ATOMS- NUCLEI IMPORTANT QUESTION:

1. Draw a labelled diagram of alpha particle scattering experiment. Give Rutherford observations
and discuss the significance of this experiment .
2. Using postulates of Bohr energy of hydrogen atom ,show that (a) the radii of orbits increases as
n2 and (b) the total energy of the electron increases as 1/n2 , where n is the principle quantum
number of the atom .
3. Draw a schematic arrangement of the Gieger -Marsden experiment for studying alpha particle
scattering by a thin foil of gold . describe briefly , by drawing trajectories of the scattered alpha
particle . haw this studies can be used to estimate the size of the nucleus ?

4. State any two postulates of Bohr theory of hydrogen atom . what is the maximum possible no. of
spectral lines observed when the hydrogen atom is in its second exited state ? justify your
answer . calculate the ratio of the max. and min. wavelength of the radiation emitted in this
process.

5. Using Bohr postulates for hydrogen atom , show that the total energy of the electron in the
stationary states can be expressed as the sum of kinetic energy(K) and potential energy (U) ,
where K=-2U. hence , deduce the expression for the total energy in the nth energy level of
hydrogen atom .

6. The energy of an electron in the ground state of hydrogen atom is -13.6 Ev. (i) what does the
negative sign signify ? (ii)how much energy is required to take an electron in this atom from the
ground state to the first exited state?

7. In Bohr theory of hydrogen atoms, calculate the energy of the photon emitted during a transition
of the electron from first exited state to its ground state . write in which region of the
electromagnetic spectrum this transition lies. Given R=1.03 * 107m-1.
8. The electron in a given Bohr orbit has a total energy of -1.5Ev. calculate its(i) kinetic
energy(ii)potential energy (iii) wavelength of the radiation emitted , when this electron makes a
transition to the ground state.
9. The energy level diagram of an element is given below . identify using necessary calculations ,
which transition corresponds to the emission of the spectral line of wavelength 102.7 nm . which
transition corresponds to the emission of radiation of maximum wavelength?

atoms and nuclei

10. The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is -13.6 eV. ( I ) What is the potential energy of an
electron in the third exited state? (ii) what will be the maximum and minimum wavelength of the
emitted radiation of Lyman series of hydrogen spectrum.

11. State and explain the law of radioactive decay. Plot the graph of showing the number (N) of
undecayed nuclei as a function of time (t) for a given radioactive sample having half life
T1/2.depict in the plot the number of undecayed nuclei at (i) t=3T1/2 (ii) t=5T1/2.
12. How the size of nuclei is experimentally determined ? write the relation between the radius and
mass number of the nucleus . show that the density of the nucleus is independent of its mass
number. Two nuclei of mass number in the ratio 27:125. What is the ratio of their nuclear radius
and , ratio of their densities.

13. (i)Define the activity of the radioactive material and write its SI unit. plot a graph showing the
variation of activity with respect to time of a given radioactive sample.(ii) what is meant by half
life time of a radioactive element ? the half life of a radioactive sample is 30s calculate (a) the
decay constant and (b)time taken for the sample to decay by 3/4thof the initial value .explain alpha
, beta and , gama decay with an example . if an element 238X 92 converted into another
element 222Y90 find the no of alpha and beta particles emitted.

14. Draw the binding energy per nucleon curve . using the curve state clearly how the release in
energy in the process of nuclear fission and nuclear fusion can be explained.

15. Draw a plot of potential energy of a pair of nucleons , as a function of their separation . write two
important conclusions which you can draw regarding the nature of nuclear force. Also, explain
the mass of a nucleus , in the ground state is always less than total mass of its constituents
neutron and proton .

16. We are given the following atomic

masses ; 238 U92 =238.05079u; 234 Th90=234.04363u ; 237Pa91=237.05121u; 1H1=1.00783u; 4He2=4.00
260 u ;(a) calculate the energy released during alpha decay of uranium (b) calculate the kinetic
energy of alpha particle ,and (c) show that ; 238 U92 cannot spontaneously emit a proton.
17. The activity of a radioactive sample drop to 1/16 th of its initial value in 32 years . find the mean
life of the sample

Atomic Structure OBJECTIVE:

1. According to Bohr’s atomic model:

(a)an atom has heavy, positively charged nucleus
(b)the electron radiates energy only when it jumps to another orbit
(c)the electron can move only in particular orbits
(d)all the above statements are correct

