STUDENT NAME: AMNA BUKHARI

REG NO: 0000264074

Assignment No. 2

Q.1 Differentiate among direct instructions, monitoring and modeling in school setting. As a
teacher which technique, you will prefer to use in your class.

In a school setting, direct instruction, monitoring, and modeling are three distinct techniques that teachers can
use to facilitate student learning. Let's differentiate these techniques:
1. Direct Instruction: is a type of instruction that involves a teacher presenting, lecturing, modeling,
explaining, or otherwise leading the class. The teacher is at the center of the classroom, and students
take notes, ask and answer questions, and demonstrate their knowledge through various assessments.
The teacher's goals and objectives are the driving force behind instruction. Instruction refers to a
teacher-centered approach where the teacher explicitly presents information, concepts, or skills to
students in a structured and systematic manner. The teacher provides clear explanations, demonstrates
examples, and gives step-by-step instructions. The focus is on direct teacher-student interaction, and
the teacher takes the lead in guiding students' learning. This technique is often used for introducing new
content or teaching specific skills.
2. Monitoring: Monitoring refer to the teacher ongoing observation and assessment of students progress
and behavior. It involve systematically collecting data on student performance behavior and
engagement. The teacher keeps a close eye on individual students or the whole class to identify
strengths, weaknesses, and areas that require additional support or intervention. Monitoring allows the
teacher to provide timely feedback, adjust instruction, and address misconceptions or challenges faced
by students. It helps ensure that students stay on track and achieve desired learning outcomes.
 3. Modeling: Modeling involves the teacher demonstrating a particular behavior, skill, or thought process
for students to observe and imitate. The teacher serves as a role model by showcasing the desired
actions, strategies, or problem-solving approaches. Through modeling, students learn by watching the
teacher's actions and internalizing the demonstrated behaviors. Modeling is effective for teaching
complex skills, social interactions, or cognitive processes.
As a teacher, the choice of technique depends on various factors such as the learning objectives, the
nature of the content, and the need of the students. It is important to use a combination of these techniques
to create a balanced and effective learning environment.

As for the preference of method as a teacher, it relies upon at the specific getting to know dreams, the nature
of the content or talent being taught, and the person desires of the scholars. Every method has its deserves and
can be utilized in extraordinary contexts. However, it's far crucial to strike a stability and make use of a mixture
of those strategies based totally on the educational goals and the diversity of inexperienced persons within the
study room.

As an example, direct guidance can be useful while introducing new standards or coaching specific skills that
require clear guidance and dependent reasons. Tracking is crucial for ongoing assessment and individualized
help to make certain pupil development and knowledge. Modeling may be effective for demonstrating
complicated techniques, social behaviors, or critical questioning strategies that students can look at and
emulate.

in the long run, a teacher's desire for a particular technique should be guided by using a complete expertise of
their college students' desires, academic goals, and the best approach to promote significant mastering and
scholar engagement within the school room

Direct Instruction:
 Direct instruction provides a structured and focused approach, allowing teachers to present information
in a clear and organized manner.
 It is particularly useful when introducing new concepts, explaining complex topics, or teaching specific
skills that require step-by-step guidance.
 This technique often involves the teacher delivering lectures, conducting demonstrations, or leading
whole-class discussions.
  Direct instruction can be effective in establishing a foundation of knowledge and ensuring that all
students receive the same core information.
The direct instruction method is based on two core principles:

 All students can learn when taught correctly, regardless of history and background.
 All teachers can be successful, given effective materials and presentation techniques.

