝑦
Example 4.2.2 : Find the direction and magnitude of the
required force to set this particle under equilibrium .

6 𝑘𝑁 6 𝑘𝑁
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‫وليد شاهر أبوخضر‬
 ∑ 𝑭𝒚 ⇒ 𝒛𝒆𝒓𝒐
𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒅 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍

𝟏𝟎 − 𝟔 − 𝟔 + 𝑭 = 𝟎

𝑭 = 𝟐 𝑵 → 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒚 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 ( +𝒋̂ )

Example 4.2.3 : Determine the tension in the cables necessary to support the ( 𝟒𝟎 𝒌𝒈 ) sign.

𝑨𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒚 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒖𝒃𝒓𝒊𝒖𝒎 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒙 − 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 :

∑ 𝑭𝒙 = 𝟎

+𝑻𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝟓𝟑) − 𝑻𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟑𝟕) = 𝟎

𝑻𝟐 = 𝟑√𝟐⁄𝟓 𝑻𝟏 →→→→ 𝒆𝒒 (𝟏)

𝑨𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒚 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒍𝒖𝒃𝒓𝒊𝒖𝒎 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒚 − 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 :

∑ 𝑭𝒚 = 𝟎

𝑻𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝟑𝟕) + 𝑻𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝟓𝟑) − 𝑻𝟑 = 𝟎

𝑻𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝟑𝟕) + (𝟑√𝟐⁄𝟓 𝑻𝟏 ) 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝟓𝟑) − 𝑭𝒈 = 𝟎

𝑻𝟏 = 𝟕𝟑. 𝟒 𝑵

Substitute in equation (1) :

𝑻𝟐 = 𝟑√𝟐⁄𝟓 ×𝟕𝟑. 𝟒

= 𝟗𝟕. 𝟒 𝑵

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‫وليد شاهر أبوخضر‬
 ➢ Constant speed :
• 𝒂=𝟎
• 𝝑𝒊 = 𝝑𝒇
• ∑ 𝑭 = 𝒎𝒂 = 𝒎 (𝟎 ) = 𝟎

Example 4.2.4 : If a car is moving with a constant speed ( 𝟐𝟎 𝒎/𝒔 ) to the west , calculate the
net force acting on the car .

∆𝝑 𝝑𝒇 − 𝝑𝒊
⃗⃗ =
𝒂 = → 𝝑𝒇 = 𝝑𝒊
∆𝒕 ∆𝒕

𝒂=𝟎

∑ 𝑭 = 𝒎𝒂 = 𝒎 (𝟎)

𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 = 𝟎

4.3 Newton’s Second Law of Motion

- Mass and acceleration :

Assume two trucks with different masses
started moving from rest due a push
of magnitude ( 𝑭 ) .

𝐹 𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑦 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑘 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑘

𝐹

(1) (2)
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒
= ∆𝑎⁄ 1
𝑎 ( 2)

∆ (𝑚)
𝑚
𝑠

• 𝝑𝒊 = 𝟎
• ∆𝝑𝟏 > ∆𝝑𝟐 = 𝑎𝑚

• 𝒂𝟏 > 𝒂𝟐 = ∑𝐹
• ‫عالقة الكتلة بالتسارع هي عالقة عكسية‬
𝟏 𝟏
• 𝒂 ∝ 𝒎 → 𝒂 = 𝑭× 𝒎 → 𝑭 = 𝒎𝒂 1
(𝑘𝑔−1 )
𝑚

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‫وليد شاهر أبوخضر‬
 𝑭𝒏𝒆𝒕⁄
Therefore 𝒂 ∝ 𝒎

→ ∑ 𝑭 = 𝒎𝒂

Remarks :
𝒎
- When 𝒈 = 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝒔𝟐 = 𝒂
Then ∑ 𝑭 = 𝒎𝒂 → 𝒎𝒈 = 𝑭𝒈 → 𝒘𝒊𝒆𝒈𝒉𝒕 .
𝑭 𝑵 𝒌𝒈.𝒎/𝒔𝟐
- Also 𝒈 = 𝒎 ≡ 𝒌𝒈 = = 𝒎/𝒔𝟐 .
𝒌𝒈