2. In an atom, two electrons move around the nucleus in circular orbit of radii R and 4R. The
ratio of the time taken by them to complete one revolution is:
(a)1/4 (b) 4/1 (c) 8/1 (d) 1/8

3. According to Bohr’s quantum condition, an electron can revolve only in those orbits in
which:
(a) its energy is an integral multiple of h/2π
(b) its linear momentum is an integral multiple of h/2π
(c) its angular momentum is an integral multiple of h/2π
(d) its angular momentum vector is perpendicular to magnetic dipole moment vector

4. According Bohr’s theory the radius of the electron in an orbit described by principal
quantum number n and atomic number Z is proportional to:

(a)Z2n2
 (b) Z2 /n2
(c) Z2 /n
(d) n2 /Z

5. When the electron jumps from a level n = 4 to n = 1, the momentum of the recoiled
hydrogen atom will be:
(a)5 ₓ 10-27 kg – ms-1
(b) 13.6 ₓ 10-19 kg – ms-1
(c)75 ₓ 10-19 kg – ms-1
(d) zero

6. The radius of Bohr’s fast orbit is a0. The electron in nth orbit has a radius:
(a)na0
(b) a0/n
(c) n2a0
(d) a0/n2

7. The angular momentum of an electron in the nth orbit is given by:

(a)nh
(b) h/2πn
(c) nh/2π
(d) n2h/2π

8. When a hydrogen atom is raised from the ground state to fifth state:
(a)both KE and PE increase
(b) PE increases and KE decreases
(c)both KE and PE decrease
(d) PE decreases and KE increases
9. As the electron in Bohr orbit of hydrogen atom passes from state n = 2 to n = 1, the KE (K)
and PE (U) change as: (a)K two-fold, U also two-fold
(c) K four-fold, U two-fold
(b)K four-fold, U also four-fold
(d) K two-fold U four-fold
10. An electron jumps from the 4th orbit to the 2nd orbit of a hydrogen atom. Given the
Rydberg constant R = 105 cm-1, the frequency in Hz of the emitted radiation will be:

(a)3/16 ₓ 105
(b) 3/16 ₓ 1015
(c) 9/16 ₓ 1015
(d) 3/4 ₓ 1015
11. Nitrogen gas, cynogen gas and compounds of carbon give band spectra because:
(a)these are excited in molecular state
(b)these are in atomic state
(c)these are inorganic compounds
(d)these are in gaseous state
12. The hydrogen atom can give spectral lines in the series, Lyman, Balmer and Paschen.
Which of the following statements is correct?

(a)Lyman series is in the infrared region

(b)Balmer series is in the visible region (partly)
 (c)Balmer series is solely in the ultraviolet region
(d)Paschen series is in the visible region
13. .Which of the following statements is true regarding Bohr’s model of hydrogen atom?

(a)Orbiting speed of electron decreases as it falls to discrete orbits away from the nucleus.
(b)Radii of allowed orbits of electrons are proportional to the principal quantum number.
(c)Frequency with which electrons orbits around the nucleus in discrete orbits is inversely
proportional the principal quantum number.
14. Binding force with which the electron is bound to the nucleus increases as it shifts to outer
orbits.
(A)a and c
(B) b and d
(C) a, b and c
(D) b, c and d
15. An electron in the hydrogen atom jumps from excited state n to the ground state. The
wavelength so emitted illuminates a photosensitive material having work function 2.75 eV.
If the stopping potential of the photo-electron is 10 V, then the value of n is:
(a)2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
16. In Bohr’s model, the atomic radius of the fast orbit is r0; then the radius of the third orbit
is:
(a)r0/9 (b) r0 (c) 9r0 (d) 3r0
17. The ground state energy of H-atom is 13.6 eV. The energy needed to ionise H-atom from its
second excited state is: (a)51 eV (b) 3.4 eV (c) 13.6 eV (d) 12.1 eV
18. Hydrogen atoms are excited from ground state to the state of principal quantum number 4.
Then, the number of spectral lines observed will be:
(a) 3 (b) 6 (c) 5 (d) 2
19. If an electron in n = 3 orbit of hydrogen atom jumps down to n = 2 orbits, the amount of
energy released and the wavelength of radiation emitted are:
(a)85 eV, 6566 Å (b) 1.89eV, 1240 Å (c) 1.89 eV, 6566 Å (d) 1.5 eV,6566 Å
20. The longest wavelength that a single ionised helium atom in its ground state will absorb is:

(a)912 Å (b) 304 Å (c) 606 Å (d) 1216 Å

21. If the ionisation potential of hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV, the energy required to remove the
electron from the third orbit of hydrogen atom is:
(a)5 V (b) 1.5 eV (c) 4.5 eV (d) 3.4 V
22. The ratio of the areas within the electron orbits for the first excited state the ground state
for the ground state for the hydrogen atom is:(a)2 : 1 (b) 4 : 1 (c) 8 : 1 (d) 16 : 1
23. The first excitation potential of the hydrogen atom in the ground state is:
(a)6 volt (b) 10.2 volt (c) 3.4 volt (d) 1.89 volt
24. The minimum energy in electron volt required to strip a ten times ionized sodium atom
( i.e., Z = 11) of its last electron is:
(a)6 eV (b) 13.6/11 eV (c) 13.6 ₓ 11 eV (d) 13.6 ₓ (11)2 eV
25. Of the following transitions in hydrogen atom, the one which gives emission line of
minimum frequency is:(a)n = 1 to n = 2 (b) n = 3 to n = 10 (c) n = 10 to n = 3 (d) n = 2
to n= 1
26. The energy of an electron in the nth orbit of positronium is:(a) -13.6/n2 eV (b) -13.6 ₓ
2/n2 eV (c) -13.6 ₓ 4/n2 eV (d) -13.6/2n2 eV
27. The ratio (in SI units) of magnetic dipole moment to that of the angular momentum of
electron of mass m kg and charge e coulomb in Bohr’s orbit of hydrogen atom is:
(a) e/2m (b) e/m (c) 2e/m (d) none of these
 28. The Bohr model of atoms:
(a)assumes that the angular momentum of the electrons is quantized
(b)uses Einstein’s photoelectric equation
(c)predicts continuous emission spectra for atoms
(d)predicts the same emission spectra for all types of atoms
29. The angular momentum of an electron in a hydrogen atom is proportional to:
(a)1/√r (b) 1/r (c) √r (d) r2
30. What will be the angular momentum in fourth orbit, if L is the angular momentum of the
electron in the second orbit of hydrogen atom?
(a)2 L (b) 3/2 L (c) 2/3 L (d) L/2
31. The required energy to detach one electron from Balmer series of hydrogen spectrum is:
(a)6 eV (b) 10.2 eV (c) 3.4 eV (d) -1.5 eV
32. Which of the following is quantised according to Bohr’s theory of hydrogen atom?
(a)Linear momentum of electron
(b)Angular momentum of electron
(c)Angular velocity of electron
(d)Linear velocity of electron
33. The energy levels of a certain atom for 1st ,2nd and 3rd levels are E, 4E/3 and 2E respectively.
A photon of wavelength λ is emitted for a transition 3 →1.What will be the wavelength of
emission for transition 2 → 1?
(a) λ/3 (b) 4λ/3 (c) 3λ/4 (d) 3λ
34. The ratio of the frequencies of the long wavelength limits of the Lyman and Balmer series of
hydrogen is:
(a)27 : 5 (b) 5 : 27 (c) 4 : 1 (d) 1 : 4
35. If electron in a hydrogen atom has moved from n = 1 to n = 10 orbit, the potential energy of
the system has:
(a)Increased (b)Decreased (c) remains unchanged (d) become zero
36. The energy of hydrogen atom in nth orbit is En , then the energy in nth orbit of singly
ionised helium atom will be:
(a)4En (b) En/4 (c) 2En (d) En/2
37. The energy of hydrogen atom is -13.6 eV in the first orbit, then calculate the energy of He
atom in the same orbit:
(a)6 eV (b) -27.2 eV (c) -54.4 eV (d) +54.4 eV
38. In hydrogen spectrum, the shortest wavelength in Balmer series is λ. The shortest
wavelength in Brackett series will be:(a)2λ (b) 4λ (c) 9λ
(d) 16λ
39. The ratio of the largest to shortest wavelength in Lyman series of hydrogen spectra is:
(a) 25/9 (b) 17/6 (c) 9/5 (d) 4/3
40. The minimum orbital angular momentum of the electron in hydrogen atom is:
(a) h (b) h/π (c) h/2π (d) h/2
41. The total energy of an electron in the first excited state of hydrogen atom is about – 3.4 eV.
Its KE in this state is:
(a)4 eV (b) 6.8 eV (c) -3.4 eV (d)-6.8 eV
42. The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is -13.6 eV. What is the potential energy of the
electron in this state?
(a)0 eV (b) -27.2 eV (c) 1 eV (d) 2 eV
43. If λ1 and λ2 are the wavelengths of the first member of the Lyman and Paschen series
respectively, then λ1 : λ2 is:
(a)1 : 3 (b) 1 : 30 (c) 7 : 50 (d) 7 : 108