Monitoring:
 Monitoring involves ongoing observation and assessment of student progress, behaviors, and
understanding during learning activities.
 It allows teachers to identify individual and collective learning needs, provide immediate feedback, and
make instructional decisions based on student performance.
 Monitoring can take various forms, such as circulating around the classroom, reviewing student work,
asking questions, conducting formative assessments, or using technology-based tools.
 This technique helps teachers track student learning, intervene when necessary, and adjust instruction
to meet individual student needs.
Modeling:
 Modeling involves the teacher demonstrating specific behaviors, skills, or thought processes for students
to observe and imitate.
 It helps students visualize and understand how to perform a task or engage in desired behaviors.
 Modeling can be used to teach various skills, such as problem-solving, critical thinking, communication,
and social interactions.
 It allows students to see the correct application of strategies or techniques, facilitating their own
acquisition and mastery of those skills.
Choosing a Preferred Technique:
 The choice of technique depends on the instructional objectives, content being taught, and the diverse
needs of students in the class.
 Different techniques may be more suitable for different subjects, grade levels, or teaching styles.
 Effective teaching often involves a combination of these techniques, as they complement each other and
address different aspects of the learning process.
 Flexibility and adaptability are crucial in selecting and utilizing the most appropriate technique based on
the specific context and the students' learning requirements.
In summary, direct instruction, monitoring, and modeling are valuable techniques that teachers can employ to
support student learning. Each technique has its advantages and can be used in various ways to promote
understanding, engagement, and skill development in the classroom. The choice of technique should be guided
by the instructional goals, the nature of the content, and the needs of the students.

Q.2 Describe different kinds of records which are maintained by school administration. Highlight

some of the benefits of maintaining such records.

School administrations maintain various types of records to ensure efficient management and facilitate
decision-making. These records provide a comprehensive documentation of the school's activities, resources,
and student information. Here are different kinds of records commonly maintained by school administrations:
1. Student Records: These include personal details, contact information, academic transcripts, attendance
records, disciplinary history, health records, and any special needs or accommodations for individual
students. Student records also include assessment results, progress reports, and records of co-curricular
activities.
2. Staff Records: Staff records include personal information, contact details, employment contracts,
certifications, qualifications, and performance evaluations of teachers and other staff members. These
records may also include leave records, training attendance, and any disciplinary actions or
commendations.
3. Financial Records: Financial records encompass budgets, financial statements, invoices, receipts,
payment records, and any financial transactions related to the school's operations. These records
provide transparency and accountability in financial management and aid in budgeting and financial
decision-making.
4. Attendance Records: Attendance records document student and staff attendance, including daily
attendance registers, leave applications, and any absences or tardiness. These records are crucial for
monitoring attendance patterns, identifying truancy issues, and ensuring compliance with attendance
policies.
5. Facilities and Maintenance Records: These records track the maintenance and repair activities of school
facilities, including records of maintenance requests, service contracts, inventory of equipment and
supplies, and safety inspection reports. They help in scheduling maintenance tasks, monitoring asset
utilization, and ensuring a safe and functional learning environment.
 6. Administrative Policies and Procedures: Records related to administrative policies, guidelines, and
procedures outline the framework and protocols for various school activities and operations. These
records include student admission policies, examination policies, disciplinary procedures, staff code of
conduct, and other administrative regulations.
Benefits of maintaining such records include:
1. Legal Compliance: Properly maintained records ensure compliance with legal and regulatory
requirements. They provide evidence of adherence to educational standards, student rights, safety
protocols, and financial transparency.
2. Decision-Making: Records help in informed decision-making by providing accurate and up-to-date
information. They aid in assessing student performance, identifying areas of improvement, and
evaluating the effectiveness of various programs and policies.
3. Accountability and Transparency: Records enhance accountability by documenting actions and
outcomes. They provide a transparent record of school operations, financial transactions, and the overall
performance of students and staff.
4. Effective Communication: Records facilitate effective communication among stakeholders. They provide
a basis for communication between teachers and parents regarding student progress, attendance, and
other relevant information.
5. Historical Reference: Records serve as a historical reference, enabling the school administration to track
the progress and changes over time. They provide a valuable resource for future planning, assessment,
and evaluation.
6. Accreditation and Auditing: Well-maintained records support the accreditation process and external
audits. They demonstrate the school's compliance with quality standards, eligibility criteria, and financial
management requirements.
Overall, maintaining various records by school administrations ensures efficient management, fosters
transparency, and supports evidence-based decision-making, ultimately contributing to the effective
functioning and improvement of the school.