Example 4.3.1 : When applying a ( 𝟔. 𝟓 𝑵 ) on the box shown , the box gained ( 𝟑. 𝟓 𝒎/𝒔𝟐 )
acceleration , determine the mass of the box in ( 𝒌𝒈 ) . 𝑎 = 3.5 𝑚/𝑠 2

∑ 𝑭 = 𝒎𝒂 𝐹 = 6.5 𝑁

𝟔. 𝟓 = 𝟑. 𝟓 𝒎
𝟔.𝟓
𝒎 = 𝟑.𝟓 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟔 𝒌𝒈

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‫وليد شاهر أبوخضر‬
Example 4.3.2 : The graph shows the change in force when changing the amount of masses ,
which of these two lines have the greatest acceleration .
𝐴

𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 ( 𝑁 )
∆𝑭
𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆 = ∆𝒎 = 𝒂
𝐵

𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆 𝑨 > 𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆 𝑩

Therefore 𝒂𝑨 > 𝒂𝑩 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝑘𝑔)

Example 4.3.3 : Two forces are the only forces acting on a ( 𝟑 𝒌𝒈 ) object which moves with
an acceleration of ( 𝟑 𝒎/𝒔𝟐 ) in the positive y-direction , if one of the forces acts in the
positive x-direction and has a magnitude of ( 𝟖 𝑵 ) .
𝐹 𝑎 = 3.0 𝑚/𝑠 2
Determine the magnitude of the other force .

The force required to move the object upward when 8𝑁

there is a horizontal force on the x-axis equals ( 𝟖 𝑵 ) .

. ‫حتى يتحرك الجسم ألعلى يجب أن تكون محصلة القوى على محور السينات يساوي صفر‬

∑ 𝑭𝒙 = 𝟎 → 𝟖 − 𝑭𝒙 = 𝟎 → 𝑭𝒙 = 𝟖 𝑵 𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒆𝒇𝒕 𝑎 = 3.0 𝑚/𝑠 2

𝑭𝒚 = 𝒎 𝒂𝒚 → 𝟑×𝟑 = 𝟗 𝑵 𝒖𝒑𝒘𝒂𝒓𝒅

𝑭 = √𝟗𝟐 + 𝟖𝟐

= 𝟏𝟐 𝑵

4.4 Newton’s Third Law of Motion

- Forces come in pairs :

• Reaction
• Action

8|Page
‫وليد شاهر أبوخضر‬
 - Contact forces :
𝐹⃗𝑎
When applying a force ( 𝑭𝒂 ) on a wall , the wall
applies a force with an equal magnitude of ( 𝑭𝒂 ) but

𝑊𝑎𝑙𝑙
in the opposite direction . 𝐹⃗𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙

⃗𝑭⃗𝒂 = −𝑭
⃗⃗𝒘𝒂𝒍𝒍

𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐹𝑛 𝐹𝑔 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
- Field forces :
Even though the mass of the earth is much larger
than the student standing on the surface of the
earth , the weight ( action ) of the student equals 𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ
exactly the normal force ( reaction ) that the
surface of the earth exerts on the student .

𝑭𝒏 : is the force ( normal force ) applied by the

earth on the student .

⃗𝑭⃗𝒈 = −𝑭
⃗⃗𝒏

Remark :
- Note that the action and reaction forces act on
two different bodies and on the same line of
action , and the previous examples was just
to demonstrate how both forces work while
as mentioned now they occur on the same
line of action .