WAVEOPTICE OBJECTIVE:
1. Newton has postulated his corpuscular theory on the basis of , (a) Newton’s ring (b) color due to
thin film (c) dispersing of light (d) rectilinear propagation of light.
2. The wavefront is a surface in which ; (a) all points are on the same phase(b) there are pair of
points in opposite phase (c) there are pairs of points with phase difference 90 0 (d)there are no
relation between the phase.
3. The concepts of secondary wavelets from all points on a wave front was proposed by ; (a)
Newton (b) Huygen (c) Faraday (d) Raman.
4. Huygen’s concepts of secondary waves ; (a) allow us to find the focal length of thin lens (b)
gives the magnifying power of thin lens (c) is a geometrical method to find the wavelength (d)is
used to find the velocity of light.
5. For constructive interference to take place between two monochromatic light waves of
wavelength λ , the path difference should be ; (a) (2n-1)λ/4 (b) (2n-1)λ/2 (c) nλ (d)(2n+1)λ/2
6. Two light sources are coherent when ; (a) their amplitudes are equal (b) their frequency are equal
(c) their wavelengths are equal (d)their frequencies are equal and their phase difference is
constant.
7. Ratio of intensity of two waves is given by 4:1 , the ratio of amplitudes of their waves is ; (a) 2:1
(b)1:2 (c) 4:1 (d)1:4
8. If the ratio of intensities of two waves causing interference be 9:4 then the ratio of the resultant
maximum and minimum intensity will be : ; (a) 9:4(b) 3:2 (c) 25:1 (d)5:1 .

9. In young’s double slit experiment , if monochromatic light used is replaced by white light , then ;
(a) no fringes are observed (b) all bright fringes becomes white (c) all fringes have colour
between violet and red (d)only central fringes is white and all other fringes are coloured .
10. Two coherent monochromatic light beams of intensity I and 4I are superposed , the max and min.
possible intensities in the resulting beam are ; (a) 5I and I (b) 5I and 3I (c) 9I and I (d) 9I and 3I
11. If two waves , each of intensities I0 , having the same frequency but differing by constant phase
angle of 600 , superpose at a certain point in space , then the intensity of resultant wave is ; (a)
2I0 (b) √3 I0 (c) 3I0 (d) 4I0
12. Two monochromatic waves each of intensity I , have constant phase difference of ɸ , if these
waves superpose , then the intensity of resulting wave is ; (a) 4I (b) 4Icosɸ (c) 4Icos2ɸ (d) 4I
cos2 (ɸ/2)
13. Two monochromatic waves of same amplitude ‘a’ ,have random phase difference between them .
when these wave superpose , then the amplitude of resulting wave is given by ; (a) √2a (b) 2a (c)
4a (d)zero .
14. The contrast in the fringes in any interference pattern depends on ; (a) fringe width
(b)wavelength (c) intensity ratio of the sources (d) distance between the sources
15. In young’s double slit experiment if the distance between the slits is made 3-folds, the fringe
width becomes ; (a) 1/3 folds (b) 3 folds (c) 1/9 folds (d) 9 folds .
16. In Young’s double slit experiments the separation between the is halved and separation between
the slits and screen is doubled , the fringe width is ; ; (a) unchanged (b) halved (c) doubled (d)
quadrupled .
17. Yellow light emitted by sodium lamp in Young’s double slit experiment is replaced by blue light
of the same intensity ; (a) fringe width will decrease (b) fringe width will increase (c) fringe
width will remain unchanged (d) fringe will become less intense .
18. Two light waves are coherent if they are obtained from a single monochromatic source by ; ; (a)
division of amplitude only (b) division of wavefront only (c) both of the above (d) none of the
above.