Q.3 critically examine the role and functions of National Bureau of Curriculum and Textbook Boards
in Pakistan?
In Pakistan, the national Bureau of Curriculum and Textbook forums (NBCTB) performs a tremendous position
inside the development and law of the country wide curriculum and textbooks. Its capabilities are geared toward
ensuring a standardized and pleasant schooling machine across the united states of america. however, the
position and capabilities of the NBCTB had been concern to complaint and debate. let's examine its position and
capabilities from a important perspective:
1. Curriculum Development: The NBCTB is chargeable for the development and revision of the countrywide
curriculum. It sets the standards and tips for what's taught in schools, aiming to offer a comprehensive
and balanced schooling. however, critics argue that the curriculum developed by way of the NBCTB
frequently lacks relevance to actual-global wishes, fails to comprise important wondering talents, and
does no longer effectively cope with cutting-edge problems and challenges.

2. Textbook Development: The NBCTB is concerned inside the development and review of textbooks used
in instructional institutions throughout the united states. It ensures that the content aligns with the
prescribed curriculum and academic goals. however, there were issues regarding the high-quality of
textbooks produced by way of the NBCTB. Critics argue that textbooks regularly incorporate real
inaccuracies, biases, and outdated records. There were times of textbooks promoting discriminatory
narratives and fostering intolerance.

3. Standardization and Uniformity: One of the key features of the NBCTB is to promote standardization and
uniformity within the training system. That is completed with the aid of developing a country wide
curriculum and making sure that everyone academic institutions adhere to it. The purpose is to create a
degree gambling field and make certain equal educational possibilities for college kids. However, critics
argue that excessive standardization can stifle creativity and variety in coaching and learning
approaches. It may additionally forget the precise wishes and contexts of various regions and groups.

4. Monitoring and Evaluation: The NBCTB is chargeable for tracking and comparing the implementation of
the curriculum and textbooks. It conducts opinions and inspections to ensure that schools and publishers
comply with the prescribed standards. But, the effectiveness of monitoring and evaluation mechanisms
has been questioned. Critics argue that the NBCTB's capacity to behavior thorough reviews and offer
timely comments is regularly restricted, leading to inconsistencies within the great of education.

5. Stakeholder Engagement: The NBCTB is predicted to interact diverse stakeholders, together with
teachers, educators, parents, and experts, inside the curriculum and textbook development methods.
But, critics argue that there's a loss of meaningful and inclusive stakeholder engagement. The
involvement of instructors, who are at the forefront of training, in choice-making processes is often
constrained, that can prevent the relevance and effectiveness of the curriculum.
 To address these criticisms and improve the role and functions of the NBCTB, several suggestions can be
considered:

1. Transparency and Accountability: The NBCTB should adopt transparent processes for curriculum and
textbook development, ensuring that they are based on research, evidence, and broad-based consultations.
Mechanisms should be put in place to address concerns and feedback from various stakeholders.

2. Relevance and Flexibility: The curriculum should be regularly reviewed to ensure its relevance to the
needs of students and society. It should be flexible enough to accommodate local contexts, diverse
perspectives, and emerging trends.

3. Teacher Involvement: Teachers should be actively involved in the curriculum development process. Their
expertise and feedback should be valued and incorporated to make the curriculum more practical,
engaging, and effective.

4. Quality Control: The NBCTB should strengthen its quality control mechanisms to ensure that textbooks
are accurate, unbiased, and free from discriminatory content. Regular monitoring and evaluation should
be conducted to address any shortcomings.

5. Continuous Professional Development: The NBCTB should support teachers' professional development
by providing training and resources aligned with the curriculum. This would enhance their understanding
and implementation of the curriculum in classrooms.