9|Page
‫وليد شاهر أبوخضر‬
 4.5 Universal Gravitational Force

- Weight and Mass :

Comparison Weight Mass
Definition ‫قوة الجاذبية التي تؤثر في الجسم‬ ‫مقدار ما يحويه الجسم من مادة‬
Formula 𝑭𝒈 = 𝒎. 𝒈 𝒎 ≡ 𝑰𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒂
SI unit 𝑵 𝒌𝒈
‫تتغير بتغير الموقع‬ ‫خاصة من خواص‬
Characteristics
‫وذلك حسب تسارع الجاذبية‬ ‫الجسم المميزة له‬

- Newton’s law of universal gravitation :

𝑚1 𝐹21 𝐹12
𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟐 𝑚2
𝑭𝒈 = 𝑮
𝒓𝟐
𝑟
−𝟏𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
𝑮 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟕𝟒×𝟏𝟎 𝑵. 𝒎 /𝒌𝒈

𝒓 ∶ ‫المسافة بين مركز الكتلتين‬

⃗𝑭⃗𝟏𝟐 = −𝑭
⃗⃗𝟐𝟏

Example 4.5.1 : Determine the gravitational force between a space ship of ( 𝟔𝟖 𝒌𝒈 ) when it
lands on planet Pluto of ( 𝟓×𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟑 𝒌𝒈 ) , if they were separated a distance ( 𝟒×𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝒎 ) from
each other .
𝒎 𝟏 𝒎𝟐
𝑭𝒈 = 𝑮
𝒓𝟐

−𝟏𝟏
𝟔𝟖 ×(𝟓×𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟑 )
= 𝟔. 𝟔𝟕×𝟏𝟎
(𝟒×𝟏𝟎𝟓 )𝟐

𝟏×𝟏𝟎𝟒 𝑵 =

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‫وليد شاهر أبوخضر‬
Example 4.5.2 : Two objects of mass ( 𝑿 = 𝑴 ) and ( 𝒀 = 𝟐𝑴 ) such that the distance
between their centres is ( 𝟐 𝒎 ) , if the gravitational force between these two objects is
( 𝟓×𝟏𝟎−𝟖 𝑵 ) , calculate mass ( 𝒀 ) in ( 𝒌𝒈 ).
𝒎 𝑿 𝒎𝒀
𝑭𝒈 = 𝑮
𝒓𝟐
𝑴×𝟐𝑴
𝟓×𝟏𝟎−𝟖 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟕×𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟏
𝟐𝟐

𝑴 = 𝟑𝟖. 𝟕 𝒌𝒈

𝒎𝒀 = 𝟕𝟕. 𝟒 𝒌𝒈

- The gravitational field :

𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝒆
𝑭𝒈 𝑮 𝒓 𝟐
𝑭𝒈 = 𝒎 𝟏 𝒈 → 𝒈 = =
𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟏

𝑴𝑷𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒆𝒕
𝒈𝑷𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒆𝒕 = 𝑮
𝒓𝟐

Example 4.5.3 : Prove that the gravitational field of the moon is approximately ( 𝟏/𝟔 ) the
gravitational field of the earth , known that [ 𝑴𝒎𝒐𝒐𝒏 : 𝟕. 𝟔𝟑×𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟐 𝒌𝒈 , 𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒉 : 𝟓. 𝟗𝟖×𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟒
, 𝒓𝒎𝒐𝒐𝒏 : 𝟏. 𝟕𝟒×𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒎 , 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒉 : 𝟔. 𝟑𝟕×𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒎 ] .

𝟏
𝒈𝒎𝒐𝒐𝒏 = 𝒈
𝟔 𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒉
𝑴𝒎𝒐𝒐𝒏
𝒈𝒎𝒐𝒐𝒏 = 𝑮
𝒓𝟐

𝟕. 𝟑𝟔×𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟐
= 𝟔. 𝟔𝟕×𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟏
(𝟏. 𝟕𝟒×𝟏𝟎𝟔 )𝟐

= 𝟏. 𝟔𝟐 𝒎/𝒔𝟐

𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒉
𝒈𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒉 = 𝑮
𝒓𝟐

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‫وليد شاهر أبوخضر‬
 −𝟏𝟏
𝟓. 𝟗𝟖×𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟒
= 𝟔. 𝟔𝟕×𝟏𝟎
(𝟔. 𝟑𝟕×𝟏𝟎𝟔 )𝟐