19. In an interference experiment monochromatic light is replaced by white light , we will see , ; (a)
uniform illumination on the screen (b) uniform darkness in the screen (c) equally spaced white
and dark bands (d) a few coloured bands and then uniform illumination .
20. In Young’s double slit experiment the fringe width is found to be 0.4 mm . if the whole apparatus
is immersed in water of refractive index 4/3 without disturbing the original geometric
arrangement , then new fringe width will be ; (a) 0.3mm (b)0.40mm (c) 0.53mm (d )450 microns
.
21. Two waves are said to be coherent if they have ; (a) same wave length (b) same amplitude (c)
same amplitude and save wavelength (d) same wavelength and constant phase difference .
22. In a young’s double slit experiment fringe width is equal to 1mm , then the distance of the nearest
bright fringe from the central fringe will be ; (a) 1mm (b) 0.5mm (c) 2mm (d) insufficient data ,
23. In young’s double slit experiment . if width of the slit s is increased keeping other parameters
constant , then the interference fringes will be ; (a) remain unchanged (b) form closer (c) form
further away (d) gradually disappear.
24. Interference of light waves from two coherent sources is possible for ; (a) unpolarised light waves
only (b) polarised light waves only if their polarisation is in the same direction (c) both of the
above (d) none of the above.
25. Two waves coming from two coherent sources , having different intensity interfere , their ratio of
maximum intensity is 25 , then the intensities of the sources are in the ratio ; (a) 25:1 (b) 25:16
(c) 9:4 (d) 5:1 .
26. When petrol drop from a vehicle fall over rain water on the road , colors are seen because of ; (a)
dispersion of light (b) scattering of light (c) interference of light (d) absorption of light.
27. In one of the two slits of young’s double slit experiment is painted over so that it transmits half
the light intensity of the other , then ; (a) the fringe system will disappear (b) the bright fringe will
be more bright (c) the dark fringe will be brighter and vice -versa (d) none of the above .
28. The phenomena of diffraction can be exhibited by ; (a) polarised wave only (b) unpolarised wave
only (c) longitudinal wave only (d)all kind of wave
29. Diffraction effects are easily observed for ; (a) microwave (b) sound wave (c) radio waves (d) all
of the these .
30. In case of diffraction at single slit if the wavelength of light becomes equal to the aperture of slit ,
on the screen we shall observe : ; (a) image of slit (b) diffraction band (c)uniform illumination (d)
non-uniform illumination.
31. Light of wavelength 2 x 10-3 m falls on a slit of width 4 x 10-3 m . the angular dispersion of the
central max will be ; (a) 300 (b) 600 (c) 900 (d) 1800 .
32. The width of the diffraction band varies as (a) inversely as the wavelength (b) directly as the
width of the slit (c) directly as the distance between slit and the screen (d) inversely as the size of
source from which the slit is illuminated .
33. The polarisation of light prove the ; (a) corpuscular nature of light (b) quantum nature of light (c)
transverse wave nature of light (d) longitudinal wave nature of light .
34. A beam of light strikes a piece of glass at an angle of incidence of 60 0 and reflected beam is
completely plane polarized , then the refractive index of glass is ; (a) 1.5 (b) √3 (c) √2 (d) 2/3.
35. A ray of light incident on the surface of a glass plate at an angle of incidence equal to Brewster’s
angle ɸ. If µ is the refractive index of the glass then the angle between reflected and refracted
rays is ; (a) (90+ɸ) (b) sin-1 (µ cosɸ) (c) 900 (d) sin-1( sinɸ/µ).
36. A Nicol prism is based on the principle of ; (a) refraction (b) scattering (c) dichroism (d) double
refraction .
37. Which of these wave can be polarised ? (a)sound wave (b) longitudinal wave on a string (c)
transverse wave on a string (d) light wave
38. Two Nicol prism are first crossed and ten one of them is rotated through 60 0 , the percentage of
incident light transmitted is ; (a) 1.25 (b)25 (c)37.5 (d)50 .
39. Two polaroids are placed cross to each other , now one of them is rotated through an angle of
450 the percentage of incident light now transmitted through the system is (a)15% (b)25% (c)
50% (d) 60% ( e) 75%.
40. Waves can’t be polarised is ; (a) light wave (b) electromagnetic wave (c) transverse wave (d)
longitudinal wave .
41. Young’s double slit experiment is made in a liquid . The tenth bright fringe in the liquid lies
where the 6th bright fringe lies in the vacuum . The refractive index of the liquid is
approximately ; (a) 1.8 (b) 1.54 (c) 1.67 (d) 2 .
42. If light is polarised by reflection , then the angle between reflected and refracted light is ; (a) Π
(b) Π/2 (c) Π/3 (d) Π/4
43. A beam of light strikes a piece of glass at an angle of incidence of 60 0 and the reflected ray is
completely polarised . Then the refractive index of the glass is ; (a) 1.5 (b) √3 (c) √2 (d)3/2
44. What does not change on polarisation of light ; (a) intensity (b) phase (c) frequency (d)
wavelength