Q.4 Elaborate the process and functions of monitoring or evaluation of education system at
provincial level. Give some suggestions to improve the existing situation in schools.

The tracking and assessment of the schooling system at the provincial degree in Pakistan contain various
approaches and capabilities to evaluate the performance and effectiveness of educational institutions. these
procedures goal to discover strengths, weaknesses, and areas of improvement within the schooling gadget. right
here is an overview of the important thing additives of monitoring and assessment:
 1. Data Collection: Relevant data is collected from schools, colleges, and other educational institutions to
gather information about enrollment, infrastructure, teacher-student ratio, attendance, learning
outcomes, and other relevant indicators. This data is used to assess the overall status of the education
system.
2. School Inspections: Inspectors visit schools to assess their physical condition, teaching practices, and
adherence to educational policies and guidelines. They observe classrooms, review lesson plans,
evaluate teaching methods, and interact with teachers, students, and parents to gauge the overall
quality of education.
3. Assessment of Learning Outcomes: Various assessments, such as examinations and standardized tests,
are conducted to evaluate the academic progress of students. These assessments measure their
knowledge and skills in different subjects and help identify areas that need improvement.
4. Teacher Performance Evaluation: The performance of teachers is assessed through classroom
observations, lesson plan reviews, and student feedback. This evaluation helps identify areas where
teachers may require additional support or professional development.
5. Feedback and Surveys: Feedback is collected from various stakeholders, including students, parents,
teachers, and community members, through surveys or focus group discussions. This feedback provides
valuable insights into the strengths and weaknesses of the education system and helps in policy
formulation and decision-making.
6. Data Analysis and Reporting: The collected data is analyzed to identify trends, patterns, and gaps in the
education system. Reports are generated to summarize the findings and recommendations for
improvement. These reports are shared with policymakers, education departments, and relevant
stakeholders.

To improve the existing situation in schools, the following suggestions can be considered:
1. Strengthen Teacher Training: Enhance teacher training programs to improve teaching methods,
pedagogical skills, and classroom management techniques. Continuous professional development
opportunities should be provided to teachers to keep them updated with modern teaching practices.
2. Curriculum Reforms: Regularly review and update the curriculum to make it more relevant, learner-
centered, and aligned with the needs of the 21st-century job market. The curriculum should focus on
critical thinking, problem-solving, and practical skills development.
3. Infrastructure Development: Invest in infrastructure development to ensure that schools have adequate
classrooms, furniture, libraries, laboratories, and other essential facilities. This will provide a conducive
learning environment for students.
 4. Quality Assurance Mechanisms: Strengthen quality assurance mechanisms to ensure that educational
institutions comply with standards and guidelines. This can involve regular inspections, monitoring visits,
and audits to maintain and improve the quality of education.
5. Community Engagement: Foster active involvement of parents, local communities, and civil society
organizations in the education system. Encourage their participation in school management committees,
parent-teacher associations, and decision-making processes.
6. Equity and Inclusion: Promote equal access to quality education for all, including marginalized and
disadvantaged groups. Implement policies that address gender disparities, reduce dropout rates, and
provide inclusive education for children with disabilities.
7. Adequate Funding: Allocate sufficient financial resources to the education sector to address
infrastructure needs, recruit qualified teachers, provide learning materials, and support innovative
educational programs.
By implementing these suggestions, the education system can be improved, leading to better learning
outcomes, increased enrollment rates, and enhanced educational opportunities for all students.

Q.5 Explain administrative structure of education system at federal level in Pakistan. Highlight some of
the challenges that federal government is facing for the administration of education system.

The administrative structure of the schooling gadget at the federal stage in Pakistan is frequently governed with
the aid of the Ministry of Federal schooling and professional training. This ministry is responsible for formulating
and imposing schooling rules, coordinating with provincial education departments, and overseeing federal
instructional establishments.