𝒈𝒎𝒐𝒐𝒏 𝟏. 𝟔𝟑 𝟏
→ = ≅
𝒈𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒉 𝟗. 𝟖𝟑 𝟔. 𝟎𝟑

Problems
- Fundamentals and Basics :
4-1 What is the physical quantity that is used to
measure the inertia of a certain body ? 𝑨𝒏𝒔 ∶ 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔

4-2 An object of mass ( 𝒎 ) experiences a force with magnitude of ( 𝑭 ) that makes it move
𝑭
with an acceleration of ( 𝟑 𝒎/𝒔𝟐 ) , if the force became ( 𝟑 ) , what
would the new acceleration of the object be ? 𝑨𝒏𝒔 ∶ 𝟏 𝒎/𝒔𝟐

4-3 Determine the angle between the two pairs of action and reaction forces . 𝑨𝒏𝒔 ∶ 𝟏𝟖𝟎°

4-4 Assume that two objects are separated a distance ( 𝑹 ) from each other which have
masses given by ( 𝒎𝟏 = 𝟓𝒎𝟐 ) , then the gravitational
force between the two objects can be given as :
𝟏
 𝑭𝟏𝟐 = 𝟓𝑭𝟐𝟏  𝑭𝟏𝟐 = 𝟓 𝑭𝟐𝟏

 𝑭𝟏𝟐 = 𝑭𝟐𝟏  𝑭𝟏𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓 𝑭𝟐𝟏

4-5 A space ship of mass ( 𝟔𝟓 𝒌𝒈 ) lands on the surface of planet

mars ( 𝟔. 𝟑𝟒×𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟑 𝒌𝒈 ) that has a radius ( 𝟑. 𝟒𝟑×𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒎 ) , calculate :

a) The gravitational force applied on the ship by the planet . 𝑨𝒏𝒔 ∶ 𝟐𝟑𝟑. 𝟔 𝑵
b) The gravitational field of the planet . 𝑨𝒏𝒔 ∶ 𝟑. 𝟔 𝒎/𝒔𝟐

12 | P a g e
‫وليد شاهر أبوخضر‬
 - Higher Level :
4.1 In the following figure a vertical force ( 𝑭 ) lifts a system that contains mass ( 𝒎 )
attached to a string , what is the acceleration of the system ?

 𝑭⁄𝒎  𝑭⁄𝒎 − 𝒈 𝒈  𝑭⁄𝒎 − 𝟏

𝟏
4.2 For a particle of mass ( 𝒎 ) moves with a velocity given by [ 𝝑(𝒕) = −𝟒 + 𝟏𝟑 𝒕 ] ,
determine the following by showing your work of approach :

a) The net force exerted on the particle in terms of the particle’s mass ( 𝒎 ) .
𝒅𝒙
b) When the term : ( 𝒅𝒕 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 ) determine the net force exerted on the particle .

4.3 A flying plane weights ( 𝑾 ) in air , assume there are a flock of birds flying in the plane
while moving , how would the total weight of the plane changes while the plane is flying ?

4.4 The curve beside shows the relationship between

the gravitational field of a planet with radius ( 𝑹 )
and the distance from its surface , calculate the
gravitational field at a point away a distance
( 𝑹 ) from its surface .

Finally :

Some figures , graphs , problems and paragraphs are copied from some references and books :

- Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics - 8th /6th Edition - Serway_Jewett
- Physics – Harcourt –geoprojects
- Free high school science texts – FHSST authors

TMCopying this textbook in other author’s or person’s name without a personal approval from the writer himself is
considered a crime and will be severely punished according to law .

This work is published on www.academia.edu , for the latest work , papers , researches and summaries follow the author on
: https://djasljsa.academia.edu/Kunka/Physics-(-Classical-Mechanics-)

Waleed Shaher Abu Khader .

13 | P a g e
‫وليد شاهر أبوخضر‬

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