IMPORTANT QUESTION WAVEOPTIC:

1. Draw a ray diagram showing the image formation of compound microscope, hence obtain the
expression for magnifying power when (I) image is formed at infinity (II) image is formed at
least distance of distinct vision. (a)Why must both the objective and eyepiece of a compound
microscope have short wavelength? (b) while viewing through a compound microscope, why
should our eyes be placed not on the eye piece but at short distance away from it for best
viewing?
2. Draw a labelled ray diagram of astronomical telescope, for(I) normal adjustment, (II) at least
distance of distinct of vision. Also derive the expression for magnifying power
3. Define resolving power and limit of resolution derive the expression for resolving power for (I)
microscope, (II)telescope and (III)eye.
4. Explain reflecting type telescope draw the ray diagram for (I) Newtonian and (II)Cassegrainian
type telescope. Write advantages of reflecting type telescope over refracting type telescope.
5. Define wavefront . What type of wave front will emerge from a point source and distance light
source? Draw a wave front coming out from a (I)prism(II)concave and convex mirror(III)concave
lens and(III)convex lens .
6. State Huygens principle, using this principle draw the diagram to show how a plane wave front
incident(I) At the interface of two media gets refracted when it propagates from a rarer to denser
medium, and hence verified Snell’s law and (II) At a plane surface and gets reflected and hence
derive law of reflection.
7. What are coherent sources of light ? Why two independent sources can’t be coherent ?why
coherent sources are necessary to observing a sustained interference pattern ? How are the
coherent sources are obtained in the Young’s double slit experiment?
8. What is interference of light? Write dawn the conditions to obtain the sustained interference
fringe pattern. Show that the superposition of wave originating from two sources having
displacement Y1 =a cosωt , Y2 =a cos(ωt+ɸ) at a point produces a resultant intensity , I=4a^2
cos^2(ɸ/2) hence write the conditions for the appearance of dark and bright fringes.(* this
question may be asked as ,deduce the conditions for constructive and destructive interference and
hence write the expression for the distance between two consecutive bright or dark interference)
9. Using Young’s double slit experiment obtain the conditions for gating bright and dark fringes
also derive the expression for the fringe width. Also write the effect on fringe width
when(I)Distance between slits increases/decreases(II) Distance between slits and the screen
increases/decreases(III) Monochromatic light replaced by white light,(IV) One of slit is closed
and (V) entire experimental apparatus is immersed in a liquid
10. In a single slit diffraction experiment , deduce the conditions for the central maximum and
secondary maxima/minima observed in diffraction pattern . Also explain why the secondary
maxima go on becoming weaker in intensity as the order increases.(I) Haw does the width of the
slit affected the size of the central bright fringe?(II)When a tiny circular obstacle is placed in the
 path of the light from a distant source , why is a bright spot seen at the center of the shadow of the
obstacle?(III) Show that the angular width of the central bright is two times the width of the first
diffraction fringe (IV) If a mono chromatic source of light is replaced by white light , what
change would you observe in the diffraction pattern?
11. What is unpolarised and plane polarised light? How an unpolarised light gets polarised when
it passes through a polaroid. Why is the phenomenon of polarisation not observed by sound
wave?
12. What are Polaroids ? how are the used to demonstrate that (a) A light wave is transverse in
nature,(b) if an unpolarised light wave is incident, then light wave gets linearly polarised?
13. State and prove law of malus and Brewster’s law .What is Brewster’s angle ? when an
unpolarised light is incident on a plane glass surface , what should be the angle of incidence so
that the reflected and refracted rays are perpendicular to each other?