1. Federal Directorate of Education (FDE): It is responsible for managing educational institutions under the
federal government, including schools and colleges in Islamabad, the capital territory.
2. Higher Education Commission (HEC): It's far an self-sustaining body that regulates and promotes better
schooling institutions at the federal level. The HEC is accountable for retaining instructional standards,
presenting funding to universities, and overseeing research and improvement inside the higher
education zone.
3. National Vocational and Technical Training Commission (NAVTTC): It is responsible for the
development and coordination of technical and vocational education and training (TVET) programs at the
federal level.
4. National Curriculum Council (NCC): It formulates and revises the national curriculum for various levels
of education, ensuring uniformity and quality across the country.
5. Ministry of Education: The Ministry of Federal Education and Professional Training is a federal ministry of
Government of Pakistan. The ministry's political head is known as the Education Minister of Pakistan and the
ministry's bureaucratic head is the Education Secretary of Pakistan. Education is primarily provincial issue in
Pakistan in the wake of 18th Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan when Education department was
transferred from federal to provinces. The Ministry was established in July 2011. In 2013, it was renamed to
Ministry of Education, Trainings & Standards in Higher Education and in 2014 was renamed to Ministry of
Federal Education and Professional Training.
6. Education Secretary: Education Secretary of Pakistan is the Federal Secretary for Ministry of Federal
Education and Professional Training. The position is occupied by a BPS-22 grade officer, usually belonging
to the Pakistan Administrative Service. The Secretary heads the Ministry which is mandated to prepare
policy direction for preparing and training of the country's manpower to meet national and international
demands for skilled workforce. After the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan in 2010,
the subject of education was devolved from the federal government to the provincial governments,
which has drastically reduced the powers and mandate of the Federal Education Secretary.
7. National Testing Service (NTS): NTS conducts various standardized tests for admissions, scholarships,

and recruitment purposes. It helps in assessing the academic abilities and skills of students and

professionals.

Challenges faced by the federal government in the administration of the education system in Pakistan
include:
1. Disparity among provinces: Education is mostly a provincial difficulty in Pakistan, and each province has
its very own schooling department and policies. Coordinating and harmonizing education policies
throughout provinces may be tough, leading to disparities in the fine and accessibility of education.
2. Infrastructure and resource limitations: Many instructional institutions in Pakistan, especially in rural
regions, suffer from insufficient infrastructure, loss of simple facilities, and absence of trained
instructors. Allocating and managing assets efficaciously to cope with these troubles is a large project
for the federal government.
3. Quality of education: Ensuring pleasant education for all is a chronic venture. There's a need for stepped
forward teacher training, curriculum improvement, and evaluation techniques to enhance the
exceptional of education across the united states of America.
 4. Enrollment and retention rates: Pakistan faces demanding situations in achieving established enrollment
and ensuring pupil retention in faculties. Poverty, cultural factors, and gender disparities make
contributions to low enrollment rates, specifically amongst women and marginalized communities.
5. Financial constraints: Pakistan faces demanding situations in achieving established enrollment and
ensuring pupil retention in faculties. Poverty, cultural factors, and gender disparities make contributions
to low enrollment rates, specifically amongst women and marginalized communities.
6. Inadequate Funding: The education sector in Pakistan suffer from a lack of adequate funding insufficient
Financial resources limit the government ability to improve infrastructure, provide quality education, and
Enhance teacher training programs.
7. Curriculum Relevance: The curriculum in Pakistan needs to be more relevant and aligned with the needs
of the modern world. There is a need to update the curriculum to include critical thinking, problem-
solving skills, and practical knowledge to prepare students for the challenges of the 21st century.
8. Teacher Training and Professional Development: The quality of teaching is crucial for the overall

Improvement of the education system. However, there is a lack of effective teacher training programs

and professional development opportunities, which hampers the quality of education.

Addressing these challenges requires a comprehensive approach, including increased investment in education,
policy reforms, capacity building of teachers, and ensuring equitable access to quality education for all.