SEMICONDUCTOR:

Hots questions based on Semiconductors:

Q. 1. What are different types of compound semiconductors? Give two examples of each.

Ans- The compound semiconductors are of following types

 Inorganic semiconductors: Cds, GaAs, CdSe

 Organic semiconductors: Anthracene, pthalocynines
 Organic polymers: Polyparrole, polyaniline, polythiophene.

Q. 2. Which characteristic of a semiconductors make them useful in fabrication of electronic devices?

Ans- The number of charge carriers and their direction of flow can be controlled within the solid
semiconductor.

Q. 3. Give three advantages of semiconductor devices over conventional vacuum tube devices.

Ans- 1. The charge carriers can be manipulated within the semiconductor unlike the vacuum tubes where
the electrons were manipulated in vacuum.

2. The size of semiconductors devices is very small because they do not require vacuum for manipulation
of the charge carriers.

3. The semiconductor devices consume lesser energy because unlike vacuum tube, they do not require
heating for electron emission.

Q. 4. What are the characteristics to be taken care of while doping a semiconductor? Justify your answer.

Ans-(i) The number of dopant atoms should be small and restricted to just a few parts per million (ppm)
of the pure semiconductor atoms.

(ii) The size of the dopant atom used should be nearly equal to that of the semiconductor atom.
The above characteristics are essential so that the doping process does not cause any major distortion in
the original pure semiconductor lattice. The dopant atom just substitute some of the semiconductor atoms
in their lattice.

Q. 5. Give example of the dopants used to make

(i) n-type semiconductor (ii) p-type semiconductor.

Ans- n-type semiconductor are formed by using pentavalent impurity e.g. Arsenic (As); Antimony (Sb),
Phosphorous (P) p-type semiconductors are formed by adding trivalent impurity to pure semiconductor
e.g., Indium (In), Boron (B), Aluminium (Al).

Q. 6. What is the energy required to make electrons free for conduction in pure (i) germanium (ii) silicon?
How does the energy value change in a doped semiconductor?

Ans- In a pure semiconductor, the energy required to make electrons available for conduction is large. It
is about 0.72 eV for germanium and about 1.1 eV for silicon. In doped germanium, the energy required
becomes nearly 0.01 eV and in doped silicon it is about 0.05 eV.

Q. 7. What is the net charge on a p-type extrinsic semiconductor? Justify.

Ans- Zero, the crystal maintains its overall neutrality because the charge on additional charge carriers is
just equal and opposite to that of the ionised cores in the lattice.

Q.8. What should be the value of the reverse breakdown voltage of the diode used in a half-wave rectifier
and why?

Ans- The reverse breakdown voltage of the pn-junction diode used in half-wave rectifier should be higher
than the peak voltage of the a.c. voltage at the secondary of the transformer. The condition is necessary to
protect the pn-junction diode from reverse breakdown.

Q.9. How is a sample of n-type semiconductor electrically neutral though it has an excess of negative
charge carriers?

Ans- n-type semiconductors are fabricated by adding group 15 impurity atom which are neutral and
having one extra proton for every conduction electron. So the sample in neutral.

Q.10. A student has to study the forward and reverse characteristics of a pn-junction. What kind of circuit
arrangement should he use?

Draw the typical shape of input and output characteristic curves likely to be obtained.

Mark the knee voltage and reverse breakdown voltage on the curve. How can the static and the dynamic
resistance be determined from the curves?

In which of the regions does the pn-junction remain when used as (i) full-wave rectifier (ii) stabiliser?

Q.11. What do you mean by host atoms in semiconductors?

Ans- In impure semiconductors, the semiconductors atom (e.g. Ge or Si) are called host atoms.

Q.12. What are optoelectronic devices? Give any two example of such devices.

Ans- The semiconductor junction diodes in which the charge carriers are generated by photons are called
photoelectronic devices. The examples of such devices are

 Photodiodes
 Light emitting diodes
 Photovoltaic or solar cells.

Q.13. Two semiconductor pieces X and Y of same length and equal area or cross-section are provided.
One of the materials is pure semiconductor and the other is doped.

(i) How will you identify the impure semiconductor from the two give pieces X and Y?

(ii) For a given rise in temperature what will be the relative charge in the behaviour of the two materials?

Ans- (i) Measure the electrical resistance offered by X and Y. The piece offering lower resistance will be
impure semiconductor.

(ii) Both X and Y will have negative temperature coefficient of resistance. However, the resistance of
pure semiconductor will decrease sharply with rise in temperature as compared to the impure
semiconductor.

Q.14. A photodiode is operated is reverse bias region only although the forward current is known to be
more than the current in reverse bias. Give reason.

Ans- A photodiode is sensitive to light and is used to measure/detect intensity of light incident on it. In a
pn-junction, photodiode; consider n-type region. The electrons in this region are majority carriers and the
holes are minority charge carriers

‫؞‬ ne >> nh.

When the pn-junction is illuminated the bonds between same atoms breaks up due to photo-excitation
leading to increase in ne and nh say by ∆ne and ∆nh
We have ∆ne = ∆nh
‫؞‬ ∆nh/nh >> ∆ne/ne
i.e. The fractional increase in minority charge carriers is very large as compared to that in minority charge
carriers.

The current through pn-junction in reverse bias is due to drift of the minority charge carriers. The number
density of minority carriers being sensitive to light intensity; the reverse current show a rapid change with
intensity of incident light.

So a photodiode is always operated in reverse bias.

Q.15. What is the minimum frequency that can be detected by a photodiode?

Ans- The minimum frequency (vm) that can be detected by a photodiode depends on the energy gap Eg of
the semiconductor and is given by
H vm = Eg
‫؞‬ vm = Eg/h.
Q.16.What are the factors taken into consideration while selecting material suitable for fabrication of
solar cell?

Ans-The following factors are taken into consideration while fabricating solar cell:

 Band gap is 1.0 eV to 1.8 eV

 High optical absorption
 Reasonable electrical conductivity
 Availability of raw material
 Cost

Dual nature of matter and radiation:

1. List important observations made by Lenard which lead to quantum theory of radiations .
2. State De-Broglie hypothesis . Derive an expression for the De-Broglie wavelength associated
with an electron accelerated through a potential V . draw the schematic diagram of a localized-
wave describe the wave nature of the moving electron .
3. Define the term threshold frequency and stopping potential in relation to the phenomenon of
photoelectric effect . how is photoelectric current affected on increasing the (I) frequency (II)
intensity of the incident radiations and why?
4. Sketch the graphs showing the variation of stopping potential with frequency of incident
radiations for two photosensitive radiations for two photosensitive materials A and B having
threshold frequencies ѵ0 > ѵ0’ respectively . (I) which of the two metals ,A and B has higher work
function ? (II) what information do you get from the slope of the graphs ? (III) what does the
value of the intercept of graph A on the potential axis represent ?
5. Draw the graphs showing the variation of photoelectric current with anode potential of a
photocell for (I) the same frequencies but different intensities I1 >I2 > I3 incident radiation, (II)
the same intensities but different frequencies ѵ1> ѵ2 >ѵ3 of incident radiation . Explain why the
saturation current is independent of the anode potential.
6. What is the photoelectric current ? Write Einstein’s photoelectric equation and use it to explain
(I) independence of photoelectrons from intensity , of incident light , (II) Existence of threshold
frequency for emission of photoelectrons
7. An electron of mass m and charge q is accelerated from rest through a potential difference V ,
obtain the expression for the de-Broglie wavelength associated with it . if electron and proton
are moving with the same K.E. , which one of them will have a large De-Broglie wavelength
associated with it ? give reason .
8. State the dependence of the work function on the K.E. of electrons emitted in a photocell . (a) if
the intensity of the incident radiation increases to double of its initial intensity what change occur
in the (I) stopping potential and (II)photoelectric current.(b) if the frequency of the incident
radiation is doubled what change occur in the (I) stopping potential (II)photoelectric current(III)
K.E. of the photo electron emitted
9. Given below in the graph between frequency of the incident light and maximum kinetic energy of
the emitted photoelectron find the value of (I) threshold frequency and (II) work function from
the graph.
10. In a photoelectric effect experiment , the graph between the stopping potential V and frequency v
of the incident radiation on two different metal plate P and Q in the fig. (I) which of the two
metal plates , P and Q has greater value of work function ?(II)what does the slope of the lines
depict ?

11. Ultraviolet light of wavelength 2271 A from a 100W mercury source is incident on a photocell
made of molybdenum metal , if the stopping potential is 1.3 V , estimate the work function of the
metal.